974.401 ^'
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V. 27-28 ,
1425147
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY
3 1833 01
0
1266
BULLETIN
OF THE
ESSEX INSTITUTE.
VOLUME XXVII.
189^.
SALEM, MASS.
PRINTED BY THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. 1897.
^
O^- )
11251/17
CONTENTS
The Retrospect of the year, 1
The Lumbar Curve in Some American Races, by George A.
DORSEY, 53
The Flora of Colonial Days, by Miss Mary T. Saunders, 74
Pre-historic Relics from Beverly, by John Robinson, , . 89
Botanical Notes, by William P. Alcott, 92
On a New Genus and Two New Species of Macrurous Crustacea,
by J. S. KiNGSLEY, 95
The Nasal Organs of Pipa Americana, by Irving Rked
Baj^croft, 101
Supplementary Report on the Mineralogy and Geology of
Essex County, by John H. Sears, 109
Sandstone Dikes accompanying the Great Fault of Ute Pass,
Colorado, by W. 0. Crosby, 113
(ill)
BULLETIN
ESSEX IlsrSTITTJTE
Vol. 27. Salkm : January, — June, 1895. Nos. 1-6.
ANNUAL MKETING. MAY 21, 1895.
TuK annual meeting was held in Pluninier Hall, this evening, at 7.4.5 o'clock.
President Edmund 15. AVillson, in the chair.
The reports of the Secretary, Treasuier and Auditor, Secretary of tlu^ Women's T^ocal History class, T^ihrarian, Committee on Publications and Library, were read, ac- cepted and ordered to be placed on file.
The report of the Connnittee on Nominations was j>re- sented by Mr. (reo. H. Allen, and it was
]^ofed, to proceed to the election of officers by ballot, and the Society voted that the Secretary be authorized to cast one ballot for the whole list of names that had been nominated. This was done and the following persons were declared to be unanimously elected :
(1)
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
PRESIDENT : EDMUND B. WILLSON.
VICE-PilESIDENTS : Abner C. Goodkll, Jk. Edward S. Morse.
Danikx B. Hagau. Robert S. Rantoul.
SECRETARY : TREASURER :
Henry M. Brooks. AVilliam 0. Chapman.
AUDITOR : LIBRARIAN :
Henry M. Batchelder. Charlks S. Osgood.
COUNCIL : William H. Govk. George D. Phippen.
Thomas F. Hunt. David Pingree.
Francis H. Lee. Frederic W. Putnam.
Richard C. Manning. George M. Whipple.
8. Endicott Peabody. Alden P. White.
Report of the Secretary, May 20, 1895.
It will perhaps he remembered that last year 1 spoke to you on the great lack of interest, by people in general, in society or corporation reports. This year I have a few words to say on another suliject.
Annual meetings, to a large majority of people, are a horef Some may think this is rather a strong expression. I 8upi)ose it is, but it is the way such meetings are gen- erally regarded and spoken of. Bank officers have to " scratch round " and get a sufficient number of proxies to elect themselves, and so do the officers of many other corporations. I am telling you nothing new, for this is well known.
But, some will say, how is it with those societies, where they soinefi)nes have /)/// meetings? My answer to this is, that steps have to be taken to enliven the meeting with something besides the regular business. There must be
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 6
speeches, literary exercises or iiutsic, or there would he but a slim attendance even at those meetings.
When the time comes round to i)rei)are for out' annual meeting, I always feel as Ailemas AVard said he felt when he was surrounded by the Indians. He wished he had happened to be somewhere else, just at that time ; or, like General Butler, when he was out of favor with the Com- mander-in-chief, ordered to report at Lowell.
Of course, when I come to the meeting, I like to see a good attendance of handsome, well dressed [)eople, of both sexes — like those here to-night — but I have no words of censure for those members who do not care to come, for I might myself, under certain circumstances, stay away.
One very rainy Sunday afternoon, many years ago, the worthy old sexton of the North church was pacing the broad aisle, when the minister. Dr. Brazer, arrived. They were the onl}' persons in the house. The Doctor said — "It doesn't look, Mr. Sexton, as if there would be many here this afternoon." "No, sir," answered the sexton, with his usual rapid and pointed speech, "and you and I. sir. wouldn't be here if we weren't })aid for it.'"
But in sjnte of what I have had to say on this subject, it is, I suppose, incumbent on the Secretary to sacrifice his own feelings and present for your consideration some statistics, thought to be applical)le to the occasion.
The year just closed has been one of ccmiparative i)ros- perity to the society. We have not, it is true, any of those large legacies to mention, wliich we are always anx- iously looking for. But wc nuist continue to work with patience, and have faith that there is a good time coming, some day or other, when we shall have the means to en- large our buikling, in order to properly display all our constantly increasing donations.
4 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
At the last annual meetino- the fact was referred to, that efforts were making to increase our membership, which was then reported as numbering 391. I have now the pleasure of stating that we have more than doubled the number. To he exact, we have at this time 806 members, and eight have 1)ecome life members.
The life members are Calel> Davis Bradlee, Augustus Hemenway, Robert C. Winthrop, Jr., Edward Wiggles- worth, of Boston, James J. Higginson, of New York, Horace Fletcher, of New Orleans, Geo. Peabody Wet- more, of Newport, R. I., C. W. Galloupe, of Swampscott.
This is certainly a good showing and proves that the method adopted by the Secretary is a good one, whatever any chronic fault-finders may have to say to the contrary, — I mean if we have any such characters about. I hope we haven't.
We must continue this work until we have obtained at least 1,000 members, then we can take a short vacation.
The question has been asked how many members we have outside of Salem. About 300, in 65 different cities and towns throughout tlio country, and one member in Birmingham, England.
The following members have died during the year : Lincoln F. Brigham, Caleb Foote, John W. Masury, of New York, Daniel Needham, of Groton, Fitz W. Per- kins, George W. Pousland, of Boston, Thomas E. Proc- tor, of Boston, Henry Saltonstall, of Boston, A. A. Scott, of Saugus, Leverett Saltonstall, of Newton, Joseph W. Lefavour, of Beverly, Matthew A. Stickney, Dr. George A. Perkins; and of Honorary Members, Robert C. Win- throp, of Boston, Prof. James D. Dana, of New Haven, Oliver Wendell Holmes, of Boston, E. Rock wood Hoar, of Concord.
The free course of lectures the past season in Phinnner
TFIE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 0
Hall was apparently (juite satisfactory to the audiences, which were aenerally nmch larger than in previous years. The lectures have been hy Prof. T. C. Mendcnhall, of Worcester, Richard Ilodgdon of Boston, Dr. George A. Dorsey, of Cambridge, Howard Walker, of Boston, (la- nialiel Bradford, of Boston, Goorgo S. Hale, of Boston, Gharles Carleton Coffin, of Boston, Rev. Dr. Pulhnan, of Lynn, Miss Lucia T. Ames, of Boston.
There have been twenty-three regular meetings of the Society held this year ; a larger num])er, I think, than has ever l)een held in any year previous. The evening meet- ings in the Library room have been well attended. Papers have been read by the following ])crsons : Herl)ert E. Valentine, of Somervillc, Jolni Rol)inson, Prof. E. 8. Morse, John H. Sears, Hon. R. vS. Rantoul, Frank Cous- ins, Mrs. H. W. Edwards, Mrs. E. A. Kilham, of Bev- erly, Miss Helen D. Lander for Miss Lucy Perry, Mrs. R. C. Manning, Miss Mary S. Cleveland, Miss Abljy L. Read, Miss Irene Weir, of Boston, and three i^ajjers by the Secretary.
These papers were discussed by various members of the Society. There is a great interest taken in these meet- ings, which is very encouraging to those who planned them. The only drawl)ack seems to be that some of our members, who would gladly take i)art, have engagements elsewhere on Monday evenings. But it might be the same if we had the meetings upon any other evening.
Our regular meetings, in accordance with the by-laws, occ ur on the first and third Monday in every month. They have been held this season in tiie evening, from the first Monday in December until the first Monday in May. Dur- ing the summer months they are usually held on Monday mornings, for business only, and notice is given in the newspai)('i-s of the city on Frid;iy and Saturday previous. I mention this here because members sometimes say they
b THE EETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
do not know Avhen we have our meetings, or they would be present.
At the last annual meeting it was stated that some of the women connected with the Society proposed to form a class for the study of local history. Such a class was begun earl}^ in June last, and has continued during the year. Miss Helen D. Lander, the Secretary, will read to the meeting a most excellent report of the doings of that very successful class. With regard to this matter, 1 have only to say that, in my judgment, this is the most impor- tant movement made in the Institute for years. I will not except even the Chicago boom, — for one of the prin- cipal objects of the society is the investigation and study of local history.
As is perhaps well know^n almost everywhere now, we hold the key to the broadest church in the land. Koman Catholics, Protestants, Trinitarians and Unitarians, all go to this church. Between l;),000 and 10,000 have been into the church this year, the largest numl^er ever reported. It is amusing to hear remarks often made about this house of worship. As we have a card posted up explaining the matter, visitors have ceased to ask how they got up in the gallery. One party who applied for admission asked if they " could be permitted to walk through the church," meaning, 1 suppose, up the broad aisle and down another. One man from New York, upon returning the key, said, " That'll do well enough to show to countrymen, but I can hardly swallow it." One person asked how long the church continued to be Baptist after Roger Williams left. Another asked if all the seats were like the old " settle " we have there.
The following societies have visited Salem the last year and received attentions from the Institute and the Peabody Academy of Science : The Auburndale Review Club, on June .5, the Asburv Grove Methodist Trustees on June
THE RETROSREOT OF THE YEAR. 7
15, and on August 2, sixty members of the American Society of University Extension under the direction of Prof. Lyman T. PoAvell, of Phi]adeli)hia. This society, under the escort of a committee of the Institute, was taken about the city to historical points in barges, lunched in Plummer Hall at 12 o'clock and attended a meeting at Academy Hall in the afternoon, where Hon. R. 8. Rantoul gave a tine address on the history of Saleni during the Revolution. The visitors expressed themselves as greatly i)leased with the attention they received, and with what the}^ saw and heard on this occasion. Profes- sor Morse and the Seci"etary by invitation, represented the Institute at a reception given to the "Historical Pil- grims " in Boston, on the succeeding Friday evening.
As usual, several schools and classes have visited our rooms the past year. These excursions are l)ecoming so general with the increase of the "travel habit," which has taken i)ossession of most people, that any record of them, ceases to be of sjiecial interest to any of us, I imagine. I will mention, however, that on the olst of last May, the architectural class of the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology made a visit to Salem for the pur})ose of studying exam])les of colonial architecture. This class was taken to })oints of historical note about town by a committee of the Institute, and two or three evenings our rooms were opened to them that they might study any objects of inter- est to be found there. The tirst evening the class was introduced by jNlr. Ross Turner to the officers and commit- tees of the society, who gave an informal recei)tion from S to 10 o'clock, with a light lunch, nmsic, etc.
The large and valual)le collection of manuscript letters and})apers left to the society by Dr. Wheatland have been carefully examined and arranged by AVm. P. Upham, Es(|., curator of manuscripts, and these are now in the
8 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
hands of our library assistants who are placing them in scrap books for their better preservation.
The donations to the Cabinets the past year have been 470, from 132 donors. Among these donations were an ancient sword, silver case and hilt (marked 1319) from Miss Mary Ellen Briggs ; a wooden l^ust of Hippocrates which, in Oct., 1771, was a sign for Nathaniel Dabney of Salem, a})othecary ; a cradle used by Judge Story and afterwards by his son Wm. W. Story; and several very finely carved tortoise shell combs from the Misses Cleve- land.
From the late Judge E. KockNvood Hoar, a gold watch, key, seal and chain, which belonged to Major John Clarke, who was at the capture of Quebec in 1759 ; and an early Chickering piano from Mrs. W. A. Lander; from the Salem Marine Society, miniatures on ivory, of Capt. Jona. Lambert and Capt. Samuel Lambert, of Salem, and from Prof. Alpheus Hyatt of Cambridge, a slave whip.
We have also been presented with a Bull.* He is, however, somewhat aged and infirm and will have to be doctored l)efore he is ready for a bull light, or can be exhibited. Besides this we have some of the bones of Georo:e Jacobs, who was executed for witchcraft.
An album of leaves and flowers gathered in Italy by Una Ha^^horne in 1858-9, sent to us by Richard Garnett, Esq., of the British Museum, London.
These are a few of the most noted donations, for we could not enumerate all in this report.
The Society still wants room, money and nienil)ers — the young and old of both sexes.
Which is respectfully submitted,
Henry M. Brooks,
jSecretmy.
*Made of wood, iisecl as a si<;n l)y Jona. Aiuhow in 17<'i9, near Williams Street.
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Report of the Librarian.
The additions to the library for the year (May, to May, 1895), have been as follows :
1894,
By Donation.
Folios, .
Quartos,
Octavos,
Twelvemos,
Sixteenmos,
Twenty-fourmos,
Total of bound volumes. Pamphlets and serials,
Total of donations,
23 75
517
177
119
39
950 3,563
4,513
Folios, Quartos, Octavos, Twelvemos,
By Exchange.
Total of bound volumes. Pamphlets and serials,
5
21
184 1
211 1,819
Total of exchanges.
2,030
Folios, Quartos, Octavos, Twelvemos,
By Purchase.
4
3
12
25
Total of bound volumes, Pamphlets and serials,
Total of purchases. Total of donations. Total of exchanges, Total of purchases.
44 441
485 4,513 2,030
485
Total of additions, . . . .
ESSEX INST. BUIXETIN, VOL. XXVII
7,02a
10 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 2,244 were pamphlets and 3,579 were serials.
The donations to the library for the year have been received from two hundred and one individuals and nine- ty-three societies and governmental departments. The exchanges, from ten individuals and two hundred and nineteen societies and incorporated institutions, of which one hundred and twenty-two are foreign ; also from edi- tors and publishers.
To these facts and figures the librarian has but little to add. The ordinary routine work of the library has been performed quietly and effectively and, we have reason to believe, has been appreciated by many students and in- vestigators. There have been no large donations as in many former years which accounts for the much smaller increase of the library, although the number of donors and exchanges have not materially changed.
The use of the library shows a steady increase from year to year, one reason for it this year being found in the impetus given to local historical research by the for- mation, by the ladies connected with the Institute, of the history class to which reference is made in the other re- ports.
During the year the magazines in the library, both bound and unbound, have been arranged, and an alpha- betical list of them made, so that it is now possible to tell at once what numbers of the different magazines we have and what are our deficiencies. This will be found a great convenience to all who wish to consult them.
The long-looked-for, and confidently expected addition to the funds of the Institute, has not as yet been forth- coming, but we do not lose heart on this account. During the past year we have made an almost phenomenal addi- tion to our list of members. This brings to the mind of
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 11
many more persons the wants and needs of the Institute and the good work it is doing for the county and city. From this largely increased membership, or by means of it, we hope and believe that some will be interested to the extent of furnishing, in some form, a substantial addition to our available funds. When we realize how much has been done by the Institute, at a comparatively small ex- pense, we can form some estimate of how much the public would be benefited were a larger fund placed at its dis- posal.
The needs of the library are a stack room for books and a catalogue. Our ever increasing number of books, now about 65,000 bound volumes and 200,000 pamphlets, make the first a pressing necessity which we have partly relieved by the undesirable method of storing those least used outside the library building, and the second is need- ed that the users of the library may be able to know just what it contains on the subjects upon which they desire to inform themselves. Both these needs appeal to the liberality of the public and must await the time when that liberality shall manifest itself.
In conclusion, the librarian would congratulate the mem- bers on the possession of a library somewhat unique in character, and one which, notwithstanding all the draw- backs, is frequently and profitably consulted.
Charles S. Osgood,
Librarian.
12
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Treasurer's Report.
RECEIPTS.
Balance from last report, Received from invested funds,
" " assessments of members,
" " life membership fees,
" " publications,
" " other sources,
Money borrowed.
Interest received and funded.
$508 97
|
$2,777 05 |
|
|
1,986 00 |
|
|
400 00 |
|
|
528 14 |
|
|
90 47 |
|
|
5,781 66 |
|
|
1,500 00 |
|
|
12 58 |
|
|
$7,803 21 |
Also received from Almy, Bigelow & Washburn, $25, the nucleus of a Reception Fund.
EXPENDITURES.
Salaries of secretary, assistant librarians and janitor,
Fuel,
Lighting and water.
Labor, etc., on grounds.
Postage and express.
Supplies, .....
Insurance, .....
Interest on loan, ....
Furniture and fixtures.
Storage, .....
Lecture expenses,
Reception " ...
Our proportion of Athenaeum expenses.
Repairs, .....
Boolis, . - . . .
Publications and printing.
Miscellaneous, ....
Annuities, ....
Interest added to manuscript fund, .
North Bridge monument fund,
Balance of cash on hand, ....
$2,458 00
309 76
102 72
51 15
173 44
72 90
45 00
208 50
158 87
51 80
62 42
197 35
246 54
158 68
422 72
1,626 62
29 42
610 00
7 30 5 28
$6,985 88
12 58 804 75
$7,803 21
Respectfully submitted,
W. O. Chapman, Treasurer.
the retrospect of the year. 13
Auditor's Keport.
Salem, May 20, 1895. The treasurer's accounts and books have been examined from the last annual meeting to date.
The receipts appear to be correctly entered and the expenditures properly entered and vouched.
The securities herein reported by the treasurer were examined on May 18, 1895, and agree with the list sub- mitted within.
Respectfully submitted,
H. M. Batch ELDER,
Auditor.
Library and Publication Committee Report.
The Library and Publication Committee respectfully presents its report for the year ending May 20, 1895.
The condition of the library has undergone no consid- erable change and is clearly indicated in the exhaustive re- port of the Librarian. The library increases with a steady and healthy growth, and so in an unmistakable degree does the use of it, and the need of much additional shelf- room is once more pressing upon us.
The publications of the Institute have now been sus- tained in a manner which is recognized as creditable, for a series of years dating from 1856-7, when the Institute moved into Plummer Hall, and when six volumes of Pro- ceedings, covering the work of the society from its incep- tion in 1848, were begun and published at intervals through a dozen years. In 18(59 the Proceedings made way for the Bulletin, now in its twenty-sixth volume, which has, for a reason about to l)e disclosed, become
14 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
scientific in the main, although still embracing the current record of the doings, the meetings and the necrology of the society.
In April, 1859, a new publication, devoted to histori- cal matter, was begun, which has now reached a total of thirty completed volumes. It has been sustained without a break. The spirit in which it was conceived and carried on appears from the introductory notes which preface each of the first eight volumes.
At first such material as came to hand and seemed worthy of perpetuation in type — historical sketches, copies of records, and essays in antiquarian research — was printed, by a mutually convenient plan, in the col- umns of the Salem Gazette, and before distribution of the type, a limited number of extra copies were run off, paged up in a form to be bound into a periodical volume, and hence the double columns and peculiar shape of the page in the first eight volumes of our Historical Collec- tions. But in 186y, not without a good many pangs amongst the more conservative of us, it was decided that these swaddling clothes had been outgrown, and our pub- lications took on the decorous and customary form of the regulation octavo page.
During this series of forty years the Institute has print- ed and put on record very little matter which has not suflicient interest and value to warrant its preservation. Some of the articles in this long series have possessed an exceptional importance and a literary quality which has been recognized by the public. Some have been the work of persons of established literary, scientific and genealog- ical repute. On the whole it is not presumptuous, perhaps, to claim that our publications, as compared with others of their class, contain a fair share of matter which would be accepted as of value in the current issues of the press.
THE KETK08PECT OF THE YEAR. 15
Yet, notwithstanding the unstinted efforts which have been made to keep up the standard of our publications and to luring" their merits to the notice of appreciative readers — notwithstanding the frequent expressions of pride and satisfaction in the work which prevail about us, — the fact remains that no appeal to the people of Essex County, be they members or non-meml)ers of the Essex Institute, to sustain these publications has any effect ; that no considerable portion of the cost of production can be met by sales, and that their remunerative value to the Insti- tute lies in their availability in exchange.
As Ijooks of reference in the libraries of the country, they are used l^y persons pursuing genealogy, local his- tory and natural science. We have had occasion within a year to refer an English investigator to a copy of our Historical Collections which is on the shelves of the Brit- ish Museum. As a purchasing medium, they bring us large accessions of books from outside sources in the way of exchange. As a ready source of information which could not be reached without them, except through pro- tracted research, they are drawn on by newsmen and genealogists and antiquarians and historical students, as unconsciously as the air they breathe, and, for the most part, with as little sense of dependency or obligation as the bird feels towards the atmosphere in which it floats. Perhai)s this is as it should be ; clearly it is beyond our power to change the fact, and we have either to support the publications on these terms or suspend them altogether.
Besides parts four, five and six of volume twenty-six — the current volume — of the Bulletin, comprising valua- ble contributions from Mr. Sears and the annual reports, and besides the second half of volume thirty of the Historical Collections, wholly given up to the memorial tribute to Doctor Wheatland, and the first half of volume
16 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
thirty-one containing church records, family history, etc., there have been printed and issued the following extras :
1. A Partial Catalogue of Publications on sale.
2. The Annual Report for 1894.
3. Baptismal Records of the Church in Topsfield, copied by Geo. Frs. Dow.
4. A Geological Report by Mr. Sears to accompany his map.
5. Geological and Mineralogical Notes, parts 7 and 8, by Mr. Sears.
6. The Wheatland Memorial in pamphlet form.
7. Salem and the Conkling Family, by Frank J. Conkling, Brooklyn, N. Y.
8. The Pepperrell Portraits, by Cecil Hampden Cutts Howard, Beebe, Ark.
In commemorating the founder of the Institute, as the occasion was unique, so a course was followed not alto- gether usual and, it was apprehended, open possibly to adverse remark. Instead of presenting a carefully drawn sketch, the work of a single hand, which must exhibit at once the capabilities and the limitations of the limner, it was thought the better plan to collate, in one volume, es- timates and characterizations of the distinguished subject from a multitude of appreciative sources, thus perpetuat- ing, so to say, a rounded statue observable from many points of view, rather than a canvas offering only one. So far as your committee have been informed, the depart- ture has not been considered an unwise one.
The elaborate map exhibiting the surface geology of the county, pre})ared by the curator of that branch in the Peabody Academy of Science and promised us for publi- cation last year, has been issued by the Institute and has been received with favor.
A trustworthy Guide to Salem and the adjoining region
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 17
has been for years a desideratum with visitors at the Es- sex Institute, and several books of no mean pretensions have been furnished of late by private enterprise. One of these has alread}'' reached its thirty-second thousand and has enjoyed the commendation of critical journals in remote sections of the country. It has seemed advisable, this year, for the Institute to assume the publication of such a guide. For this purpose the valuable accumulation of material in the " Visitor's Guide " has been placed at the service of the Institute and, largely extended and re- vised with care under the supervision of the committee, it will be issued at once and will bear the imprint of the Essex Institute, It is thought to be as free from inaccu- racies as is fairly to be expected. Such errors as may linger in it, will, as they are discovered and pointed out, disappear in subsequent editions.
The committee are unable to close this retrospect of the year without alluding to a new element of Institute work which has come to their notice, and which seems to them to be of rich promise for the future. The class of ladies who have taken up, as a recreation, the pursuit of local history and antiquities, embodying the results of their re- search in a series of short, carefully written and well-con- structed papers, have been pleased to place these at the service of the Essex Institute for reference or publication. While some of the best of them, from the necessity of the case, are made up largely of material already to be found in our pages and are therefore of no value to us, as contri- butions to our collections, commensurate with their lit- erary quality, there are others, and these not a few, containing original features of marked merit, — some new mode of treatment of a familiar topic, — some new light thrown on a cons})icuous character, — some new view of an event heretofore regarded from an ill-selected standpoint,
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN VOL. XX\^I 3
18 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
— which make the papers distinct contributions to the store of knowledge this committee is endeavoring to ac- cumulate. It can hardly be that this new movement will fail of rendering welcome aid in our historical labors.
KOBERT S. RaNTOUL.
Geo. M. Whipple. Chas. S. Osgood. Edw. S. Morse. William H. Gove. Alden p. White. Sidney Perley.
Local History Class Report.
It has been suggested that it might be of interest to the members of the Institute to hear a short report of the work of the Local History Class, a branch of the par- ent tree, to a report of whose proceedings for the past year, we have just had the pleasure of listening.
At the last annual meeting of the Institute a suggestion was made that a class should be formed for the study of our local history. It was thought this study might prove interesting and instructive.
In pursuance of this suggestion, Mrs. Henry M. Brooks, with a view to finding out if such a class would be desira- ble, talked over the matter with a few persons, and, as a result, a meeting to consider the question was called for Thursday afternoon. May 24th, at the Institute rooms. The day proved very stormy and but three persons were present: Mrs. Brooks, Miss Arvedson and Miss H. D. Lander. Of course no formal action towards the forma- tion of a class could be taken, and the meeting adjourned to June 6th.
At that meeting nineteen persons were present. It
THE RETROSPECT OF THE TEAK. 19
was voted to form a class for the study of our local his- tory, to hold weekly meetings on Tuesday afternoons ; the hour of meeting to be four o'clock ; the time of the session to be limited to one hour ; the place of meeting, the Henry Wheatland library room, the use of which was offered to the class.
Mrs. Henry M. Brooks was chosen chairman, Miss H. D. Lander, Secretary, and Miss M. E. Arvedson, Refer- ence Librarian.
At first the members read extracts from books contain- ing accounts of life in the early times. In a few weeks they began to write papers, gathering the facts from the books, but telling the stories in their own words. The in- terest has increased greatly as the study has progressed. Forty-nine papers have been prepared upon a variety of subjects, including the lives of the early planters, of the early governors, of the first ministers, and of the notable women of those early days, who so bravely endured the hardships and privations, and often the persecutions to which they were exposed. Papers have been written also descri})tive of the places prominent in our early history : North and South Fields, Salem Xeck, and Salem Common.
Accounts have been given of Salem's early com- merce, ship building, the early Xew England fisheries, schools and school-masters, the establishment of Harvard College, custom houses, taverns, slavery, travelling, the early Quakers, and the cruelties and persecutions they suffered at the hands of the Puritans. A paper dealing with Roger AVilliams' life in Salem, and the persecutions inflicted upon him by the magistrates, drew forth a paper from another member of the class, taking the other side, and, as the title sets forth, " Trying to prove that the mag- istrates had some reason in their sentence of banishment of Roger Williams from the Massachusetts Colony, from their point of view."
20 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
A paper describing the persecutions the Episcopalians underwent from the Puritans was followed by another pa- per called "A Defence of the Puritans." A discussion usually follows the reading of the papers and often new light is thrown upon a subject in that way.
Chronologically speaking, the class has not made much progress, as the field of interesting material concerning the very early days has not yet been exhausted. The last paper was upon John Woodbury.
Several gentlemen, members of the Institute, have ver}^ kindly consented to address the class from time to time, at Plummer Hall, and there have been given many not only delightful, but also very instructive afternoon talks on subjects bearing upon the work the class has been doing. Mr. Rantoul gave the first informal talk on " Life Among the Early Planters," which was most interesting. He was followed by Rev. E. B. Willson, with a charming sketch of " Life Among the Early Ministers." Next Mr. Sidney Perley gave a very instructive and interesting talk upon the "Interpretation of old Colonial Manuscripts," illus- trated by blackboard drawings. Mr. Ezra D. Hines took the class one afternoon, in imagination, upon his pictur- esque and attractive ramble over "An Historic Highway." Jan. 1, Mr. Henry M. Brooks read a most delightful })aper, entitled " Old Schools." At the close of this paper, in celebration of the day, a bowl of " Literary Salad, " containing quotations from the papers which the members of the class had written, was passed around. Each per- son took a lettuce leaf with quotation attached and was requested to bring to the next meeting the name of the author.
Soon after this meeting, Hon. Alden P. White gave, with blackboard illustrations, his most charming and fas- cinating " Evolution of Essex County."
One afternoon Mr. Frank Cousins took the class upon
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 21
an imaginary walk through the streets of Salem, describ- ing very graphically, the various points of interest.
Mr. Brooks very kindly repeated, lately, his recent paper upon "Early Localities," followed by some extracts from the paper called " Some Eccentric People." Both of these papers were very enjoyable.
Last September, the Dan vers Historical Society, through Mr. Hines, sent a most cordial invitation to the class, to at- tend a tield-meeting at Dan vers Centre. Twenty-five per- sons availed themselves of this opportunity to visit the places of historic interest in that town, under such admi- rable guidance. After studying the Ingersoll Boulder, lately ])laced upon the Common and visiting other interest- ing spots, the party adjourned to the Chapel of the First Church, where Mr. William P. Upham gave a most care- fully prepared paper upon the ancient land grants in that vicinity.
The class numbers at present sixty-four members, and new ones are constantly being added. The largest num- ber of persons at any meeting has been forty-eight, the smallest twelve, with an average attendance of twenty- eight.
Through the winter the hour for besfinnino; the meetino; was changed to half -past three as the Institute Rooms closed at five o'clock. Since May 1, the original hour of four o'clock has been resumed.
The question has often been asked to whom is this Local History Class open, and how is membership ol)- tained? The class is open to any member of the Institute or to any person a meni])er of whose family l)clongs to the Institute.
No formality is required to become a member. Any person fulfilling the above condition, who feels interested
22 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
in the subjects the class is studying, will be most cordially welcomed any and every Tuesday afternoon.
Respectfully submitted,
H. D. Lander,
Secretary L. H. G.
Lectures and Meetings.
Regular Meeting, Monday, June 18, 1894. — The Secre- tary stated that he had just heard of the death of Hon. Caleb Foote, who had been a member of the society from its or- ganization in 1848, and one of its best friends. Upon motion of Capt. George M. Whipple, it was voted, That the Secretary be instructed to write a letter of condolence to the family of our revered friend, expressing the feelings of the members of the society upon the loss sustained by them in this event.
In accordance with the above vote the Secretary wrote to Mrs. J. B. Tileston at Mattapan (daughter of Mr. Foote) : " It is the sense of the members of our society that in the removal, by death, of our late associate, the Hon. Caleb Foote, we have lost a most valued member and kind friend, who was always ready to aid us in our work in every way in his power, by liberal contril)utions of liooks for our library, as well as by his ready pen whenever oc- casion required. His memory Avill long 1)e cherished by us, as having been one of the most genial and worthy per- sons connected with the society. In communicating this vote I would most tenderly offer to the family my heart- felt sympathy with them in their bereavement."
Tuesday, Jidy 10, 1894. — A tield meeting was held this day in Lynn Woods. About fifty members took a special electric car at 'd.lb o'clock and reached the woods
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 23
in about an hour ; some members went in a later car. During the forenoon a portion of the party visited the " wolf pits " and other places of interest, under the guid- ance of Nathan M. Hawkes, Esq. Lunch was eaten at 1 o'clock near the summit of Mount Gilead. At 2 o'clock the meeting was opened by President Willson with some interesting remarks explaining the objects of field-meet- ings, that for many years had been pursued by this so- ciety: — the study of history, botany, geology, etc., by visits to fields and woods, more especially in the county of Essex. The speaker wished it understood that this was a county society and not merely a Salem institution . Mr. Willson referred to the beautiful park in which we were holding our meeting and wished Salem could boast of something of the sort. Mr. Hawkes gave a full ac- count of the establishing of the park and told how the property was acquired. Professor Morse spoke in his usual entertaining manner of the value and importance of out-door education. Alderman Gove hoped Salem would do something to get possession of the territory between Lynn and Salem for a park — that part between the rail- road and the turnpike. In the same line were the re- marks of AV. S. Nevins, Dr. H. C. Merriam, Dr. Jesse Robbins, Captain Whipple and C. H. Preston of Danvers. A vote of thanks was given to Mr. Hawkes and others for courtesies extended. Meeting adjourned at 4 p. m.
Thursday ^ Aug mt 2, 1894. — About sixty members of tlie Amcriciui Society of University Teaching, under the direction of Prof. Lytnan T. Powell, visited Salem this day and were entertained l)y the Institute and Peal)ody Acad- emy of Science. They arrived in town at 9.30, and were met at the railway station l)y a eommitte of the Institute, with barges, and taken to our rooms, where they examined our collections ; they then took the barges again and were
24 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
driven about the city to points of historical interest. Re- tiirnino; at 12.30 o'clock, a lunch was served in Pluranaer Hall where about one hundred persons, inchiding the Com- mittee, sat down to a lunch by Caterer Wentworth. At two o'clock a meeting was held in Academy Hall at which President Willson, in a few well chosen remarks, intro- duced Prof. E. S. Morse who gave a brief histcn-y of the Institute and Peabody Academy. The Hon. R. S. Ran- toul then delivered a scholarly address, abounding with information, on the history of Salem in the Revolution. He was followed by Professor Powell who made a pleasant speech expressive of the appreciation and thanks of the visitors for the reception and courtesies extended to them. The guests then visited the Museum of the Peabody Acad- emy and afterwards took the cars for Boston or Marble- head.
Regular Meeting, Monday, Aug. 20, 1894. — The Secretary called the attention of the members to the death of Mr. M. A. Stickney which occurred on the 11th inst. The following resolutions offered by Mr. Rantoul, sec- onded by Mr. Cousins, were ado[)ted. Resolved: That it is with a deep sense of loss and regret that the Essex Insti- tute is called to record the death of Matthew Adams Stick- ney, at the ripe old age of eighty-nine. His early, constant, and unfaltering devotion to the interests of this society, dating from a time when its existence from year to year was only secured by the untiring zeal of a few promoters like himself, deserves to be remembered now when the records of the society's stabilit}^ and usefulness cover half a century. Born of an ancient Essex County stock, leading a life pure and lofty in its aims and exemplary in all its relations, his estimable qualities widel}- recognized as they coidd not fail to be, and honored with membershi[) in many leading archivological and literary societies of the
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 25
country, a naturalist at the age of ten, devoted to the study and to the collection of specimens which came to possess a rare interest and value, a careful student of genealogy and family history, leaving much of his research in print, besides a fund of manuscript material most help- ful to those who follow him, — he made his acquaintance an invaluable privilege to the student by a wealth of personal reminiscence ; by an acquaintance with the dark history of Gallows Hill, under whose shadow he passed his life, and of the Witchcraft period of which he made a specialty ; while his gathered store of antique furnishings, publica- tions and coinage made his comfortable homestead a Mecca for the bibliophile and the archaeologist. His accumula- tion of coins and medals of British and American issue, of colonial and provincial currency, of continental pa- per money, of New England almanacs, covering more than two centuries in their publication, of autograph let- ters, French, English and American, illustrating our Rev- olutionary period, represented the devotion of a lifetime and challenged comparison with the most exhaustive collections in the country. With the exception of six consecutive years during which Mr. Stickney was the librarian of the Essex Institute, he was curator of numis- matics from the foundation of the society in 1848 until his death."
The Secretary was instructed to send a copy of the above to the family of Mr. Stickney.
Regular Meetiiu/, Monday, JVbv. 19, 1894. — Mr. Rantoul made a statement'in reference to a cradle presented to the Institute by Richards W. Bradley of Boston. " The Essex Institute accepts with satisfaction the custody of an object so intimately associated with two of the most distinguished sons of Essex County, as is the cradle of
KSSKX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXVII 4
26 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Joseph Story tind William Wetmore Story. The list of their contributions to the fair fame of Salem, in politics, in literature, in good citizenship, in law and in art, is quite too extended to bear rehearsal here. Judge Story was born Sept. 18, 1779, in a mansion house in Marblehead now standing and nearly opposite the old Town House, and was there cradled in this quaint and interesting relic. In 1801, he came to Salem, building ten years later the house, now numbered 26 on Winter street, where he continued to reside until his removal to Cambridge in 1829 ; and in that house, on Feb. 12, 1819, the son was born whose genius as sculptor and author has kept the name of Story fresh in the regfard of a second generation of Americans. No reminder of these two eminent men could be more sug- gestive to the people of this region by whom their fame is cherished than this cradle, and no place of deposit could be selected where it will be more sacredly cared for than in the Essex Institute." It was voted to adopt this statement as the sense of the members of the Institute and the Sec- retary was requested to record the same and forward a copy through Mr. Bradley to the Hon. Wm. W. Story at Rome, Italy.
Regular Meeting , Monday, Dec. 3, 1894, in Library room. — The Secretary gave some reminiscences of several old Salem schools, notably Master Lang's and Master Wat- son's ; Mrs. Rogers', latter part of the last century; Mrs. Brown's; Misses Pierce's, Miss Haskell's, James S. Ger- rish's, and the English High school down to about 1836. Specimens of penmanship of some of the old scholars 1791 to 1815, were exhibited, also receipts from old schoolmasters at various dates. This paper called forth quite a discussion, and among those who spoke on the sub- ject in hand were President Willson, Mr. G. M. Jones, Mr. W. L. Welch and others.
THE KETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 27
Regular Meeting, Mondaij, Dec. 17, 1894, in Library room. — Papers were read I)}' meinhers of the Local History Class connected with the society : Mrs. H. W. Edwards on "Lady Deborah Moody ;" Mrs. E. A. Kilham of Beverly on "Anne Hutchinson;" and Miss Helen D. Lander read a paper on " Hugh Peters," written by Miss Lucy W. Perry. These papers were well written and highly appreciated by the audience.
Remarks were made by the President and Hon. R. S. Rantoul in praise of what had been said.
Regular Meeting, Monday Evening , Jan. 7, 1895, in Library room. — Mr. John Robinson gave an account of the stone implements and other relics of the early native In- dians of Essex County, with suggestions as to their age, origin and mode of manufacture. Specimens of stone im- plements, [)()ttery, etc., from the Peabody Academy of Science were exhibited. Mr. Robinson was of the opin- ion, which he substantiated in some interesting remarks, that the stone relics must have been made not later than 1550, for the Indians would not have been likely to have made such articles after contact with Europeans, who vis- ited these parts in the sixteenth century and could furnish them with iron or c(jppcr utensils and tools. Some of the implements may of course be much older.
Monday Evening, Jan. 14, 1895. — The first lecture in the "free course" was delivered this evening, in Plum- merHall, by Prof. T. C. Mendenhall, President of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute ; subject, "The Seal Is- lands and the Bering Sea Controversy," illustrated with lantern views. The lecturer gave a brief account of the origin and present condition of the Bering Sea Contro- versy, mentioning incidentally that Bering, the discov- erer of the straits, invariably spelt his name without the h. The gazetteers and geographies all spell the word
28 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
"Behring." He then spoke of the seal islands, discov- ered by a Russian named Publlof in 1786. Two of the group he named St. Peter and St. Paul. The Rus- sians occupied the islands until they were sold with Alaska to the United States, in 1867, for $7,200,000. Professor Mendenhall said, that from these islands have already been reaped more money than was paid for the entire area of Alaska. The year after the U. S. bought it, over 250,000 seals were killed by poachers from all over the world. In 1871, a law was passed protecting seals, but the poachers took to killing them in the open sea, and before long their numbers became greatly diminished and an effort was made by the government to stop this, which eventually resulted in the "Bering Sea Contro- versy." The lecturer described his trip to the islands on a commission to obtain an estimate of the actual loss of seal life. Pictures were shown of seal life and of the natives of the islands. The lecturer stated that the seal would be extinct in a few years, unless in the near future some new and better plan than the arbitration provided, should be made for its protection.
Regular Meeting, Monday Evening, Jan. 21, 1895, at the Library room. — Mr. Herbert E. Valentine, a Salem boy, but now of Somerville, read an historical sketch of Company F, 23d Massachusetts Volunteers, organized in the fall of 1861, from the " Union Drill Club " of Salem. In introducing the speaker, Mr. Willson said it was appro- priate that this paper should be read at a meeting of the Institute, as all the officers of the company and several of the members were more or less prominently connected with the Institute: Henry F. Waters, Dr. James A. Emmerton, F. H. Lee; and the commander of the corps, G. M. Whipple, was for years secretary of the Institute.
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 29
The company's life was traced by Mr. Valentine from its lirst camp on Winter Island (Camp Bertram) to the camp at Lynnfield, thence on its march through Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Perry ville, where steamers were taken for Fortress Monroe. In January, 1862, the fleet sailed, the land forces under Gen. Burnside, the naval squadron under Commodore Goldsborough ; after a stormy and perilous time at C&pe Hatteras, the troops landed at Roanoke Island. The speaker described, in vivid lan- guage, the engagements at this place, at Nevvberne, N. C, at later fights at Kingstown, Whitehall and Goldsboro. Ninety per cent of Co. F were Essex County men and seventy per cent from Salem alone.
Monday Evening, Jan. 28, 1895. — Dr. Richard Hodg- don, of Boston, lectured in Plummer Hall on ''Unusual Hypnotic States." The lecturer began by saying that Hypnotism was the same as mesmerism, and mentioned recent French experiments in hospitals, in attempting to cure insanity and relieve mild delusions, Avhich had been successful to a certain degree. He described the ditfer- ent states of consciousness which could be induced in the same persons at different times by the treatment — the individuals maintaining :i concurrence of recollections and sentiments in each of the several states, quite independent of the other states,
Monday Evening, Feb. 4, 1895. — Regular meeting in the Library room. Mr. Frank Cousins gave an interest- ing and instructive talk on "The Old Houses of Salem," and events connected with them.
Monday Evening, Feb. 11, 1895. — Dr. George A. Dorsey, of Cambridge, lectured in Plummer Hall on ** Peruvian Antiquities," illustrated with hmtern views.
30 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Pictures were shown of excavations made in a 40 acre lot, where 10,000 persons had been buried. The un- earthing was made twenty-five years ago, in connection with the building of a raih'oad. Photographs of mummies were shown as they appeared partially exhumed, and with the natives working over the graves.
Monday Evening , Feb. 18, 1895. — Regular meeting at the rooms. Three interesting papers were read by mem- bers of the Local History Class of the Institute. One by Miss Abby Read on "Cats and Dogs" (of the olden time) was quite amusing; many of the old laws were given, together with anecdotes. The second paper was by Miss Mary S. Cleveland, on " South Fields" (South Salem), giving an interesting historic sketch of that part of the town in the early days, and the laying out of Lafayette street, by Mr. Derby and others. The third paper was by Mrs. R. C. Manning, on " Early Travel ;" she spoke of the old roads and conveyances, giving particularly a sketch of a journey by Madam Knight, from Boston to New York and return, in 1740, which took about two months. The paper was full of curious and entertaining incidents. Thesepapers were discussed by the President, Mr. Goodell, Mr. Rantoul, Mr. G. M. Jones, Mr. Welch and Rev. Dr. J. L. Hill.
Monday, Feb. 25, 1895.— C. Howard Walker, Esq., of Boston, lectured this evening in Piummer Hall, on the "Application of Architectural Ornamentation." He spoke of the beginning of Egyptian and Grecian architect- ure, and of the fine buildings abroad, where they had proper locations. He praised American enterprise, but thought our coimtrymen lacked good taste in architecture. School-houses are put up in lanes, and public buildings on side streets, when they should have more prominent
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 31
sites. He alluded to Boston's City Hall, on a street thirty six feet wide and the Court House up a lane ; but improvement will come in time.
Monday, March 4, 1895. — Regular meeting this evening at the Library room. Professors E. S. Morse and Jolm H. Sears spoke of Indian implements, pottery, shell heaps, etc. The former mentioned the measuring of a great number of clams from different shell heaps of Japan and America and of diflerent periods, as showing age, etc. Mr. Sears thought the stones used by the Indians here for implements were of Essex County origin.
Monday, March 11, 1895. — Gamaliel Bradford, Esq., lectured this evening in Pluramer Hall, on "Responsi- l)ility in Municipal Government." The lecturer had made a life-long study of the problems of government, and was therefore w'ell qualified to speak on the subject. He favored the giving of more power to the executive and holding him strictly accountable for the proper con- duct of city afi'airs, and he also favored single-headed commissions for the same purpose. All power to appro- priate money should be vested in the aldermen, and should depend upon the advice of the city treasurer as to the disposal of the funds of a city.
Monday, March 18, 1895. — Regular meeting of the society this evening in the Library room. Miss Irene Weir, of Boston, read an exceedingly interesting paper on artistic "Posters." The fine collection, of Mr. Charles K. Bolton of the Brookline Public Library, was used for illustration. Miss Weir pointed out the many details which make a poster at once attractive and i)leasing, and s])oke of the various styles of French and American de- signers. A copy was shown of an early American printed
32 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
poster of 1797, with an engraving of an elephant, which was imported into this conntry in 1796, by a Salem vessel — the first elephant ever landed in America. Mr. J. D. H. Gauss exhibited a large Spanish poster, announcing a recent bull-fight.
Monday, March 25, 1895. — Hon. Geo. S. Hale, of Boston, lectured this evening in Plutnmer Hall, on "Why- all citizens should vote." The speaker said that "unless a man is going to vote as he ought to, it is not his duty to vote at all." There is, he said, a growing tendency to hold the individual voters responsible, personally, for the faults and sins of mismanaged governments, but the voters throw the responsibility upon the party with which the}' are identified. Mr. Hale said that the evil of the day is the absurdity of submitting to the party in matters where the individual judgment should be ex- ercised. A coterie of politicians, of either party, get together in some little room and pick out the "rascal" whom they think most likely to be elected, hold a " cut and dried" caucus to get him nominated, and the appeal is, to stand by the party. Until every voter is made to realize that he is to be held morally responsible, person- ally, for the well-being of his town, city, state or nation, in so far as he is able to express his choice of men and measures, politics will be as they are now, in a deplorable state. Men should vote independently, the lecturer said, without regard to party.
Monday, April 1, 1895. — Regular meeting this even- ing in the Library room. Hon. R. S. Rantoul read a very valuable and entertaining paper on the old Assembly House in Cambridge street, giving from deeds, documents, etc., a description of the building, of its size and general
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 33
appearance. In this building General Gage and Governor Hutchinson were entertained in 1774.
In the Assembly House in Federal St., built in 1782, Generals Washington and Knox attended a brilliant assemblage of ladies and gentlemen in Oct., 1789, when the President visited Salem.
Monday, April 8, 1895. — Hon. Charles Carleton Coffin, of Boston, lectured on "The Study of American History." He traced briefly the history of our own country, from its discovery by Columbus down to the present time, and showed how great events and impor- tant changes had often resulted from small things. He gave personal reminiscences of his experiences at Bull Run and Gettj'sburg, graphically describing those famous battles, and showing where comparatively small matters had very materially affected the results.
Monday, April 15, 1895. — A regular- meeting of the society this evening in the Library room. The Secretar}'^ read a paper on the old localities about Salem. His remarks were of an historical nature, interspersed with anecdote. Among the localities mentioned were Button- hole, Knockers-hole, Norman St., Norman's rocks, old Eveleth house and vicinity, Creek Court, Broadfield, " Neighbor Thompson's" field or "Nauvoo," Circus Lane or Hathorne St., Wapping, Juniper, HoUingsworth Hill, Winter Island, Hospital Point, Bentley's rock, Gifford's Cave, Plank Alley or Elm St., Hawkes' Wharf or New Dublin, Seccomb's Wharf where anthracite coal was first sold in Salem (1826), Stage Point now site of Naumkeag Mills, Ship-yards in South Salem, Early ships, etc., Burying Point now Charter St. Cemetery (first burying place in Salem), Old Paved Street, Cheapside, "Nigger Huts" on Turnpike, Oliver's Cellar (site of Lynde Block),
K8SKX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXVII O
34 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Roast Meat Hill, Mill Hill, North and South fields, Wymaii's Mills, Batchelder's Point, Leggs Hill, Dun- geons, Throgmorton's Cove, Castle Hill, Baptist Hill, Hacker's, Chapman's and Dutch's corners, Cape Driver, Carltonville, Harmony Grove, Gallows or Witch Hill, Paradise, Peirce & Waite's Wharf, Blubber Hollow, Orne's Point, Kernwood, Liberty Hill and Cold Spring. Fish, Water, Neptune and County streets, Bath Street and Gutter Lane, Old Jail, Witchcraft Jail, Court and Marlborough Streets, Short Street, Sun Tavern, Essex Place, Dark Lane, Cow])oy's Beach, etc. This paper was followed by a discussion participated in by the chairman, Hon. R. S. Rantoul, A. C. Goodell, Jr., W. L. Welch, John Robinson, Frank Cousins and others, and many interesting facts were brought out.
Monday, April 22, 1895.— Rev. J. M. Pullman, D.D. of Lynn, lectured in Plummer Hall on the "Adminis- tration of Public Charity." He spoke of the various ways in which charity is distributed and of the experience of many persons in alms-giving. He quoted several high authorities in the deprecation of public out-door relief, the evil being that it tends to degeneracy, and the relief only goes to the unworthy.
Monday, April 29, 1895. — Miss Lucia T. Ames, of Boston, lectured this evening in Plummer Hall, on "A more beautiful City Life," with lantern illustrations. Miss Ames spoke of the disfigui-ement of some of our American cities by the erection of high buildings — such, for instance, as one which is to be built on the site of the Tremont House in Boston, 135 feet high in a comparatively narrow street. These buildings shut out the light and sun, and make business for the oculist and physician, although they arc considered works of enterprise. She
1425147
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 35
made a good argument against telegraph poles and spoke earnestly in favor of light, air and space, the establish- ment of playgrounds for children, and the hiding out of parks for the peoi)le's use. She spoke of the decoration of the school-house and thought children should be tauo^ht the lines of beauty, so that when they grew up to be men and woniun, they would not permit ugliness in our streets, nor so much waste paper blowing about as we now see. She spoke of the laws on the subject of street cleanliness in our own and some foreign cities, es[)ecially Paris, which she praised. She exhibited on the screen fine views of prominent American and foreign buildings.
Monday, May 6, 1895. — Regular meeting this even- ing in the Library room. Prof. E. S. Morse announced by title an account of a new mineral called Fayalite, dis- covered for the first time in this county, at Rockport, by Mr. John H. Sears, of the Peabody Academy of Science.
Necrology of Members.
Lincoln F. Brigham, sou of Lincoln and Lucy (Forbes) Brigham, was born in Cambridge ,Oct. 4, 1819 ; elected a member of the Essex Institute, Apr. 4, 1870 and died in Salem, Feb. 27, 1895.
Caleb Foote, son of Caleb and Martha (West) Foote, was born in Salem, Feb. 28, 1803 ; elected a member of the Essex Historical Society, Dec, 1842 and died in Milton, June 17, 1894.
Joseph W. Lefavouk, son of David and Nancy (Foster) Lcfavour, was born in Beverh', Mar. 11, 1836; elected a member of the Essex Institute, May 9, 18fi6 and died in Beverly, May 20, 1895.
36 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
John W. Masury, sou of John and Priscilla (Carroll) Masuiy, was born in Salem, Jan. 1, 1820 ; elected a mem- ber of the Essex Institute, Mar. 4, 1895 and died in Cen- tre Moriches, N. Y., May 14, 1895.
Daniel Needham, son of James and Lydia (Breed) Needham, was born in Salem, May 24, 1822 ; elected a member of the Essex Institute, Sept. 17, 1894 and died in Groton, Feb. 20, 1895.
FiTZ W. Perkins, son of Jacob and Margaret (Collins) Perkins, was born in Gloucester, Aug. 20, 1844; elected a member of the Essex Institute, Aug. 10, 1894 and died in Washington, D. C, Sept. 30, 1894.
George A. Perkins, son of David and Hannah (Fa- bens) Perkins, was born in Salem, Oct. 15, 1813 ; elected a member of the Essex County Natural History Society, Jan., 1835 and of the Essex Institute, Nov. 21, 1849 and died in Salem, May 18, 1895.
George W. Pousland, son of Capt. John and Abigail (Derby) Pousland, was born in Beverly, May 13, 1814; elected a member of the Essex Institute, June 29, 1865 and died in Boston, Sept. 27, 1894.
Thomas E. Proctor, son of Abel and Lydia (Emer- son) Proctor, was born in Danvers, Aug. 29, 1834; elect- ed a member of the Essex Institute, Aug. 15, 1860 and died in Boston, Dec. 7, 1894.
Henry Saltonstall, son of Nathaniel and Caroline (Sanders) Saltonstall, was born in Salem, Mar. 2, 1828; elected a meml)er of the Essex Institute, Mar. 11, 1857 and died in Boston, Dec. 3, 1894.
Leverett Saltonstall, son of Leverett and Mary E. (Sanders) Saltonstall, was born in Salem, Mar. 16, 1825 ;
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
37
elected a member of the Essex Historical Society, Apr. 21, 1821, of the Essex County Natural History Society in 1834, and of the Essex Institute, Jan. 4, 1854. He died in Newton, Apr. 15, 1895.
Andrew A. Scott, son of Francis and Elizabeth (Mil- ler) Scott, was born in Salem Nov. 9, 1832 ; elected a member of the Essex Institute, June 15, 1868 and died in Saugus, Dec. 17, 1894.
Matthew A. Stickney, son of Dudley and Elizabeth (Davis) Stickney, was born in Rowley, Sept. 23, 1805; elected a member of the Essex Historical Society, Dec. 1843, and of the Essex County Natural History Society, Jan. 17, 1846. He died in Salem, Aug. 11, 1894.
Donations or exchanges have been received from the fol- lowinff sources :
Adams, A. N., Fair Haven, Vt., Adelaide, Royal Society of South Australia, Albany, New York State Library, .... Almy, Mrs. Emma S., . . • . . .
Almy, James F.,
Alteuburg, Naturforscheiide Gesellschaft des Oster
landes,
American Association for the Advancement of Science American Historical Association, ....
Ames, George L.,
Amherst College,
Amherst, Massachusetts Agricultural College,
Amiens, Socifete Linn^enne du Nord de la France,
Andover Theological Seminary,
Appleton, Daniel F., New York, N. Y..
Archer, Rebecca, ....
Arvedson, George C,
Augsburg, Naturhistorischer Verein,
Bailey, Alfred, Amesbury,
Balch, Edwin S., Philadelphia, Pa.,
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1(8
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Balch, Galusha B., Yonkers, N. Y.,
Baltimore, Md., Johns Hopkins University, .
Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society,
Baltimore, Md., Peabody Institute,
Barber, H. G., Lincoln, Neb.,
Barker, Mrs. Richard J., Warren, R. I..
Bartlett, T. E., New Haven, Ct., .
Basel, Naturforschende Gesellschaft,
Batavia, K. N. Vereeniging in Nederlandsch-Indie
Bates, T. C, Worcester,
Belfast Naturalists' Field Club,
Benson, Arthur F.,
Bergens Museum,
Berkeley, University of California,
Berlin, Entomologischer Zeitschrift,
Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschende Freunde.
Berlin, K. P. Akademie der Wissenchaften,
Berlin, Verein zur Befdrderung des Gartenbaues,
Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft,
Bern, Society Helvetique des Sciences Naturelles,
Bologna, R. Accademia delle Scienze,
Bonn, Naturhistorischer Verein,
Boston, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Boston, American Congregational Association,
Boston Art Club, ....
Boston Board of Health,
Boston, City of, ....
Boston, Directors of Old South Work,
Boston Home Market Club,
Boston, Industrial Aid Society for Prevention of Pau- perism,
Boston, Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor
Boston, Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Associa tion,
Boston, Massachusetts Commissioner of Public Records
Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts Historical Society,
Boston, Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
Boston, Massachusetts Humane Society,
Boston, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Boston, Massachusetts Medical Society, .
Boston, Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agricul ture,
Boston, Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture
THE RETROSPECT OF THE TEAR.
39
Boston, Massachusetts State Board of Health,
Boston, National Council of Congregational Churches,
Boston, National Divorce Reform League,
Boston, New England Historic Genealogical Society,
Boston Public Library,
Boston Record Commissioners, . . . . .
Boston School Committee,
Boston Society of Natural History,
Boston, Trustees of Public Reservations of Massachu- setts,
Bostonian Society,
Bowditch, H. P., Boston,
Bowes, James L., Liverpool, Eng.,
Bradlee, Rev. C. D., Boston, . . Circulars,
Bradley, Charles, Newark, N. J.,
Braunschweig, Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologie, Ethnologic und Urgeschichte, . . . .
Brewer, John H.,
Brigham, Albert P., Hamilton, N. Y., . . . .
Brisbane, Royal Geographical Society of Australia,
Bristol Naturalists' Society,
Brooklyn (N. Y.) Library
Brooks, Henry M. , Newspapers,
Brooks, Mrs. Henry M., .... Newspapers,
Brooks, Margarette W., ....
Brookville, Indiana Academy of Science,
Brunn, Naturforschende Verein,
Brunswick, Me., Bowdoin College, .
Bruxelles, Soci6t6 Beige de Microscopic,
Bruxelles, Soci6t6 Entomologique de Belgique,
Bruxelles, Soci6t6 Royale de Botanique de Belgique
Buenos Aires, Sociedad Cientiflca Argentina,
Buffalo (N. Y.) Library
Buffalo (N. Y.) Society of Natural Sciences,
Buffum, Mrs. Ruth H., ....
Burhans, Samuel, New York, N. Y.,
Burlington, University of Vermont,
Byfleld, Dummer Academy,
Calcutta, Geological Survey of India.
Calcutta, Indian Museum,
Calcutta, Surveyor General of India.
Cambridge (Eng.) Philosophical Society,
Cambridge, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zoology,
4h
4 1 1 2 8 23 2 3 1 2
a
7 » 2^ 12 1
1 1 5
1
2
2
10
40
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Carpenter, Rev. C. C, Andover, .... Chamberlain, James A., Boston, .... Chapel Hill, N. C, Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society,
Chapman, William O.,
Charleston, West Virginia Historical and Antiquarian
Society,
Chase, Charlotte F., Newspapers
Chemnitz, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, Chever, Edward E., San Francisco, Cal., Chicago, 111., Field Columbian Museum, . Chicago (111.) Historical Society, .... Chicago, 111., Newberry Library, ....
Chicago (111.) Public Library,
Chicago, 111., Pullman Palace Car Company, .
Chicago, 111., University of,
Christiania, Norwegischen Meteorologischen Instituo, Christiania, Videnskabs-Selskabet,
Cilley, J. P., Rockland, Me.,
Cincinnati, Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio Mechanics' Institute, Cincinnati (0.) Public Library, .... Cincinnati (0.) Society of Natural History,
Cleveland, Lucy H.,
Cleveland (O.) Public Library, .... Cleveland, O., Western Reserve Historical Society,
Colby, William R.,
Cole, Caroline J.,
College Hill, Tufts College,
Columbia, Missouri Agricultural College, Columbus, Ohio, Archaeologist Publishing Company, Columbus, Ohio State Board of Agriculture,
Conant, W. P.,
Concord, New Hampshire Historical Society, Cope, E. D., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Cousins, Frank,
Creamer, George G., Beverly, Crowell, E. P., Amherst, Curran, Stephen, Estate of, . Cutter, Abram E., Boston, Danvers, Peabody Institute, Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, . Darmstadt, Verein fiir Erdkunde, . Daves, Graham, New Bern, N. C, Davis, Andrew McF., Cambridge,
1 1
28
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
41
Newspapers
Dawson, J. William, Montreal, Can
Dayton, W. Hardy, .
Dedham Historical Society,
Dedham Town Clerk,
Derby, Perley,
Des Moines, Iowa Academy of Science,
Des Moines, Iowa Geological Survey,
Detroit (Mich.) Public Library, ....
Dickson, W. S.,
Dijon, Acad^raie Imperiale des Sciences, Arts et Belles-
Lettres,
Dodge, Charles C, . . Newspapers and Circulars
Dow, Geo. Frs., Topsfleld,
Dreer, Ferdinand J., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Dresden, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft " Isis,'
Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, ....
Dublin, Royal Society,
Edes, Henry H., Charlestown,
Edinburgh Royal Society, ....
Egbert, Rev. John L., Marblehead,
Ellis, Frank R., Cincinnati, O., ...
Ely, Theodore N., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Emden, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .
Endicott, Charles,
Erlangen, Physikalisch-medicinische Societat, Ewing, Thomas, New York, N. Y., Exeter, N. H , Phillips Exeter Academy,
Fabens, Caroline,
Falmouth, Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society,
Fearing, A. C, Jr., Boston,
Fewkes, J. Walter, Boston,
Firenze, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, . Firenze, Socifite Entomologique Italienne,
Folsom, A. A., Brookline,
Foster, John M.,
Frankfurt-a-M., Seuckenbergische Naturforschende Ges
ellschaft,
Frear, William, State College, Pa., .... Fribourg, Societe Fribourgeoise des ScienceslNaturelles
Gardner, Mrs. Henry,
Garrison, F. J., Boston, .
Gauss, John D. H., .
Geneve, L'Institut National Genevois,
Gerould, Rev. S. L., Hollis, N. H., .
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN VOL. XXVII
Newspapers Newspaper
40
1 265
18
1 2 1 40 1
5
24
3
1
42
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Gilman, Emily S., Norwich, Ct.,
Glasgow Archaeological Society,
Glasgow, Baillie's Institution,
Gloucester City Clerk,
Goodell, A. C, Jr., .
Gottingen, K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften,
Grand Rapids (Mich.) Board of Trade, . ;
Grand Rapids (Mich.) Public Library, .
Grant, Misses, ....
Granville, O., Denison University,
Gray, Miss A. A., Boston,
Green, S. A., Boston,
Gustrow, Verein der Freunde der Natnrgeschichte,
Halifax, Nova Scotian Institute of Science, .
Hall, J. D., and Company,
Hamburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, . Hamburg, Verein fiir Naturwissenchaftliche Unterhal
tung,
Hannover, Naturhistorischer Gesellschaft,
Harlem, Muses Teyler,
Harlem, Societe Hollandaise des Sciences,
Harris, Mrs. Robert, New York, N. Y., .
Hartford (Ct.) Board of Trade,
Hartford, Connecticut Historical Society,
Hartford, Connecticut Quarterly Company,
Hartford, Ct., School of Sociology, .
Hartford, Ct., Trinity College,
Hassam, John T., Boston,
Hazen, Rev. Henry A., Auburndale,
Helena (Mont.) Public Library,
Herrick, C. L., Granville, 0 , .
Hill, Rev. James L., .
Hoadley, Charles J., Hartford, Ct.,
Hoar, George F., Worcester, .
Hooper, N. M.,
Hotchkiss, Miss S. V., New Haven, Ct.,
Houghton, Michigan Mining School,
Howson, Hubert, New York, N. Y.,
Hunt, T. F. ,
Huntington, Ind., Free Library of Public Schools, Iowa City, Iowa State Historical Society, Iowa City, State University of Iowa, Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell University, . Jersey City (N. J.) Free Public Library,
Circulars
Newspapers
4 21
55
29
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
43
Johnson, EchvardF., Wobnrn,
Johnson, Thomas H.,
Jones, C. v., Rockford, 111.,
Kassel, Verein fur Naturkunde,
Keith, Charles P., Philadelpliia, Pa.
Kelton, Dwight H., Montpelier, Vt.
Kimball, F. R.,
King, Horatio C, New York, N. Y.,
Kjobeuhavn, K. D. Videnskabernes Selskabs,
Kjobenhavn, NordOldkyn og Historie, .
Koiiigsberg, Physikalisch-Okouomische Gesellschaft,
Lambert, Laura, Estate of,
Lamson, Frederick, .... Newspapers
Lancaster Town Library,
Lander, Helen D ,
Lanier, Mrs. Charles, New York, N. Y.,
Lansing, Michigan State Library, ....
Lausanne, Soci6t6 Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles,
Lawrence, Kansas University,
Leach, Josiah G., Philadelphia, Pa.
Leavens, Rev. P. F., Passaic, N. J.
Lee, Francis H.,
Lee, Mrs. Francis H.,
Lee, L. A., Brunswick, Me.,
Leiden, Rijks-Universiteit,
Leipzig, K. S. Gesellschaft der "Wissenschaften, Le Mans, Soci^te d'Agriculture, Sciences et Arts, . Lincoln, Nebraska Historical Society, Lincoln, University of Nebraska, ....
London Geological Society,
London, Royal Geographical Society,
London, Royal Society,
London, Zoological Society of, ....
London, Entomological Society of Ontario. .
Luring, Caleb W., Pride's Crossing,
Los Angeles (Cal.) Public Library,
Lund, Kongliga Universitetet, ....
Lundy, Mrs. J. P., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Luxembourg, L'Institut Grand Ducal,
Lyon, Academic dos Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts,
Lyon, Societe d'Agriculture, Science et Industrie, .
Lyon, Soci6t6 Linn^enne,
Mack, William,
Madison, University of Wisconsin,
Newspapers,
Newspapers,
Circulars,
76
221 1 1
2 10 1 3 3 1 12 9 1
1
77
204
4
3
2
1 5
12
15
6
13
1
1 1 3 55 1
44
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Survey of
Madrid, Observatorio de,
Manchester (Eng.) Literary and Philosophical Society,
Manchester (N. H.) Public Library,
Manning, Richard C, . . . . Newspapers
Marburg, Gesellschaft zur Beforderung des Gesammten Naturwissenschaften,
Massachusetts Board of World's Fair Managers, .
Massachusetts, Secretary of the Commonwealth of,
Meek, Henry M.,
Meigs, John, Pottstowii, Pa., .
Michigan Agricultural College,
Milwaukee, Wis., Public Museum of,
Minneapolis, Geological and Natural History Minnesota,
Minneapolis (Minn.) Public Library,
Montpelier, Vermont State Library,
Montreal Natural History Society,
Moore, C. B., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Moore, David,
Morris, John E., Hartford, Ct.,
Morris, Seymour, Chicago, 111.,
Morse, E. S., Newspapers
Moscou, Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes,
Mowry, William A., Hyde Park, ....
Moynahan, Frank E., Danvers, ....
Munchen, Bayerische Botauische Gesellschaft,
Munchen, D. Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologic, Ethnologi( und Urgeschichte,
Munchen, K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Nahant Town Clerk,
Napoli, Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche
Nashville, Tennessee State Board of Health,
Neuchatel, Soci6t6 des Sciences Naturelles,
Nevins, W. S.,
New Brighton, N. Y., Natural Science Association of Staten Island,
New Brunswick, New Jersey State Microscopical So ciety, ........
New Haven (Ct.) Colony Historical Society,
New Haven, Ct., Yale University,
New York (N. Y.) Academy of Sciences,
New York, N. Y., American Geographical Society,
New York, N. Y., American Museum of Natural History,
New York, N. Y., American Numismatic and Archae- ological Society
1
15
3
11
3 1 1
10
1
1
12
1
1
1
12
3
1 1 11 4 1 1 1
8 10 1 7 13 4 1
22
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
45
New York, N. Y., Astoi- Library, .... New York (N. Y.) Central and Hudson River Railroad New York (N. Y.) Chamber of Commerce, New York (N. Y.) Genealogical and Biographical So
ciety,
New York (N. Y.) Historical Society, New York, N. Y., Lenox Library, New York, N. Y., Linnean Society of, . New York, N. Y., Mercantile Library of, New York (N. Y.) Microscopical Society, New York, N. Y., Scientific Alliance of, Nichols, Andrew, Bridgewater, N. H., .
Nichols, John H., Map
Northampton, Smith College,
North Andover Town Clerk,
Northend, William D.,
Nourse, Dorcas C, .... Newspapers
Nurnberg, Naturhistorische Gesellschaft, Oliver, Mrs. Grace A., . . . . Newspapers Ottawa, Royal Society of Canada, ....
Palfray, Arthur S.,
Palo Alto, Cal., Leland Stanford Junior University, Paris, Journal de Conchyliologie, .... Paris, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, . ,
Paris, Societe d' Anthropologie, .... Paris, Societfi des Etudes Historiques, Paris, Soci6te Eiitomologique de France, Paris, Soci6t6 Geologique de France, Paris, Societe Nationale d'Acclimatation,
Parker, William,
Parson, Lewis B., Flora, 111., ....
Peabody, Peabody Institute,
Pearson, H. G., Memorial Committee, New York, N. Y.
Peet, Rev. S. D., Granville, O
Perkins, George A.,
Perkins, John W.,
Perley, M. V. B., Ipswich,
Philadelphia, Pa., Academy 'of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa., American Academy of Political and So
cial Science
Philadelphia, Pa., American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia (Pa.) City Institute, .... Philadelphia, Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, .
12
24 8 1 1 1 6
1 9 3
1 8 1 1 4
4ft
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Newspapers
Newspapers
Philadelphia, Pa., Indian Rights Association,
Philadelphia (Pa.) Library Company,
Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania,
Pliilbrick, Eliza and Helen, . . . Newspapers
Phillips, Stephen H.,
Pickering, John, ....
Piper, Horace, Washington, D. C,
Pittsburgh, Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania
Pool, Wellington, Wenham,
Poole, Murray E., Ithaca, N. Y.,
Porter, Rev. Aaron,
Portland, Maine Genealogical Society,
Portland, Maine Historical Society,
Portland, Ore., Library Association of,
Port-of-Spain, Victoria Institute,
Powell, Lyman P., Washington, D. C,
Prague, K. K. Stern warte,
Pratt, Henry J., ....
Preston, Charles H., Danvers,
Prime, Ralph E., Yonkers, N. Y., .
Prime, Temple, Huntington, N. Y.,
Princeton (N. J.) College,
Providence, R. I., American Humanitarian League,
Providence, R. I., Brown University,
Providence (R. I.) Public Library,
Providence, Rhode Island Historical Society
Providence (R. I.) Record Commissioners,
Putnam, Rev. A. P., Concord, ....
Putnam, Eben,
Putnam, F. W., Cambridge, . . . Newspapers
Quebec, L'Universite Laval,
Ramsay, Rev. William H.,
Rantoul, Robert S., . . . Newspapers
Regensburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, Reynoldsville (Pa.) Volunteer, ....
Rhode Island Commissioner of World's Fair,
Rich, George, Columbus, O.,
Rich, Mrs. Snow, Newspapers
Richmond, Virginia Historical Society, .
Riga, Naturforschende Verein, ....
Ripley, Charles S., U. S. Navy, ....
Robinson, E. P., Hamilton,
Robinson, John, ....
Robinson, Mary F., ...
47
1
19 1
10
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
47
Rochester (N. Y.) Academy of Science,
Rugg, Arthur P., Worcester,
Sacramento, California State Library,
St. Gallen, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft,
St. Jolin, Natural History Society of New Brunswick
St. Louis, Mo., Academy of Science, ....
St. Louis, Missouri Botanical Garden,
St. Louis (Mo.) Mercantile Library Association, .
St. Louis, Missouri Historical Society,
St. Paul, Minnesota Historical Society, .
St. Petersbourg, Academic Imperialedes Sciences,
St. Petersbourg, Societatis Entomologica,
Salem, Associated Charities of, ....
Salem Board of Health,
Salem Custom House Collector, ....
Salem, First National Bank,
Salem, Peabody Academy of Science, Newspapers and
Circulars,
Salem Public Library,
Saltonstall, Leverett, Boston, ....
San Diego, Cal., West American Scientist,
Sanford, H. H., Syracuse, N. Y.,
San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences,
San Francisco (Cal.) Board of Supervisors,
San Francisco (Cal.) Free Public Library,
San Francisco (Cal.) Mercantile Library Association,
San Francisco, California State Mining Bureau,
Santiago, Societe Scientifique du Chili,
Saunders, Mary T.,
Savage, James F., Lowell,
Sayward, C. A., Ipswich,
Scuddor, Samuel H., Cambridge,
Sears, John H.,
Shanghai, China Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, Shirley, George H., Brooklyn, N. Y.,
Silsbee, Mrs. William,
Snowdon, W. H., Arcturus, Va., ....
Somcrville Public Library,
South Boston, Church Home for Orphan and Destitute
Children,
South Boston, Perkins Institution and Massachusetts
School for the Blind,
Springfield, Illinois State Board of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois State Museum of Natural History
28
3
1 1 1
1
U I 7 1 1
2 1 1 1 32
3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
48
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Springfield City Library Association,
Start, Rev. William A., Tufts College,
Stavanger Museum,
Stearns, John P., Santa Barbara, Cal.,
Stettin, Entomologischer Verein,
Stimpson, T. M., Peabody, . . . Newspapers
Stockholm, Academic Royale des Sciences,
Stockholm, Entomologique Foreningen,
Stone, Arthur R.,
Stone, Joseph W.,
Streeter, Gilbert L., ......
Sydney, Department of Agriculture of New South "Wales Sydney, Linnean Society of New South Wales, Sydney, Royal Society of New South Wales, Tacoma, Washington State Historical Society, Taunton, Old Colony Historical Society, Taunton, Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural His
tory Society,
The Babcock and Wilcox Company, New York, N. T.,
The Hague, Nederlandsche Entomologische Verein,
The Werner Company, Chicago, 111.,
Throndhjen, K. Norske Videnskabernes-Selskab,
Todd, William C, Atkinson, N. H.,
Tokio, Imperial University of Japan
Topeka, Kansas State Historical Society, Newspapers
Tromso Museum,
Turner, J. Horsfall,
Turner, Ross,
U. S. Bureau of Education,
U. S. Bureau of Ethnology,
U. S. Bureau of Statistics,
U. S. Census Office,
U. S. Chief of Ordnance,
U. S. Civil Service Commission,
U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey,
U. S. Commissioner of Labor,
U. S. Commissioner of Patents,
U. S. Committee on Finance,
U. S. Department of Agriculture,
U. S. Department of Interior,
U. S. Department of State,
U. S. Director of the Mint,
U. S. Fish Commission, .
U. S. Geological Survey,
3 164
6 162
3
10
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
49
U. S. Interstate Commerce Commission,
U. S. Judge-Advocate General, ....
U. S. Life-Saviug Service,
U. S. Naval Observatory,
U. S. Patent Office,
U. S. Quartermaster-General,
U. S. Secretary of the Treasury, .... U. S. Surgeon-General, . .
U. S. War Department,
Upham, William P., Newtonville, .... Upsal, K Vetenskaps-Societeten, .... Walker, Joseph B., Concord, N. H., Waltham, Massachusetts School f'>r the Feeble Minded Walton, J. P., Muscatine, la., ....
Washington, D. C, .American Forestry Association, Washington, D. C, Anthropological Society, Washington, D. C, Microscopical Publishing Company Washington, D. C, Smithsonian Institution, Waterloo, Ind., Archaeologist Publishing Company, Waters, E. S., Minneapolis, Minn., Waterville, Me., Colby University, Watson, S.M., Portland, Me., ....
Wel)ber, C. H., Boston,
Welch. William L.,
Wellesley, Wellesley College, ....
West, Edward W., Brooklyn, N. Y., Wheatland, Elizabeth, .... Newspapers Wheatland, Henry, Estate of, ....
Wheeler, W. O. and E. D. Halsey, .Morristown, N. J.,
Whipple, George M.,
Whitney. Mrs. H. M., North Andover, Newspapers and
Maps,
Wien, K. Akademie der Wissenschaflen,
Wien, K. K. Geologische Reichsanstalt,
Wien, K. K. Naturhistorische Hofmuseums,
Wien, K. K. Zoologisch-botanisch Gesellschaft,
Wien, Verein znr Verbreitung Naturwissenschaftlicher
Kenntnisse,
Wiesbaden, Nassauischer Verein fiir Naturkunde, Wilkes-Barr6, Pa., Wyoming Historical and Geological
Society
Williams, Mrs. Henry L.. . Newspapers
Williams. Tucker D., Newspapers and Circulars,
Williamsburg, Va., William and Mary College,
ESSEX INST. BaLLETIN, VOL. -V.XVH 7
1
2
1
147
12
25
1
58
28 2
1 2 3
4
13 4
12 1 2 1 2
96 I 1
30
1 8
173
24
20
4
4
1 1
33 2
50
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Willsou, Rey. E. B., .... Newspapers,
Wilsou, Fred A., Nahant,
Winnipeg, Historical and Scientific Society of Mani- toba,
Wiusor, Justin, Cambridge, ....
Wintlirop, Robert C, Jr., Boston,
Worcester, American Antiquarian Society,
Worcester Society of Antiquity,
Wright, Frank V., Hamilton,
Wurzburg, Ptiysikaliscli-Medicinische Gesellscliaft,
Yates, Lorenzo G., Santa Barbara, Cal.,
Zebullos, E. S., Argentine Minister, Washington, D. C.
Zurich, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .
151
4 35
3 3
120
17
3 3
The followiDg: have been received from editors and publishers :
American Journal of Science. American Naturalist. Beverly Citizen. Cape Ann Advertiser. Chicago Journal of Commerce. Danvers Mirror. Engraver and Printer. Georgetown Advocate. Groton Landmark. Home Market Bulletin. Iowa Churchman. Ipswich Independent. Lawrence American. Le Naturaliste Canadien. Lynn Item. Lynn Transcript.
Marblehead Messenger.
Musical Record.
Nation.
Nature.
Open Court.
Peabody Advertiser.
Peabody Press.
Salem Gazette.
Salem Ncavs.
Salem Observer.
Salein Register.
The Citizen.
Traveler's Record.
Voice.
Zoologischer Anzeiger.
The donations to the cabinets during the year number four hundred and seventy from the following one hun- dred and thirty-two donors.
Allen, Misses. Allen, George H. Ames, George L. Archer, Augustus J. Archer, Mrs. Mary J.
Arvedson, George. Baldwin, William II., Boston. Banks, Charles E., Portland, Me. Barton, James W., Danvers. Batchelder, Henry M.
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
51
Bates, William B., Estate of.
Bemis, Caroline E.
Berkeley, F. E., Riverside, Cal.
Bradlee, Rev. Caleb D., Boston.
Bradley, Richards M., Boston.
Briggs, Mary E.
Brooks, I. Hobart, Boston.
Brooks, Mary M.
Carpenter, Virginia, Dedham.
Cliadwick, Susan 0., Peabody.
Chamberlain, .James A., Boston.
Chapman, William O.
Chase. Henry A.
Cleveland, Mary S. and Lucy H.
Codman, Mrs J. Amory, Boston.
Colby, Henry L.
Colby, William R.
Cole, Mrs. Mary A.
Cousins, Frank.
Creamer, George G. , Hamilton.
('urtis, George, Boxford.
Curwen, George R.
Dalton, J. Frank.
Davis, Henry G., Leominster.
Doherty, E. W.
Eaton, H. L., Wenham.
Farrington, Mrs. Susan B.
Felt, John.
First National Bank.
Foster. C. Augustus, Topsfield.
Garnett. Richard, London.
(Jauss, J. 1). H.
Goodell, Zina.
Gould, John H., Topsfield.
Hale, Henry A.
Harrington, Richard B.
Hassam, Fred. K. F., Hyde Park
Hawkins. Mrs. E. A., East Wen.
ham Hill, Mrs. Benjamin I)., Peabody. Hoar, K. R., Concord. Hobbs. Henry, Wenham. Hodges, Mai-y O., Topstleld. Holmes, Mrs. Lucy B., Boxford-
Hotchkiss, Susan V., New Haven, Ct.
Hubon, Henry G.
Hunt, T. F.
Hyatt, Alpheus, Cambridge.
Johnson, Daniel H., New York, N. Y.
Johnson, Thomas H.
Kilham, Mrs. Edward, Beverly.
Kimball, Sarah S.
Kinsman, Mrs. William L.
Knight, Mrs. Edward H.
Lamson, Frederick.
Lander, Helen D.
Lander, Louisa.
Lander, Mrs. William A.
Lee, Francis H.
Lee, Mrs. Francis H.
Little, David M.
Low, Daniel.
Mack, William.
Merchant. George F., Gloucester.
Monroe, Minerva B., Lynn.
Moore, David.
Morse, Edward S.
Morse, N. R.
Narbonne, Mary A.
Newhall, James R., Estate of, Lynn.
Northend, William D.
Norton, Thomas II., Warren, Me-
Osborne, H. Frances.
Osgood, Mrs. Charles S.
Peabody Academy of Science.
Philbrick, Helen and Eliza.
Phillips, Mrs. S. H.
Phippen, George D.
PickeriniT, -lohn.
Putnam, Eben.
Rantoul, Hannah L., Beverly.
Rantoul, Robert S.
Richardson. Edward S. L., Au- rora, HI.
Robinson, John.
52
THE RETKOSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Robinson, Mary.
Russell, William.
Salem Marine Society.
Salem Water Board.
Saunders, Mary T.
Silsbee, Mrs. William.
Skinner, John B.
Smilh, Augustus A.
Smith, George P., Philadelphia,
Pa. Smith, Isaac T., New York, N. Y. Spear. Charles F., Peabody. Stickney, Walter J. Stone, Jolin, Estate of. Stone, Joseph W. Stone, Lincoln R., Newton. Taber, Abraham, New Bedford. Thomas, Jean.
Tileston, Mrs. J. B., Mattapan. Toui'et, Benjamin A.
Turner, Ross.
Upham, William P., Newtouville.
Upton. William A.
Webb, Arthur N.
Webster, Charles B., Boston.
Welch, Charles O.
Welch, William L.
Wheatland, Elizabeth.
Whipple, Charles L.
Whipple, George M.
Whitney, Mrs. Mary W., Law- rence.
Wiggin, Emma.
Williams, Misses A. O. and M. E.
Williams, George W.
Willson, Rev. E. B.
Winn, Frank M.
Winston, Miss K. S., Richmond, Va.
Wright, Frank V., Hamilton.
BULLETIN
OF THE
ESSEX IT^STITTJTE.
Vol. 27. Salem: July — December, 1895. Nos. 7-12.
THE LUMBAR CURVE IN SOME AMERICAN RACES.
BY GEORGE A. DORSET.
ASSISTANT CURATOR, IN CHARGE OF PHYSICAL ANTHRO- POLOGY, FIELD COLUINIBIAN MUSEUM.
INTKODUCTION.
The human vertebral column in profile presents two sets of curves : the primary, or dorsal and sacral curves ; and the secondary, or cervical and lumbar curves. The secondary curves are preeminently human characteristics and are not acquired by the individual until after birth. Furthermore, the secondary curves are essential to the upright gait, and of the two, the lumbar is the more im- portant. Investigation has shown that the curvature of the lumbar region varies according to age, sex and race. It has also been shown that the lumbar curve is not an
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN VOL. XXVII 8 (53)
54 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
exclusively human characteristic, but that it prevails to a greater or less extent in the anthropoid apes and is antici- pated at least in some of the quadrupedal mammals.
Up to the present time investigations upon the charac- ter of the lumbar curve in man have been pretty exclu- sively confined to Europeans and the peoples of the Pacific and Indian Oceans ; scarcely any observations have been made, so far as I know, on the spines of aborig- inal Americans.
To attempt to supply this omission is the motive of this paper. But, before turning to a direct examination of the material in hand, it may not be out of place to sum up the results of former investigators in this field.
The literature at my immediate command is not such as to enable me to attempt anything like a complete his- tory of the observations on the lumbar curve, and I can only mention the most important papers on the subject.
In 1886, two papers, each preceded by an abstract, appeared on the lumbar curve. The first was by Profes- sor D. J. Cunningham of Dublin, in "Nature" (issue of February 18th). This was an abstract of his researches which were published in full in the same year under the title "The Lumbar Curve in Man and Apes" (Dublin, "Cunningham Memoirs," ii, 1886). The other paper was by Professor W. Turner of Edinburg in the April num- ber of the "Journal of Anatomy and Physiology." In the same year appeared Vol. xvi of the "Challenger Reports," in which Turner not only investigated the curve in the skeletons collected by the Challenger expedition, but incorporates also, to some extent, the results obtained by Cunningham.
The acquisition of the fresh spine of an aboriginal Australian was made the subject of another paper by
THE LUMBAR CURVE IN SOME AMERICAN RACES. 55
Cunningham before the Royal Society in 1888, which was printed in full in Vol. 45 of the "Proceedings."
Other writers on this subject have been Huxley, Sym- ington, Ravenel and Aeby. The brothers Sarasins have reported the results of their investigations of the curve among the Veddahs in their invaluable work "Die Weddas von Ceylon." (Wiesbaden, 1893).i
In all of the above investigations the method of pro- cedure is as follows. The anterior and posterior vertical depth of each vertebral body is measured separately. The anterior depth is taken as 100 and so the index of each vertebra can be obtained. By taking the sum of the anterior depths and the sum of the posterior depths the Lumbo-vertehral or Lumbar Index is obtained by this formula :
Sum of posterior measurements X 100
Sum of anterior measurements ~
The index, thus obtained, will be 100, when the sum of the posterior measurements equals the sum of the an- terior measurements ; less than 100, when the sum of the anterior measurements exceeds the sum of the poste- rior ; and more than 100 when the opposite condition prevails.
To these three conditions Turner has applied the fol- lowing terms: Orthorachic (straight spine) Index 98- 102, Kurtorachic (curve convex forwards) Index 98 — , Koilorachic (curve concave forwards) Index 102-|-.
To illustrate the method of procedure, I give the measurements of the lumbar vertebra^ of the spine of a European which may be regarded as fairly typical.
'A complete bibliography of the lumbar spine is to be found In the Cunningham Memoir, pp. H3-11G.
56
BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
|
ANTERIOR DEPTH. MM. |
POSTERIOR DEPTH. MM. |
INDEX. |
|
|
I. Lumbar Vertebra . . . II. Lumbar Vertebra . . . III. Lumbar Vertebra . . . IV. Lumbar Vertebra . . . V. Lumbar Vertebra . . . |
27 27 27 26 28 |
28 27 25 24 20 |
103.6 100.0 92.5 92.3 71.4 |
|
Total |
135 |
124 |
90.3 |
On analyzing this table it appears that in the first ver- tebra, in this particular instance, the anterior measure- ment exceeds that of the posterior, which is contrary to the general rule in Europeans ; the anterior and posterior depths are equal in the second vertebra ; while in the re- maining vertebrae the anterior depth increases more and more proportionately to the posterior depth until in the fifth vertebra the anterior depth exceeds the posterior in a very marked manner.
This it is which gives rise to the wedge-shape appear- ance in the last lumbar so typical in European spines ; and which, as Cunningham has pointed out, is not found in so marked a degree in the lower races.
For the purpose of future comparisons and for the reason that the original papers of Turner and Cunning- ham are not always easily accessible in this country, I take the liberty of reproducing here the most valuable portions of their observations.
It will be seen at once that the results in the two tables correspond very closely except in case of the Andamanese and Negroes. In the case of the low index (99) assigned to the Andamanese in Turner's table, it is
THE LUMBAR CURVE IN SOME AMERICAN RACES. 57
|
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ll;5.5 111.3 105.9 105.1 92.0 |
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58
BUI.LETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
probably to be explained by the fact that both subjects measured were females. This explanation is also mani- festly good for explaining the difference between the two sets of figures for the Negroes, for in Turner's tables two of the three Negroes measured were females.
Cunningham investigated the influence of sex on the curve and found a difference of .03 approximately, in those races which he studied. Here are his^results :
Table hi (Cunningham).
|
IRISH. |
ANDAMANESE. |
NEGROES. |
||||
|
21 S |
23$ |
U6 |
9? |
'6 |
3? |
|
|
Average Lumbar Index . . |
96.2 |
93.5 |
106.3 |
102.4 |
106. |
103.4 |
|
AUSTRALIANS. |
TASMAN1AN8. |
|||
|
los |
4? |
25 |
1? |
|
|
Average Lumbar Index |
110.1 |
103.1 |
108.5 |
104.7 |
We now come to the question of the relation of the umbar index to the lumbar flexure in the living subject. Cunningham reached the conclusion that practically there could be no inference as to the character of the curve from lum bo- vertebral index. The facts which led him to adopt this conclusion were : —
1 . "In European spines a high index is not infrequently associated with a high degree of curvature.
2. In the chimpanzee, in which the lumbo-vertebral index is so high as 117.5, the prominence of the lumbar curve exceeds that found in the European spine."
THE LUMBAR CUKVE IN SOME AMERICAN RACES. 59
Cunningham has further concluded that "the form adaptation of the vertebral bodies must be regarded as the consequence, and not as a cause, of the curve ; at the same time it cannot be due to an immediate and mechan- ical influence operating upon the vertebral bodies during the life of the individual. If it were so, the same char- acters would be present in the lumbar vertebrae of the low races, and even of the anthropoid apes. It is an hereditary condition."
As to the causes of such great variations among different races Cunningham says — " The European, who leads a life which early necessitates his forsaking the erect atti- tude, except as an intermittent occurrence, and then for short periods, has sacrificed in the lumbar part of the vertel)ral column flexibility for stability. It is evident that the deeper the bodies of the vertebrje grow in front, the more permanent, stable and fixed the lumbar curve will i)ecome, and the more restricted will be the power of forward-bending in this region of the spine.
The savage,. in whose life agility and suppleness of body are of so great an account, who pursues game in a prone condition, and climbs trees for fruit etc., pre- serves the anthropoid condition of vertebr;e, and in con- sequence possesses a superior flexibility of the lumbar part of the spine."'
In 1888, in a paper by Cunningham, the title of which has already been given, he carried his investigations still farther by examining the fresh spine of an Australian girl, a full account of which is there given. In this he investigates the indices of the intervertebral disks. The results are self-explanatory and show at once the deter- mining factor in the curve of the living individual.
' "Nature," Fel). 18, ia-*6, p- 379.
60
BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
TABLE rv.
|
INDEX OF VERTEBRAL BODIES. |
INDEX OF INTERVERTEBRAL DISKS. |
|
|
Australian Spine, ? . . . . |
101.4 |
49.5 |
|
European Spine, $ .... |
91.0 |
80.3 |
THE LUMBAR CURVE IN AMERICAN RACES.
The skeletons examined for the preparation of this paper come from the following localities : I. North-west Coast Indians, 36 :
1. Songish, seven males, seven females.
2. Kwakiutl, seven males, ten females.
3. Chinook, one male, four females. Iroquois, two males, one female. Mounds of Ohio, 22 :
1. Oregonia, four males, two females.
2. Fort Ancient, ten males, six females. Peru, 35 :
1. Ancon, fifteen males, fourteen females.
2. Cuzco, four males, two females.
II. Ill,
IV.
The skeletons from the North-west Coast, except the Chinook, were collected by Dr. Franz Boas. The Chinook skeletons are from old graves on the upper Columbian River, and were collected by Mr. D. Scott Moncrieff. The Iroquois skeletons were collected by F. M. Noe from ancient graves in New York State. All of the Ohio skeletons were collected by Mr. W. K. Moore- head. Those from Oregonia are from a mound on the Taylor Farm, and those from Fort Ancient, from the village site. The Peruvian skeletons from Ancon were
THE LUMBAR CURVE IN SOME AMERICAN RACES. 61
■collected by the writer, and those from Cuzco were col- lected by Sr. Emelio Montez in the tombs atHuaracondo, near Cuzco.
I greatly regret that other localities are not represented by sufficient material in this Museum so that the paper might be made more complete. It will be evident, how- ever, that at least three regions, widely separated from each other, are well represented.
It is l)elieved that the material from the North-west Coast is sufficient to enable us to draw conclusions which shall be applicable to that entire region.
The Ohio material may be regarded as typical of the older populations of the Ohio Valley. Whether it will be found to be similar to that of the modern red-skins of the Ohio Valley and of the eastern United States in gen_ era) remains to be seen — the number ot Iroquois skele- tons examined not being sufficiently large to enable us to draw any satisfactory conclusion.
The two peoples of ancient Peru, the Yuncas of the coast and the Quichuas of the interior ])lains and valleys, are fairlj'^ well represented ; the former it is believed to an extent quite satisfactory.
Observations on the luml)ar curve among the peoples of the east coast of South America are especially desir- able, for it seems to me not unlikely that the results from that region may equal or even surpass those of Australia in the height of the lumbo-vertebral index. It may be further stated that only the spines of normal adults, unless otherwise indicated, have been used in the preparation of this paper.
ESSEX INST. BCLLKTIN VOL. XXVII 8*
62 BUL.LETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
I. North-west Coast tribes :
1. KWAKIUTL. TABLE V. SEVEN MALES, TEN FEMALES.
|
Kwakiutl |
MEAN SPECIAL |
INDEX. |
MEAN GENERAL |
|||
|
I |
II |
III |
IV |
V |
INDEX. |
|
|
Males |
117.8 |
110.1 |
109.8 |
99.9 |
88.7 |
105.0 |
|
Females |
111.2 |
106.8 |
100.8 |
90.7 |
84.8 |
98.1 |
|
Both sexes , |
114.5 |
108.4 |
105.3 |
95.3 |
86.5 |
101.5 |
The average total of the sura of the anterior depths in the males is 125 mm., the highest single sum being lo5 mm., the lowest, 118 mm. ; of the sum of the posterior measurements, the highest is 143 mm., lowest 125 mm., mean average 132 mm. In the females the highest ante- rior sum is 136 mm., the lowest 119 mm., mean average 128 mm. ; posterior sums, highest 138 mm., lowest 119 mm., mean average 126. Of the mean general index for the males the highest 110, the lowest 101.6; for the females the highest 105, the lowest 90.3. It is interest- ing to note that although the gap separating the index of males from the females is considerable, yet no general male index falls below 100, while forty per cent, of the females indices are above 100.
2. SONGISH. TABLE VI. SEVEN MALES, FIVE FEMALES.
|
Songish |
MEAN SPECIAL |
INDEX. |
MEAN GENEKAL |
|||
|
I |
II |
III |
IV |
V |
INDEX. |
|
|
Males |
115.7 |
Ul.ii |
107.9 |
96.5 |
82.5 |
102.2 |
|
Females |
111.3 |
108. |
102. |
92. |
82.8 |
99.1 |
|
Both sexes |
113.5 |
108.8 |
104.9 |
94.5 |
82.6 |
100.6 |
THE LUMBAIt CURVK IN SOME AMERICAN RACES.
63
Of this mean general index of 100.6 it is worth while to note that in only one instance does any male index fall below this figure ; while no female index equals it- In fact the range in both sexes among the Songish is very slight, the highest index in the males being 104.7, and in the females the lowest is 98.2. The sum of the anterior measurements in the males averages 126 mm. ; the maximum being 150 mm., the minimum 115 mm.
3. CHINOOK. TABLE VII. ONE MALE, FOUR FEMALES.
|
Cbinook |
MEAN SPECIAL |
INDEX. |
MEAN GENERAL |
|||
|
1 |
II |
III |
IV |
V |
INDEX. |
|
|
Males |
IIG. |
115.2 |
111.5 |
103.6 |
80. |
104.4 |
|
Females |
107.1 |
103.9 |
99.8 |
89.5 |
85.5 |
98.7 |
|
Both sexes |
lll.j |
109..5 |
105.0 |
96.5 |
82.7 |
101.5 |
Of course it is barely possible that the mean geiieial index, 101.5, would be slightly raised if there had not been such a disproportionately large number of females to the males ; but a larger number of measurements of the spines of both sexes would not, in all probal)ility, have raised the index above 102.
The variations in the four Chinook females are very slight, the highest general index being 100, the lowest 97.7. The average sum of the anterior measurements in the male is 134 mm., of the posterior 140 mm. The aver- aire sum of the anterior measurements of the females is 127 mm. ; the highest being 137 mm., the lowest 126nim. Of the sum of the posterior measurements, the average is 125 mm., the highest being 127 mm., and the lowest 120 mm.
64
BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
II. Iroquois :
TABLE VIII. TWO MALES, ONE FEMALE.
|
Iroquois |
MEAN SPECIAL |
INDEX. |
MEAN GENERAL |
|||
|
I |
II |
Ill |
IV |
V |
INDEX. |
|
|
Males |
110. |
108. |
105.6 |
102.9 |
94.4 |
105. |
|
Females |
112.5 |
108. |
100. |
92.5 |
74. |
96.8 |
|
Both sexes |
111.1 |
108. |
102.8 |
97.7 |
84.2 |
100.9 |
The sum of the anterior measurements of the lumbar vertebras in the two males is 128 mm., and 129 mm., the sum of the posterior measurements 131 mm., and 139 mm. ; similar measurements in the female are 129 and 125 mm. In both males the anterior depths of the first, second, third and fourth lumbars are less than the posterior depths ; in the female this is true of the first three vertebra? only.
III. Mounds of Ohio
1. OREGONIA. TABLE IX. SEVEN MALES.
|
Oregoni.a |
MEAN SPECIAL |
INDEX. |
MEAN GENERAL |
|||
|
I |
11 |
III |
IV |
V |
INDEX. |
|
|
Males |
109.9 |
107.5 |
103.2 |
100.5 |
85.9 |
101.2 |
The variation in the o-eneral lum])ar index for Oreso- nia skeletons is very small, the maximum index being 103.4, the minimum 98. As in the North-west Indians
THE LUMBAR CUKVE IN SOME AMERCIAN RACES. 65
the special index of the first, second, third and fourth vertebrae are in every single instance 100 or above, ex- cept in two cases where the index of the fourth vertebra is 96. In the sums of the measurements of the anterior and posterior depths there is remarkable uniformity, the averao-e beino; 144 mm. for the sum of the anterior and 145 mm. for the sum of the posterior measurements ; the range is from 137 mm. to 150 mm., and from 138 mm. to 152 mm. for the sums of the anterior and poste- rior measurements respectively.
i. FORT ANCIENT. TABLE X. TEN MALES, SIX FEMALES.
|
Fort .Ancient |
MEAN SPECIAL |
INDEX. |
MEAN GENERA |
|||
|
I |
II |
III |
IV |
V |
INDEX. |
|
|
Males |
114.3 |
111.4 |
106.5 |
100.0 |
89.0 |
104.0 |
|
Females |
110.1 |
106.1 |
102.5 |
92.5 |
83.0 |
98.7 |
|
Both sexe(< |
112.2 |
108.6 |
104..i |
96.2 |
86.0 |
101.3 |
The Fort Ancient skeletons resemble those of Orego- nia in the remarkably small amount of variation in the lumbar measurements. In the males the variation of the lumbo- vertebral index varies from 100.7 to 108.9. The special index of the first, second and third lumbars are all over 100, of the fourth three fall below 100. The averages of the sums of the anterior and posterior measurements, 187 mm., and 143 mm., respectively, are very high and the range of variation is small, the maxi- mum and minimum sums being 130 mm. and 145 mm. for the anterior measurements and 135 mm. and 148mm.
BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
for the posterior. No general lumbar index among the females exceeds 99.2, while the minimum index is 97.5, a remarkably narrow range of variation. Curiously enough the average of the sums of the anterior measure- ments in the females, 138 mm., exceeds by a single millimetre the average sum of the anterior measurements of the ten males. The posterior average in the female is 136 mm. ; the range of variation being 131 mm. to 148 mm., and 127 mm. to 146 mm., for the anterior and posterior sums respectively.
IV. Peru :
1. ANCON. TABLE XI. ELEVEN MALES, EIGHT FEMALES.
|
Ancon |
MEAN SPECIAL |
INDEX. |
MEAN GENERAL |
|||
|
I |
II |
III |
IV |
V |
INDEX. |
|
|
Males |
115.2 |
110.9 |
107.2 |
99.2 |
85.2 |
102.9 |
|
Females |
110.1 |
104.8 |
101.8 |
94.7 |
81.0 |
97.9 |
|
Both sexes |
112.6 |
107.8 |
104.5 |
96.9 |
83.0 |
100.4 |
In this table for the first time the average of the special indices of the 4th vertebra in the males falls considerably below 100. Eight of the indices are ex- actly 100, one is 92.3, another 96 and the other one 104.1. The averages of the sums of the measurements of the lumbars in this group of skeletons falls below any so far recorded in this paper. This is what might be ex- pected from the fact that the coast tribes of Peru were of very short stature. In fact some of those of the south of Peru may almost be called dwarfs. The average of
THE LUMBAR CUllVK IN SOME AMERICAN RACES.
67
the sums of the anterior measurements of the five lum- b.irs in the males is 124 mm., highest 138 mm , lowest 114 mm.; average for the females, 120 mm.; highest 126 mm., lowest 113 mm. The general average of the sums of the posterior depths in the males is 130 mm., highest 140 mm., lowest 119 mm. ; females, average 117 mm. ; highest 121 mm., lowest 110 mm.
In addition to the nineteen skeletons from A neon which were examined for the preparation of the above table, there were twelve other skeletons which showed marks of senility to such a degree as to necessitate a separate treatment. In the preceding sections such skeletons have not been sufficiently numerous to deserve special notice, and they have consequently been excluded along with the skeletons of children and partially grown individuals- But it is believed that these nine Ancon skeletons may throw some light on the changes produced by old age on the lumbar curve.
ANCON. TABLE XII. FIVE MALES, SEVEN FEMALES. SENILE CONDITION.
|
Ancon |
MEAN SPECIAL |
INDEX. |
MEAN GENERAL |
|||
|
I |
II |
III |
IV |
V |
INDEX. |
|
|
Males |
122.1 |
ll.'j.S |
112.5 |
105.2 |
90.3 |
109.4 |
|
Femjiles |
120..T |
122.0 |
107.5 |
105.6 |
87.9 |
106.1 |
|
Both sexes |
121.3 |
118.1 |
110.0 |
105.4 |
89.1 |
107.7 |
In the next table the results brought out in tables xi and XII nre contrasted.
68
BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
TABLE XIII.
|
Ancon |
MEAN SPECIAL INDEX. |
MEAN GENERAL |
||||
|
I |
II |
III |
IV |
V |
INDEX. |
|
|
C Normal . . . |
115.2 |
110.9 |
107.2 |
99.2 |
85,2 |
102.9 |
|
[ Senile . . . |
122.0 |
115.5 |
112.5 |
105.2 |
90.,3 |
109.4 |
|
f Normal - . . |
110.1 |
104.8 |
101.8 |
94.7 |
81.0 |
97.9 |
|
I Senile .... |
120.5 |
112.8 |
107.5 |
105.6 |
87.9 |
106.1 |
|
Both [Normal . . . |
112.6 |
107.8 |
104.5 |
96.9 |
83.0 |
100.4 |
|
'''''' I senile . . . |
121.3 |
118.1 |
110. |
105.4 |
89.1 |
107.7 |
There are several interesting points brought out in this comparative view. Perhaps the most striking one iis the amount of difference for the two mean general averages. Whether there is any significance in the fact that this difference is greater in the figures for the females than in the males I am unable to determine.
Another interesting point is that the two sexes are more nearly alike for the fifth lumbar than they are for the first lumbar. That is, the amount of difference in the curve for the normal spine and the senile spine is greater at the upper part of the curve than it is at the lower portion. The increased age shows itself especially plain in the spine on the fifth lumbar, which no longer has a distinct wedge-shape, as is shown by the average index 89 for the senile group, as contrasted with the index 83, for the normal group.
It is interesting to note also the marked decrease of the total length of the lumbar region of the spine in the
THE LUMBAR CURVE IN SOME AMERICAN RACES.
69
senile skeletons. In the males the highest total ol the anterior depths is but 124 mm., the average is 117 mm., and the lowest is 118 mm.
Similar measurements for the females are : maximum 118 mm., average 112 mm., minimum 106 mm. To make more cleai- the comparison between the normal adult and senile condition of the length of the spine, at any rate as fai- as thf lumbar region is concerned, I give the figures in the following table :
TABLE XIV. HEIGHT OF LUMBAR VERTEBRA:.
|
A neon |
MALES. |
FEMALES. |
BOTH |
3EXE8. |
||
|
NORMAL. |
SENILE. |
NORMAL. |
SENILE. |
NORMAL. |
SENILE. |
|
|
Average puni of an- terior rte])tlis . . |
mm. 124 |
mm. 117 |
mm. 12(1 |
mm. 112 |
mm. 122 |
mm. 114 |
|
Averajre sum of pos. terior depths . . . |
130 |
128 |
117 |
Hi) |
123 |
123 |
2. rUZCO. TABLE XV. THREE MALES, THREE KKMALE.S.
|
(Juz<ro |
MEAN SPECIAL |
INDEX. |
MEAN GENERAL |
|||
|
I , |
II |
III |
IV |
V |
INDEX. |
|
|
Males |
ua.- 1 12.2 |
107.5 |
107.1 |
9.1.0 |
81.8 80.4 |
103.3 |
|
Females |
107.7 |
104.4 |
!t.j.4 9.').2 |
99.4 |
||
|
Moth sexeii |
113.}) |
107.6 |
iai.5 |
81.1 |
1011.3 |
In this table, as in the one for Ancon, it may be noted that the break in the curve in the males is between the fourth and fifth lumbars and not between the third and fourth lumbars as is the case in the North American
ESSKX INST. BULLKTIN VOI,. XXVII 9
70
BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
skeletons. As the Quichuas of the Cuzco region are taller than the coast Peruvians, we may expect an increase in the anterior and posterior lengths of the lumbar spine. In the males, the average anterior length is 133 mm., posterior, 135 mm. in the females, the anterior length is 121 mm., posterior 119 mm. Averages for both sexes are, anterior and posterior, 127 mm.
Summary.
From the fact that the length of lumbar region of the spine is a fairly reliable factor in computing the height of the skeleton, I have summed up in one table the average of the sums of the anterior measurements of the five lumbar vertebrae for both sexes, and have arranged the table in a serial order beg-inning; with the longest lumbar spine.
TABLE XVI. HEIGHT OF LUMBAR VERTEBKjE.
|
ANTERIOR HEIGHT OF TRUE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE. |
MM. |
|
Oregonia, Ohio |
144 |
|
Fort Ancient, Ohio |
138 |
|
Cuzco, Peru |
131 |
|
Chinook, Britisli Columbia |
130 |
|
Iroquois, New York .... . . |
129 |
|
Songish, British Columbia |
129 |
|
Kwakiutl, British Columbia |
128 |
|
Ancon, Peru |
122 |
If this table shows nothing else, it at least explains what is already pretty generally known and that is that the ancient inhabitants of the Ohio Valley were very tall
THE LUMBAR CURVE IN SOME AMERICAN RACES. 71
people and that the coast people of Peru are among, if not the shortest people, on the American continent.
The table further emphasizes the great difference in stature between the coast people and those in the moun- tain valleys of Peru. This difference extends to every part of the skeleton and I am convinced of the utter worthlessness of any observations on the osteology of the "Peruvians" in which the two races are not sharply separated.
It is now time to gather into one table the results so far obtained :
TABLE XVII.
|
America |
MEAN SPECIAL INDEX. |
MEAN GENERAL |
||||
|
I |
II |
III |
IV |
Y |
INDEX. |
|
|
(75 Kwakiutl 1 ( 10 9 |
117.8 111.2 |
110.1 106.8 |
109.8 100.8 |
99.9 90.7 |
88.7 84.3 |
105.0 98.1 |
|
( T 6 Songisli I (39 ..... |
115.7 111.3 |
111.6 108.0 |
107.9 102.0 |
96.5 92.0 |
82.5 82.8 |
102.2 99.1 |
|
(16 Chinook? (49 |
IIK.O 107.1 |
115.2 103.9 |
111.5 99.8 |
103.6 89.5 |
80.0 85.5 |
104.4 98.7 |
|
. { 26 Iroiiuois < (19 |
112.5 111.1 |
108.0 108.0 |
105.6 100.0 |
102.9 92.5 |
94.4 74.0 |
105.0 %.8 |
|
Oiegonia, 76 |
109.9 |
107.5 |
103.2 |
100.5 |
85.9 |
101.2 |
|
( 10 6 • • • Fort Ancient { 6 9 ... |
114.3 110.1 |
111.4 106.1 |
106.5 102.5 |
100.0 92.5 |
89.0 83.0 |
104.0 98.7 |
|
(116 .\ncon { (89 |
115.2 110.1 |
110.9 104.8 |
107.2 101.8 |
99.2 94.7 |
85.2 81.0 |
102.9 97.9 |
|
(36 Cuzco { (89 |
115.7 112.2 |
107.5 107.7 |
107.1 104.4 |
95.0 95.4 |
81.8 80.4 |
101.3 99.4 |
72
BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
Arranging this table in another manner so as to bring out more clearly the average or general lumbar vertebrae index of the various American races examined, we have :
TABLE XVIII.
|
a) |
a OS IN a O CO |
O § |
< 0 |
H o fa |
< |
d |
|||
|
I II III IV . V |
114.5 |
113.5 |
111.5 |
111.1 |
109.9 |
112.2 |
112.6 |
113.9 |
|
|
Mean Spec |
108.4 |
108.8 |
109.5 |
108.0 |
107.5 |
108.6 |
107.8 |
107.6 |
|
|
ial Index of Lumbar |
105.3 |
104.9 |
105.6 |
102.8 |
103.2 |
104.5 |
104.5 |
105.5 |
|
|
Vertebrae |
95.3 |
94.5 |
96.5 |
97.7 |
100.5 |
96.2 |
96.9 |
95.2 |
|
|
86.5 |
82.6 |
82.7 |
84.2 |
85.9 |
86.0 |
83.0 |
81.1 |
||
|
Mean General Index. |
101.5 |
100.6 |
101.5 |
100.9 |
101.2 |
101.3 |
100.4 |
100.3 |
Takino^ the averag^e index of these eisrht general indi- es c? o o
ces we have an index of 100.9 for American aborigines. I confess to some astonishment at the result. The lack of variation from 100 is striking und more or less puzzling. One thing should be borne in mind, viz., that although the tribes represented above are widely separated, yet they all are good examples of the better sort of Indians found on this continent at its discovery ; all of them were semi-barbarians dwelling in more or less permanent homes and depending chiefly upon agriculture for their food supply, although the North-west Coast people were, to a great extent, hunters and fishers. Perhaps it is not wholly without significance that in those two races which
THE LUMBAR CURVE IN SOME AMERICAN RACES.
73
were most civilized and most fixed in their abode we find the lowest lumbo-vertebral index.
Notwithstanding the remarkable uniformity shown in the above results I am ahiiost persuaded, from what I have seen of the osteological characters of the Brazilian and other east coast tribes of South America, that there we shall find a lumbar curve which will approximate that of the lowest races yet examined.
Accepting Turner's classification of the lumbar index we may make the following grouping of those tribes and races which so far have been examined.
|
KCRTOKACHIC, |
ORTHORACHIC, |
KOILORACHIC, |
|
|
INDEX, OS- |
INDEX, 98-102. |
INDEX, 102— |
|
|
European, . . 96 |
American : |
Hawaiians, . |
104 |
|
Northwest Coast, |
Anciamaneee, . |
104.8 |
|
|
Iroquois, |
Negroes, |
105.4 |
|
|
Mounds of Ohio, |
Bushmen, . |
106.6 |
|
|
Peru . 100 9 |
Tasmanians, |
107.2 |
|
|
Australians, |
107.8 |
The following conclusions can, it seems to me, be drawn in regard to the Lumbar Index : ( 1 ) In any individual race or tribe, it is an important means of deter- mining sex ; (2) It bids fair to become one of the most valuable ethnic tests known in determining the physical superiority or inferiority (so-called) of any tribe or race.
THE FLORA OF COLONIAL DAYS.
BY MISS MARY T. SAUNDERS.
In these days of historical research, it is interesting to look back and see what records the colonists left of the plants growing upon these New England shores, and also what efforts they made to promote the growth of many of the home plants which they brought with them. We think of them as a band of men caring little for the gentler side of life and it is pleasant to see that in many instances they had eyes for the beautiful in Nature and rejoiced in the noble trees, waving grass and lowly wayside flow- ers, as well as in the abundance of fish and game which would minister to their physical needs. The first record, of which we find mention, was made by Gabriel Archer, a gentleman who accompanied Capt. Gosnold in his voyage to the north part of Virginia, in 1(502. He says : "May 15, we had again sight of land, which made ahead, being, as we thought, an island, by reason of a large sound that appeared westward, between it and the main, for coming to the west end thereof we did perceive a large opening ; we called it Shoal Hope. Near this Cape we came to anchor in fifteen fathoms, where we took great store of cod fish, for which we altered the name and called it Cape Cod. The captain went ashore and found the ground to be full of pease, strawberries, whortleberries, etc., as then unripe.
(74)
THE FLORA OF COLONIAL DAYS. 75
May 21. The place (Martha's Vineyard) most pleas- ant, for the two-and-twentieth we went ashore and found it full of wood, vines, gooseberry bushes, whortleberries, raspberries, eglantines, etc. The fire-wood then by us ta^en in, was cypress, birch, witch-hazel and beech."
"In June, 1603, Martin Pring, with two small vessels, arrived on the American coast, between the forty-third and forty-fourth degrees of north latitude among a multi- tude of islands. Following the coast south in search of sassafras, he entered a large sound and, on the north side, built a hut and enclosed it with a barricade, where some of the party kept guard while others collected sassafras in the woods. The natives were treated with kindness and the last of the two vessels departed, well-freighted, on the ninth of August."
We next find a record that Edw^ard Winslow, writing from Plimmouth, Dec. 11, 1621, says : "All the spring- time the earth sendeth forth naturall}^ very good salad herbs ; here are grapes, white and red, and very sweet and strong also. Strawberries, gooseberries, raspberries, &c., with plums, black and red, being almost as good as a damson, abundance of roses, white, red and damask, single, but very sweet indeed." Another writer from Plymouth speaks of "the bay which is about four miles over from land to land, compassed about to the very sea with oaks, pines, juniper, sassafras and other sweet wood. The crust of the earth a spit's depth (the depth of a spade), excellent black earth, all wooded with oaks, pines, sassafras, juniper, birch, holly, vines, some ash, walnut."
Following in chronological order, we find that the next record is the account of "A Voyage into New England, begun in 1623 and ended in 1624, performed by Christo- pher Levet. . . . The first place I set my foot upon in New England was the Isle of Shoals, being
76 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
islands in the sea about two leagues from the main. Upon these islands, I neither could see one good timber tree, nor so much good ground as to make a garden."' From here he journeyed and settled at York, where he says : " I have obtained a place of habitation in New England where I have built a house and fortified it in a reasonable good fashion, strong enough against such enemies as are these savage people. And to say some- thing of the country," and here is a bit of sarcasm, " I will not do therein as some have done to my knowledge, speak more than is true : I will not tell you that you may smell the cornfields before you see the land, neither must men think corn doth grow naturally (or on trees) nor will the deer come when they are called, or stand still and look upon a man until he shoot him, not knowing a man from a beast ; nor the fish leap into the kettle nor on the dry land, neither are they so plentiful that you may dip them up in baskets, nor take cod in nets to make a voy- age, which is no truer than that the fowls will present themselves to you with spits through them. But certain- ly there is fowl, deer and fish enough for taking if men be diligent ; there be also vines, plum trees, strawberries, gooseberries and rasps, walnuts, chestnuts and small nuts, of each great plenty ; there is also great store of parsley
1 Celia Thaxter seems to have demonstrated that this was an error. She made a very famous garden there. Perhaps the soil of it vras carried to the island from the main land.
The early records are tilled with orders for tlie protection and disposal of tho timber growing on these shore islands. They do not indicate the nature of the wood, but it seems to have been valued for ship-building. The " Miseries " were " Moulton's Miseries," and got the name from Robert Moulton, the chief ship- wright here in 1629. Probably when Governor Endecott asked for and obtained a grant of Catta Island (now Lowell Island) in 1G55, he was moved by a consider- ation of the value of its growing timber. When the larger islands became Ijare and denuded of shade, as we see them, has not been stated, but Catta Island was a wooded island in 1735, and was strijjped of its trees by the British sloop- of-war Merlin, while enforcing the Boston Port Bill on the night of January 6-7, 1776, probably to secure a l)etter view into Salem and l\Iarl)lehead harliors. —Editor.
TriK FLORA OF COLONEAL DAYn. 77
and divers other wholesome herbs, both for profit and pleasure, with great store of sassafras, sarsaparilla and anise seeds. Thus have I related unto you what I have seen and do know may be had in these parts of New Eng- land where I have been, yet Wiis I never at Massachu- setts, which is counted the paradise of New England, nor at Cape Ann, but I fear there hath been too fair a gloss set on Cape Ann."
In 1629, Rev. Francis Higginson came to Salem in the ship Talbot, and from the relation of his vo3'age a few passages can be quoted, showing how deeply he was im- pressed by the appearance of the country.
"June 24. This day we had all a clear and comfortable sight of America and of Cape Sable that was over against us seven or eight leagues northward. Here we saw yellow gilliflowers on ihe sea." These were probably the Alexanders seen by Gosnold on Elizabeth island, TJtas- pium aureum.
"Friday, 26th. A foggy morning, but after clear and wind calm. The sea was abundantly stored with rock- weed and yellow flowers like gilliflowers. By noon we were within three leagues of Cape Ann, and as we sailed along the coasts we saw every hill and dale and every island full of gay woods and high trees. The nearer we came to the shore the more flowers in abundance, some- limes scattered abroad, sometimes joined in sheets nine or ten yards long, which we supposed to be brought from the low meadows by the tide. Now what with fine woods and green trees by land and yellow flowers painting the sea, made us all desirous to see our new paradise of New England, where we saw such forerunning signals of fer- tility afar off.
"Saturday, 27th. We hud a westerly wind which brought us between five and six o'clock to a fine and
KSSKX INST. Bl I.I.KIIN VOF,. XXVII 9*
78 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
sweet harbor, seven miles from the head-point of Cape Ann. There was an island (Ten pound island) whither four of our men with a boat went and brought back again ripe strawberries and gooseberries and sweet, single roses."
" The sweet briar and gooseberries are still found on the island and before it was cleared up, strawberries were found there," says Dr. Charles Pickering.
"Monday, 29th. We passed the curious and difficult entrance into the large and spacious harbor of Naimkecke, and as we passed along, it was wonderful to behold so many islands replenished with thick wood and high trees and many fair, green pastures." After passing the winter of 1629-30 at Salem, Mr. Higginson writes: "The fer- tility of the soil is to be admired at, as appeareth in the abundance of grass that groweth everywhere, both very thick, very long and very high, in divers places. But it groweth very wildly with a great stalk and a broad and ranker blade, because it had never been eaten with cattle, nor mowed with a scythe, and seldom trampled on by foot.
" Our Governor hath store of green pease growing in his garden, as good as ever I eat in England. This country aboundeth naturally with store of roots of great variety and good to eat. Our turnips, parsnips and carrots are here both bigger and sweeter than is ordinarily to be found in England. Here are also store of pumpions, cowcumbers, and other things of that nature which I know not ; also divers excellent pot-herbs, growing among the grasse, as strawberrie leaves in all places of the country and plenty of strawberries in their time, and penny royal, winter savory, sorrell, brooklinie ( Veronica Americana), liverwort, carvell and water cresses. Also leeks and onions are ordinary and divers physical herbs.
THE FLORA»OF COLONIAL DAYS. 79
Here are also abundance of other sweet herbs delightful to the smell, whose names we know not, and plenty of single damask roses, very sweet, and two kinds of herbs that bear two kinds of flowers, very sweet, which they say are as good to make cordage or cloth as any hemp or flax we have. Excellent vines are here up and down in the woods. Our Governor hath already planted a vine- yard, with great hope of increase. Also mulberries, plums, raspberries, currants, chestnuts, filberts, walnuts, small nuts, hurtleberries and haws of white thorn near as good as our cherries in England ; they grow in plenty here. For wood, there is no better in the world, I think, here being four sorts of oak, differing both in the leaf, timber and color, all excellent good. There is also good ash, elm, willow, birch, beech, sassafras, juniper, cypress, cedar, spruce, pines and fir that will yield abundance of turpentine, pitch, tar, masts, and other materials for building both of ships and houses. Also here are sumach trees that are good for dyeing and tanning of leather ; likewise such trees yield a precious gum called white benjamin that they say is excellent for perfumes. Also here be divers roots and berries wherewith the Indians dye excellent holding colors that no rain or washing can alter." The carvell of which Mr. Higginson speaks is chervil or sweet cicely {Osmorrhiza longistylis), and was found by Dr. Charles Pickering in a rocky, precipitous place at " Paradise," North Salem, possibly the spot where it was seen by INIr. Higginson. The mulberry, flowering raspberry (Huhiis odoratus) , still flourishes in "The Great Pastures."
Ill this same year, 1629, William Wood arrived in New England, but he lived principally in the Plymouth colony. He writes of the trees : " An ash difierent from the ash of England, being brittle and good for little, ever trera-
80 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
bling asps, the red oake, the white oake, and a third kind, the blacke. The diar's shumach, the cedar tree, not very high and its wood more desired for ornament tlian sub- stance, being of color red and wliite, smelling as sweet as juniper — the white cedar, the mournefull cypres tree, " as distinguished from the cedar with red wood, the American elm, which he calls the " broad spread elme whose concave harbours waspes. " In planted gardens and in woods, "sweet marjoram, sorell, perennial yarrow, hempe and flaxe, some planted by the English, with rapes, besides turnips, parsnips, carrots, radishes, muskmillions, cucumbers, onyons, also good crops of rye, oates and barley." He mentions the rattlesnake root (JVabalus alba) as the "root called snake-weed " an antidote to the bite of the rattlesnake of which Mr. Higginson says, " to bite on within a quarter of an houre by the partie stinged," — the snake weed was always carried about by Governor Winthrop in summer time. Wood also speaks of the "treackle berries" and he says, " There is likewise straw- berries in abundance, very large ones, some being two inches about. One may gather half a bushel in a fore- noon. Vines afford great store of grapes, which are very big both for the grape and cluster: sweet and good. There is likewise a smaller kind of grape which groweth on the islands (that is of Massachusetts Bay) which is sooner ripe and more delectable, so there is no known reason why as good wine may not be made in these parts as well as Bordeaux in France, being under the same degree." The choke cherry, " red cherries which grow f)n clusters like grapes, are much smaller than our Eng- lish cherry and so furie the mouth, that the tongue will cleave to the roof." Roger Williams wrote of the straw- berry. "This berry is the wonder of all the fruits grow- ing naturally in these parts. It is of itself excellent, so
THE FLORA OF COLONIAL DAYS. 81
that one of the chiefest doctors of England was wont to say, 'God conld have made, bnt God never did make a better berry.' In some parts where natives have planted, I have man}^ times seen as many as would fill a good ship within a few miles compass." In September, 1629, Master Graves sent a letter to Enghmd in which he wrote at length of the fertility of the soil. " The grass and weeds," he said, "grow np to a man's face in the lowlands and by fresh rivers al)nndance of grass and large meadows, without any tree or shrub to hinder the scythe. " He speaks of the grapes, — "some I have seen four inches about. "
William Bradford, Governor of Plymouth Colony, wrote " A Descriptive and Historical Account of New Eng- land " in verse, which has much of interest in this con- nection—
"Almost ten years we lived here alone — In other places there were few or none ; For Salem was the next of any fame That began to augment New England's name. But after, multitudes began to flow More than well knew themselves where to bestow. Boston then began her roots to spread, And quickly soon she grew to be the head Not only of the Massachus«tts Bay But all trade and commerce fell in her way. And truly it was admirable to know How greatly all things here began to grow,
' Governor Winthrop arrived at Salem in June of the next year, 1630, and this is the entry in his Journal : — " jiassed through the naiTOw strait between Baker's Isle and Little Isle, and came to an anchor a little within the islands. After Mr. Peirce came aboard us and returned to fetch Mr. Endecott, who came to us about two of the clock and witli him Mr. Skelton and Capt. Levett. We that were of the assistants and some other gentlemen with some of the women and our Cap- tain returned with them to Nahurakeck wliere we supped with a good venison pasty and good beer, and at niglit we returned to our ship. But some of the women stayed behind. In the meantime most of our people went on shore upon the land of Cape Ann which lay very near us and gathered store of fine straw- berries." Wild strawberries still al)ound on the upland along West's Beach. —Editor.
bZ BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
New plantations were in each place begun And with inhabitants were filled soon. All sorts of grain which our own land doth yield Was hither brought and sown in every field, As wheat and rye, barley, oats, beans and pease Here all thrive and they profit for their raise. All sorts of roots and herbs in gardens grow, Parsnips, carrots, turnips or what you'll sow. Onions, melons, cucumbers, radishes, Skirets, beets, coleworts and fair cabbages. Here grow fine flowers, many, and 'mongst those The fair, white lily and sweet fragrant rose. Many good wholesome berries here you'll find Fit for man's use almost of every kind. Pears, apples, cherries, plumbs, quinces and peach Are now no dainties, you may have of each, Nuts and grapes of several sorts are here If you wiU take the pains them to seek for."
It appears somewhat singular and only proves that the colonists knew nothing of the severity of the climate, that they should have thought seriously of planting vine- yards in this region. Vine planters are mentioned in a list that the company were to provide to send to New England.^ In 1634, the yearly rent of Governor's Island in Boston Harbor was a hogshead of wine. That island had been granted to Governor Winthrop on condition that he should plant a vineyard or orchard there. Thomas Leckford spent four years in the country and wrote an article, "Plaine dealing or Newes from New England." He speaks of the land, cattle and grain and mentions one fact which other writers omitted that " the Pease have no wormes at all." July, 1638, there arrived at Boston, John Josselyn, son of Sir Thomas Josselyn of Kent, and brother of Henry Josselyn, Esq., of Black Point, in
3 Vine planters were to be sent over Feb. l()-28. According to Crartock's letter to Endecott, April 1629, they were to have been Frenchmen but such could not be I'ounil.— Mass. Colony Records, vol. I, p. 24 and p. 390; Suffolk Deeds, Liber I, Folio VI.— Editor.
THE FLORA OF COLONIAL DAYS. 83
Scarborough, Maine. After staying a short time at Bos- ton, he went to his brother's home in Maine, where he remained until October of the following year. In 1663, he again visited the country and stayed eight years. The results of his travels, observations, etc., are recorded in two volumes, one entitled "New England's Rarities discovered in birds, beasts, fishes, serpents, and plants of that Country, " and published at London in 1672 ; the other, " An Account of two voyages to New England." The former book was issued, with full and valuable anno- tations, l)y Prof. Edward Tuckerman in 1865, and from this we quote largely. He says, " Josselyn was, it ap- pears, a man of polite reading." His curiosity in picking up " excellent medicines, " points to an acquaintance with physic, of his practising which there occur several in- stances. Nor is he by any means uninterested in pre- scriptions for the kitchen as, for instance, when he gives an elal)orate recipe for cooking eels and also one for a compound liquor " that exceeds passada, the nectar of" the country, " which is made, he tells us, of "Syder, Maligo Raisons, Milk, and Syrup of Clove Gilliflowers. " But his curiosity in Natural History and especially Bot- any is his chief merit and this now gives almost all the value that is left to his l)0()ks. William Wood, the author of '' New England's Prospects, " was a better observer generally than Josselyn, but the latter makes up for his shortcomings by the particularity of his bo- tanical information. But we will return to the "Rarities," and see what record Mr. Josselyn has lett of the plants of the country. He has divided them into five groups, viz :
1. Such Plants as are common with us in England.
2. Such Plants as are Proper to the country.
84 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
3. Such Plants as are Proper to the country and have no name.
4. Such Plants as have sprung up since the English planted and kept cattle in New England.
5. Such Garden Herbs amongst us as do thrive there and such as do not.
In the first group some of the most familiar are the following: Cat's-tail, Wild Sorrel, Blew Flower dc luce, Yellow bastard Daffadil, it flowereth in May, the green leaves are spotted with black spots. Water-cresses, Red Lillies, One Blade {Smilacina hifolia) Lilly C(m- vallie with the yellow flowers. Small water archer (arrow head ), Autumn Bell Flower (Closed Gentian). Glass- wort grows abundantly in salt marshes. Upright Peni- royal, Catmint, Water Lily with yellow flowers, the Indians eat the roots, the Moose Deer feed upon them, at which time the Indians kill them, when their heads are underwater. Dragons {Arum) — they come up in Juiu^. Violets of three kinds, Solomon's Seal, Doves Foot, and Herb Robert, Yarrow, with the white flower, Columl)iiies of a flesh color, growing upon rocks. Ferns and Biakcs, Dew Grass {Drosera), Lime Tree, both kinds, Maple, Elm, Fuss Balls, very large. Noble Liverwort, Blond Root, Black-Berry, Dew Berry, Rasp Berry, Hawthorn^ Toadflax, there is Oak of three kinds, Juniper, very dwarfish and shrubby, growing for the most part by the seaside. Willow, Spurge Laurel, called the Poyson Beir\ , it kills the English cattle if they chance to feed upon it, especially calves. Gaul or noble mirtle {Myrica gale). Alder, Hazel, Walnut, Chestnuts, very sweet in taste, and may l>e, as they usually are, eaten raw; the Indians sell them to the English for twelve pence the bushel. Wild Purcelane, it is eaten as a pot-herb and esteemed by some
THE TLORA OF COLONIAL DAYS. 85
as little inferior to asparagus. Woodwax, wherewith they dye many pretty colors.
Note. — There is a tradition that it was introduced here by Gov. Endecott, which may have been some forty years before Josselyn finished his herborizing — enough to account for its naturalization then. It was long confined to Salem. Dr. Cutler says "pastures between New Mills and Salem." Woad seed is set down in a memo- randum of the Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay before February, 1628, to be sent to New England. Gov. Endecott is also responsible for importing another plant to his Danvers home, for we find in Hanson's History of Danvers this note, after referring to Gov. Endecott's land; " If tradition be correct, he introduced for medici- nal purposes, as well as by way of ornament to his garden, the White- weed, or Chrysanthennim Jeiicanthp.mum of the botanist, which has since become so detrimental to the hayflelds of our farmers in some parts of the State."
"Of such Plants as are proper to the country. Indian Wheat, of which there are three sorts, yellow, red and blew. Mountain Lillies, bearing many yellow flowers. Hollow-leaved Lavendar is a plant that grows in salt marshes, overgrown with moss, with one straight stalk about the bigness of an Oatstraw, better than a cubit high ; upon the top standeth one fantastical Flower, the Leaves grow close from the root in shape like a Tankard, hollow, tough and always full of Water, the Root is made up of many small strings, growing only in the Moss and not in the Earth, the whole Plant comes to its perfection in August, and then it has Leaves, Stalks and Flowers, as red as blood, excepting the Flower, which hath some yellow admixt. I wonder where the knowledge of this Plant hath slept all this while, i. e., above Forty Years. Tree Primrose, Maiden Hair, ordinarily half a yard in height, Pirola of two kinds, Indian Beans, Squashes, but more truly Squonter-squashes, a kind of Mellon or rather Gourd, Pompiones and Water Mellons, too, they have in good store. New England Daysie or Primrose, flowers in
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXVII 10
86 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
May and grows amongst moss upon hilly grounds or rocks that are shady. Wild Damask Roses, single, but very large and sweet. Sweet Fern, Sarsaparilla, Bill Berries, two kinds, Black and sky colored, which is more frequent. Sumach, our English cattle devour it most abominably. The cherry trees yield great store of cherries which grow in clusters like grapes. They be much smaller than our English cherry; nothing near so good, if they be not fully ripe ; English ordering may bring them to an Eng- lish cherry, but they are as wild as the Indians. Board Pine (JP. strohus) is a very large tree. Pitch Pine, its wood cloven in two little slices something thin, the only candles used by the New England natives, and Higginson found them adopted by the first colonists." The Board Pine, the loftiest tree of New England, was seen in 1605 by Capt. George Weymouth on the Kennebec, and hence the name Weymouth Pine given in England to the imported deals. Wood refers to these Pines, the White Pines, when he speaks "of these stately, high-growue trees, ten miles together, close by the river side." "The Larch Tree, which is the only Tree of all the Pines that sheds his Leaves before Winter, the others remaining Green all the Year. Hemlock Tree, the bark of this serves to dye Tawny. Cran-Berry, or Bear-Berry, because Bears use much to feed upon them, is a small trayling Plant that grows in Salt marshes that are overgrown with moss. The Indians and English use them much, boy ling them with Sugar for Sauce to eat with their meat. Pirola, or Wintergreen, that kind which grows with us in Eng- land, is common in New England, but there is another plant which I judge to be a kind of Pirola and proper to this country, a very beautiful Plant. The Ground of the Leaf is a Sap Green, embroydered (as it were) with many pale yellow Ribs, the whole Plant in shape is like
THE FLORA OF COLONIAL DAYS. 87
Sempervivum, but far less, being not above a handful hi<?h, with one sleniler stalk adorned with small, pale, yellow Flowers, like the other Pirola. It groweth not everywhere, but in some certain, small spots, overgrown with m(iss, close by swamps and shady, they are green both Summer and Winter." Another plant is ilUistrated and described in the followinii; lanocuasre : "This Plant the Humming Bird feedeth upon, it groweth likewise in wet grounds, and is not at its full growth till July, and then it is two cul)its high and better, the leaves are thin and of a pale green colour, some of them as big as a Nettle leaf, it spreads into many Branches, knotty at the setting on and of a purple colour, and garnished on the top with many hollow, dangling Flowers of a bright, yellow colour, speckled with a deeper yellow as it were shadowed ; the Stalkes are as hollow as a Kix, and so are the Roots, which are transparent, very tender and full of a yellowish juice." The list of plants in the fourth group is short and we will mention only a few ; they are the plants which hiive sprung up since the Eng- lish planted and kept cattle. " Couch Grass, Shepherd's Purse, Dandelion, Mallowes, Plantain, which the Indians call English Man's Foot, as though produced by their treading. Knot Grass, Chick weed. I have done now with such plants as grow wild in the country. I shall now in the Fifth place give you to understand what Eng- lish herbs we have growing in our Gardens that prosper there as well as in their proper soil, and of such as will not grow there at all. Cabbage grows there exceeding well. Lettice, Parsley, Burnet, Tansie, Sage, Carrots, Parsnips of a prodigious size," other Vegetables and grains. "Spearmint. Rew will hardly grow. Southern Wood is no Plant for the country, nor Rosemary, nor Bayes, Lavendar Cotton, but Lavendar is not for the cli-
88 BULLETIN or THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
mate. Gilly Flower will continue two years. Fennel must be taken up and kept in a warm cellar all winter. Houseleek prospereth notably. Hollyhock, Sparagus, Satin, — 'we call this herb in Norfolke Sattin' — says Gerard, and among our women it is called Honestie, Garden Sorrel and Sweet Bryer or Eglantine. English Rose? very pleasantly, Celandine."
There are very many plants which we have omitted, but the principal familiar ones have been given. We can see that much progress had been made and that the gar- dens were well stocked. When Josselyn made his first visit in 1638-9, he was treated with " half a score very fair pippins " from the Governor's Island in Boston Harbor, though there was then he says, " not one apple tree, nor pear planted yet in no part of the country but upon that island.""* But he has a much better account to give in 1671. "The quinces, cherries, damsons, set the dames a work. Marmalad and preserved damsons is to be met with in every house. Our fruit trees prosper abundantly. Apple trees, pear trees, quince trees, cherry trees, plum trees, barberry trees. The countrey is replenished with fair and large orchards." Here end our quotations from the "Rarities " and with one more item, this paper must be brought to a close. " Sebastian Raslis, a missionary from the Society of Jesuits to the Indians in North America, 1689, in speaking of the method of illuminating his chapel, observes that he had found an excellent substitute for wax, by boiling the berries of a kind of laurel in winter and skimming ofi" the thick, oily substance which rose to the top. Twenty-four pounds of this beautiful green wax, and an equal amount of tallow will make one hundred wax candles of a foot long."
* Probably Josselyn was mistaken. The Governor Endecott pear-tree is thought to have been planted where it now stands, in 1G30.— Memoir of John Endecott, by Chas. M, Endlcott, p. 23, note.— Editor,
\
88 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
mate. Gilly Flower will continue two years. Fennel must be taken up and kept in a warm cellar all winter. Houseleek prospereth notably. Hollyhock, Sparagus, Satin, — 'we call this herb in Norfolke Sattin' — says Gerard, and among: our women it is called Honestie, Garden Sorrel and Sweet Bryer or Eglantine. English Rose? very pleasantly, Celandine."
There are very many plants which we have omitted, but the principal familiar ones have been given. We can see that much progress had been made and that the gar- dens were well stocked. When Josselyn made his first visit in 1638-9, he was treated with " half a score very fair pippins " from the Governor's Island in Boston Harbor, though there was then he says, " not one apple tree, nor pear planted yet in no part of the country but upon that island."^ But he has a much better account to give in 1671. "The quinces, cherries, damsons, set the dames a work. Marmalad and preserved damsons is to be met with in every house. Our fruit trees prosper abundantly. Apple trees, pear trees, quince trees, cherry trees, plum trees, barberry trees. The countrey is replenished with fair and large orchards." Here end our quotations from the "Rarities " and with one more item, this paper must be brought to a close. " Sebastian Raslis, a missionary from the Society of Jesuits to the Indians in North America, 1689, in speaking of the method of illuminating his chapel, observes that he had found an excellent substitute for wax, by boiling the berries of a kind of laurel in winter and skimming oflf the thick, oily substance which rose to the top. Twenty-four pounds of this beautiful green wax, and an equal amount of tallow will make one hundred wax candles of a foot long."
* Probably Josselyn was mistaken. The Governor Eudecott pear-tree is thought to have been planted where it now stands, in 1G30.— Memoir of John Endecott, by Chas. M. Endlcott, p. 23, note.— Editok.
BuT^LBTrV OK THE EsSEX INSTITUTE.
Volume XXV 11.
()B,TECTS FROM PHE-HISIORK GRAVES. RlWERL¥v MASS.
liUl^hETIS OV TIIK EISSKX INSTITUTE.
Volume XX VH.
OH.FECTS FH(B[ PKP]-HISTORIC GRAVES, BEVERLY', ilASS.
PRE-HISTORIC RELICS FROM BEVERLY. (with two plates.)
CONTRIBUTED BY JOHN ROBINSON.
On July 21, 1871, a very interesting collection of pre- historic objects was obtained l)y the Peabody Academy of Science from three graves, accidentally discovered on Lovett street, Beverly, l)y workmen engaged in digging a trench. Some account of these objects will be found on page 125 of the Bulletin of the Essex Institute for 1871, Vol. Ill, as announced by Mr. F. W. Putnam at an Institute field meeting held at Ship Rock, Peabody, Aug. 2, 1871, It was intended to give a fuller descrip- tion of this collection, witli illustrations, in the "American Naturalist" magazine, but this was never done. Professor Putnam also intended to contribute, to the memoirs of the Peabody Academy, an article on the pre-historic graves in Essex County ; but, later, this plan was relinquished. For this last purpose, however, two excellent lithographic plates were prepared by Mr. G. M. White, and printed. It is now thought well t^o use these plates for the Institute Bulletin, and they are introduced here as supjilementary to the article of 1871, Vol. Ill, pp. 123-5, above men- tioned.
The plates cover the moie interesting objects found in the three graves at Beverly and may be described as follows : —
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90 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
Plate I. Fig. 1. Pipe, peridotite ; very probably made of the rock, commonly called soapstone, from the Andover outcrop. Knife blade of Marblehead felsite. Spear-head of Marblehead felsite. Celt or skin dresser of diorite.
Plate II.
Slate stone marked as shown.
Slate tablet, very probably made of the Brad- ford rock.
Slate tablet, as last.
Tablet of porphyritic dyke rock. It shows indication of the beginninsr of a hole at the smaller end as in figure 2.
All of the objects are drawn actual size. In addition to the objects figured, there are in this collection from the Beverly graves, another tablet, similar to fig. 2, Plate If, but of a lighter colored slate ; a porphyritic d>ke rock pebble, with indentations on the edge ; two flat pieces of sandstone, evidently used for rubbing or sharpening imple- ments ; a flat slate stone and two pebbles showing traces of ochre upon them ; and several thin pieces of nmscovite mica of the Andover form of this mineral. The identi- fication of the rock materials has been made by Mr. Sears. There is no reason to suppose that these implements originated outside of Essex County ; for, in each case, a rock of precisely the same character as the object is found within the limits of the county.
There are, in the county collections of the Peabody Academy, a large number of interesting objects obtained from pre-historic graves, or graves of the people of the
PRE-HISTORIC RELICS FROM BEVERLY. 91
pre-historic race which occupied this region, although from the finding of European beads and copper trinkets in connection with aboriginal stone implements, these latter burials must have been made after the year 1500, when Europeans had visited our shores. In the case of the Beverly graves from which the objects figured were ob- tained, unless the pipes are of European workmanship, or were made with tools obtained from the early voyagers, the age may be placed at more than 850 years. If, how- ever, the pipes were made by Europeans or with tools obtained from them, then 270 to 350 years would be a safer estimate for the age of the objects found ; they undoubtedly antedate the permanent settlement of the region in 1626,
Peabody Academy of Science, Jan. 19, 1897.
NOTE TO ARTICLE OF REV. WM. P. ALCOTT
Since pages 92-94 were in print I have other items as to the history of this Ilex from Mrs. Horner. The bush originally stood by the roadside in the edge of No. Andover. It was transplanted l)y Mr. P. B. Folansbee to his nursei} at Raggett's Pond, and a rooting from it is growing at the Arnold Arboretum. Professor Gray con- sidered this plant simply a freak, like the white huckle- berry, etc.
In his "November Chromcle" A flcmtic Monthly, Nov. 1888, Mr. Bradford Torrey mentions finding — perhaps in a wider range of conditions — 73 species blooming during Nov. 1887.
BOTANICAL NOTES.
BY REV. WM. P. ALCOTT, BOXFORD.
The writer's duties have called him to drive in different directions nearly every day of November, 1896. He has noted the roadside flowers seen on these rides, together with such as he could tind about his own premises. Per- sons having opportunity for systematic search may have found many more during such a favoral)le month, and I shall be happy if my own list may serve to call forth longer catalogues. Certain plants which I have not found must surely have been observed, while some mentioned are evidently exceptional cases. Quite a list of Crypto- gams might be added and possibly a few belated grasses.
The vigor and beaut}'' of Aster undulatus, even so late as the 18th, was very interesting. It will be noted that fifteen of these brave twenty-eight were Compositie.
Flowering plants of the following were abundant :
Capsella bursa-pastoris, L.
Lepidium Virginicum, L.
Brassica canipestris, L.
Stellar ia media ^ L.
Malva rotundifolia, L.
Trifolium pratense, L.
Hamamelis Virgimca, L.
Aster undulatus, L.
Aster miser, L.
Erigeron Canadense, L.
Solidago cassia, L.
Solidago altissima, L. (92)
BOTANICAL NOTES. 93
8oUdago memoralis, Ait. Achillea millefoUum^ L. Gnaphalium polycejphalnm, Mchx . Leontodon autm7inale, L. Taraxacum dens-leonis, Desf. Lobelia injlata, L.
Two or three specimens were seen of these : — Solidago bicolor, L. Maruta cotula, D. C. Erecthites hieracifolia, Raf. Gentiana crinita, Froel.
Of six only single flowering specimens were observed : Ranuncidus acris, L. Sinapis nigra, L. Viola sagittato , L. Potent ilia argentea, L. Aster dumosus, L. Aster longifolius, Lam.
Early this last summer Mrs. C. N. S. Horner called my attention to a strange plant found somewhere in Geoigetown, which proved to be an emigrant froiu West- ern Eur()i)e, Hieracium aurantiacum, var. bicolor. Later in the season, during a carriage ride, this plant was seen to be very abundant at a place near East Templcton, Worcester County, and also in Florida, Berkshire County, along the main road over Hoosac Mountain. It thus grows "in high pastures" here, as across the Atlantic. Should it Honrish at lower altitudes it might prove another of those beautiful but most troublesome weeds which the Old World has so often sent us. If memory is correct, I have seen this plant on the high ground of Mr. T. C. Thurlow's Nursery, at West Newbury.
Other interesting " finds," by that most observing bota-
KSSKX INST. BULLETIN VOL. XXVII 10*
94 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
nist, Mrs. Horner, have been Salvia virgata and Trifo- Uum tomentosum, L., both of Southern Europe. The latter was found ten years ago and from the place of its discovery in Georgetown, is evidently to be added to the list of " Woolen Mill Plants." I am not aware that it has been collected there since. The Salvia appeared this summer, or last, among the seedling flowers of a garden.
A small-flowered pink, Silene gallica, var. quinque- vulnera, has bloomed for me two years, coming with "wild garden" seed, probably imported from France. Botanists who know our native weeds from strange ones may often get rare things in this way.
What one might call persistent local attachment is remarkably manifested in some plants. Crocuses and Star-of-Bethlehem ( Ornithogaluni) blossom every year in the dense sward near my house, where they must have been planted twenty-five years ago, perhaps much more, having never in that time been cultivated. Probably some readers can far overmatch these instances. Poly- gonum historta, L., also grows, and often flowers, in the same grass, in spite of having been mown close, once or twice a summer for many years. No doubt it is a relic of some ancient garden.
In August a white-flowered form of Linaria Canaden- sis, Spreng., was somewhat abundant near Milwood P. O., Rowley. Years ago specimens of "white-fruited" black alder. Ilex verticillata. Gray, were given to the Boxford Natural History Society, from a bush on the land of a Mrs. Cole, of West Boxford. The berries were rather of a yellow ccjlor. One specimen of Hous- tonia purpurea, L., var. longifolia, with white flowers, was also brouglit to our Society from near the center of the town, sown perhaps with grass seed, which so often brings into our soil transient and extra-limital specimens.
For ii note appended to the above, see p. 91.
ON A NEW GENUS AND TWO NEW SPECIES OF MACRUROUS CRUSTACEA. ^
BY J. S. KINGSLEY.
1 owe to Professor Hermon C. Biimpus, of Brown Uni- versity, the privilege of examining a small shrimp which he obtained from the Island of Naushon, one of the Eliza- beth Islands, on the sonthern coast of Massachusetts. Under ordinary circumstances the publication of isolated descriptions is to ))e deplored, but in this case the pro- cedure seems to have some justification. In the first place the whole Vineyard Sound region has been so thor- oughly explored by the various parties of the U. S. Fish Commission and by the members of the Marine Biologi- cal Laboratory at Woods Holl, that novelties among the Deca[)()d Crustacea are extren»ely rare. Again, the form in (jtiestion is unique in several of its features, combining as it does the cliaractcrs of seveial other orenei'a or even of so-called families.
The specimen, which is the basis of the following de- scription, was found July 13, 1893, in the sand of the small channels — the so-called gutters — ot the island.
Genus Naushonia. Body somewhat depressed; mandi- bles stout, incurved, the cutting edge excavate anteriorly, the edge itself serrate ; a two-jointed palpus present.
1 Contrihutions from the Biological Lsiliorntories of Tufts Oi)llc>:i', uiidpr the (liruction of .1. S. Kingsley, No. xvi.
(96)
96 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
First pair of feet larger than the second, the first pair being sub-chelate, the second non-chelate, and with sim- ple carpus. Antenniilffi biflagellate, the inner flagellum about half the length of the outer. Antennae long ; an- tennal scale small, not reaching to the external spine.
This genus resembles the Crangoninse in the larger first pair of pereiopoda ; in the sul)-chelate character of the anterior hand, and the non-annulate carpus of the second pair of pereiopoda. It dififers, however, from this sub-fann'ly, and from all the CrangonidoB as limited by Dana, in the excavate mandible and in the possession of a mandibular palpus. The cutting edge of the mandible recalls somewhat that of the Atyidee, but the palpus is not present in that family. Mandibular characters also exclude it from all known Palasmonida?. Subsequent investigations may show that it will be necessary to erect a new 'family' for its reception.
jSTaushonia crangonoides n. sp. Carapax somewhat cylindrical, depressed in front, the rostral region being down curved. The I'ostrum flattened, tip broadly trian- gular, extending forward slightly beyond the eyes. Su- pra-orbital and antennal spines present ; branchiostegal, hepatic and pterygostomian spines lacking. Cervical groove well marked in the middle but not reaching the antero-laleral margin of the carapax. A well-marked impressed line extends from the antero-external angle on either side to the posterior margin of the carapax. With these exceptions the carai)ax is smooth and is without pubescence. The abdomen is about a third longer than the carapax ; is smooth and without carinas, spines, etc. The telson is a third longer than broad, its tip regularly and broadly rounded, with a spine at each external angle. The eyes are on short peduncles, not visible from above, and with a minute pigment spot. The antennuloe are
NEW CRUSTACEA. 97
biflagellate, the flagella short, the inner ramus being about half the length of the outer. The antennae are provided with a small basal scale, the external spine of which reaches to the middle of the last joint of the peduncle, while the laminate portion of the scale falls short of the external spine. The external maxillipeds are pediform, elongate and furnished with extremely long hairs. The mandibular palpus bears simple hairs on its inner, and stiff bristles on its outer margin. The pereio- poda are provided with small exopodites. The first pair (only the left present in the specimen) are much the larger, and recall strongly the corresponding appendage in the Crangonids, but the occludent margin is more oblique than in most of the genera of that group. The meros is about twice as long as the ischium, and both these joints have the external margin acute. The short carpus is approximately an equilateral triangle in outline. The hand is flattened, the propodus being twice as long as broad, and externally with an acute edge. A long acute 'thumb' directed obliquely forward, at about the middle of the inner margin of the propodus, limits the occludent margin of the palm. This margin is acute and is pro- vided with one large and several smaller teeth, the dis- tribution of which is shown in the figure. The dactylus is bent, proximally, at a right angle, the distal portion being regularly arcuate and the tip acute. Its margins are sharp and the outer one is provided with a fringe of long hairs. The second pair of feet are the shortest, the carpus is simple, without annulations, and the dactylus is flattened and covered with a pul^escence of long hairs. The remaining pereiopoda are slender, pediform and ter- minated by acute, slightly curved dactyli. The total length from the tip of the rostrum to the end of the telsoQ is 26 mm.
98 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
Caradina pasadence n. sp. Carapax smooth, ecarinate above, rostrum long, three -fourths the length of the cara- pax, and exceeding by a third of its length the antennular peduncle. It is smooth above, its apex minutely bifid, and occasionally a small tooth beneath at about the level of the extremity of the antennular peduncle. Pterygostomian spine present, rather obtuse ; external angle of the orbit spiniform. Antennula with external spiniform scale on the outer margin of the basal joint, reaching slightly in advance of the extremity of the joint, a small spine on the inner margin of the joint. Antennal flagella subequal in length, the length about equal to that of the carapax with- out the rostrum. Antennal scale about four times as long as broad, extending slightly beyond the antennular peduncle ; its external margin straight, its apex obliquely rounded ; antennal flagelluni about two-thirds the length of the ])ody. External maxillipeds pediform, the ischium strongly arcuate ; the terminal joints partly fused and armed with two rows of spines ; exopodite slender, filiform, joints obsolete. First pair of pereiopoda short, rather stout, the meros about equal to the propodus in length ; hand of regular Atyid character, the fingers excavate and furnished with pencils of hairs. Second pair of pereio- poda about twice the length of first, the carpus simple, slightly obconical, and longer than any other joint ; fin- gers excavate and pencilled. Remaining pereiopoda elon- gate, pediform, with moderate, slightly curved dactyli, spinulose beneath. Telson with straight, converging sides, its apex truncate and spinulose. Total length from tip of rostrum to end of caudal pleopoda 32 to 39 mm.
This species, which was sent me by Professor A. J. McClatchie of Throop University, is stated by him to be common in the streams about Pasadena, California. This species differs from O. multidentata, serrata, acuminata,
NEW CRU8TACRA. 99
brevirostris, exilirostris and typus in its elongate rostrum. From O. grandimstris and leucosticta it differs in the lack of teeth upon the upper margin of the rostrum ; from C. americana m the almost total lack of teeth on the lower surface of the rostrum, while C. denticulata is thrown out by similar characters. C. tenuirostris is a species of Virbius.
[PubUehed, March, 1897.]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. Figs. 1-7. Caradina pasadenoe. Figs. 8-10. Naushonia crangon-
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BULLETIN ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. XXVII.
PLATE III.
KINGSLEY. NEW CRUSTACEA.
THE NASAL ORGANS OF PIPA AMERICANA.i
BY IRVING REED BANCROFT.
The investigations recorded in the following paper were undertaken at the suggestion of Professor Kingsley, who pointed out to me that the nasal structures of the Surinam toad differed considerably from those described by Seydel as occurring in other Batrachia ; and that aside from a short reference by Stewart Lee, no account of the olfactory organ of Pipa americana was accessible.
The whole work was done by means of sections and plastic models, the slides being the same as those which formed the basis of Arnold's paper on the cranial nerves. The animals were from 9 to 12 mm. in body length and in their general features were much like the adult. The systematic position of Pipa as a member of the Aglossate group of the Anura renders all facts regarding its struct- ure especially interesting.
For convenience of comparison in my description, I have followed Seydel ('95) in beginning my account at the choana or posterior nasal aperture. The choana opens from the back and upper part of the oral cavity as in other amphibians. It almost immediately shows clearly two main divisions, fig. 9, plate IV. Of these the supe- rior or cavum nasale, c, figs. 2-9, has an ovoid section with the narrow end directed outward. The second division, the
' Contribution.s from tlie Biological Laboratories of Tufts College, under the direction of J. S. Kingsley, No. xvii.
ESSKX INST. BULLETIN, VOL KXVII 11 (101)
102 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
inferior or lateral nasal canal, In, is a long, flattened out- pushing and lies more externally. The walls of the cavum nasale become thickened immediately and the epithelium is specialized for sensory purposes. The walls of the lateral nasal canal are thinner and contain no specialized cells except at its external end.
As we go farther forward, the lateral nasal canal sud- denly widens laterally, still retaining its flattened condi- tion, fig. 8, plate IV, and the external part becomes cut ofi" from the main canal, forming a small and short blindsac. The epithelium of this posterior blindsac is not thickened or specialized, but is of the simple columnar type. This blindsac occurs in each series of sections and is apparently a constant structure. It is shown in outline in plate V and fig. 7 cuts through its anterior end.
The thickening seen to bound it internally in fig. 7 is merely the oblique section of the wall of the lateral nasal canal, which is here extending itself outward to connect with Jacobson's organ, and has nothing to do with the posterior blindsac itself.
In front of the posterior blindsac, the walls of the lat- eral portion of the lateral nasal canal become greatly thickened and its epithelium in this region assumes the same specialized condition as was found in the cavum nasale. This lateral portion now assumes a more nearly cylindrical shape and almost immediately leads away from the lateral nasal canal and forms the duct for the organ of Jacobson. From this duct, the organ of Jacobson ex- tends forward, figs. 6, 5, 4, its anterior end being a little posterior to the middle of the whole nasal apparatus, plate V. It is the most external of the cavities connected with the nasal organ and lies on a lower plane than the rest. It is a rounded cone, viewed from below, and its outer walls have a flattened cylindrical section while its ulmen is broad and low.
THE NASAL ORGANS OF PIPA AMERICANA. 103
The sensory epithelium is very thick, consisting of cells of an extreme columnar condition. The nuclei are scat- tered at various depths in the basal two-thirds of the cells while the free ends of the cells present the appearance familiar in this region in all Amphibians.
A little in front of the point of union of the duct of Jacobson's organ with the lateral nasal canal is the open- ing of the duct of Jacobson's gland, fig. 6, jd^ the opening being at the inner angle of the organ. The gland itself, figs. 4 to 8, jV/, lies below the cavum nasale and lateral nasal canal and is on a level with Jacobson's organ. Jacobson's gland, as in other Anura, is situated on the median side of the olfactory organ, and in front it extends laterally beneath the nasal cavities. It consists of convoluted cylindrical tubules lined with cubical or low columnar protoplasm, both nuclei and protoplasm staining deeply. It extends from a point somewhat in front of the planes of fig. 4 to that of fig. 8. Its duct passes from the anterior fourth of the gland to empty into the organ of Jacobson, Plate V. In fig. 4 there is a gland, g, which appears diflerentiated from the rest. It continues forward as a tube, and finally enters into the lateral nasal canal just posterior to the plane of fig. 2.
Farther forward (figs. 4-7), the lateral nasal canal ex- pands externally into a secondary cavity, hi, which is lined with the same sensory epithelium as the cavum nasale, with which it remains in connection by the nar- rower and much depressed portion of the lateral nasal canal. This latter is lined with undiflferentiated low columnar cells. More anteriorly, the secondary cavity gradually bends downward and inward so that its anterior resfion comes to lie below and in the median line of the rest of the olfactory apparatus as shown in Plate V.
From the anterior end of the lateral nasal canal the nasal canal continues forward as a flattened tube to the
104 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
external nares. Its epithelium throughout is of an undif- ferentiated character.
The cavum nasale is nearly the same size and shape throughout its whole length (en, figs. 2-9). It is com- posed of specialized cells, and, in its grosser features, its histology is similar to that of Jacobson's organ. It has fine branches of the olfactory nerve- distributed chiefly to its internal part. These are in many cases too small to be seen with the magnification used. At its anterior end, it becomes separated from the lateral nasal canal (fig. 2) and soon ends as a small blindsac.
In fig. 5, the naso-lachrymal duct is seen. It can be traced for several sections, but as yet it has not formed its connection with the cavum nasale, as it apparently does in a later stage.
It is yet too early too say how much w^eight is to be placed upon the varying conditions of the olfactory organ in settling the vexed questions of the interrelationships of the Amphibia. Too few forms have as yet been studied to allow of any broader generalizations. Naturally one would expect to find more points of resemblance between the conditions occurring in Pipa and in Rana than between Pipa and the Urodeles, but from the foregoing account it will be seen that Pipa is about as widely removed in its nasal structure from the one as from the other. Certainly, if much weight is to be given these structures, naturalists are justified in the separation of the Aglossa from the other Anura.3
In more detail, these diiferences are as follows : —
- Fischer ('43) has figured anrt described the olfactory nerve as double in this species; his figures representing the two components as arising side by side, directly from the l)rain. His account has often been quoted. I find, liowever, that the olfactorius arises by a single root and the nerve passes undivided through the ethmoidal cartilage, and almost immediately after its emergence breaks up into two superimposed branches which at once sul)divide for distri- bution to tlie olfactory epithelium.
» A study of the structures In Dactylethra would prove very interesting.
THE NASAL ORGANS OF PIPA AMERICANA. 105
In Rana esculenta, as described by Seydel, the cuvum nasale and the nasal canal are not diflferentiated from each other, and, while the cavum nasale terminates in both in a cul-de-sac, this termination in Rana is in front of the external nares, in Pipa behind it. Then, too, the lateral nasal canal of Pipa is a structure differing considerably from that of Rana both in position and in histological differentiation. In Rana, Jacobson's organ lies beneath the main nasal canal (cavum nasale) and extends inwards as far as does any other structure connected with the olfactory region. In Pipa, on the other hand, it is not covered by any of the other nasal structures, and it is placed entirely on the external side of the whole nasal apparatus. From the whole course of the duct, so far as developed, the naso-lachrymal canal in Pipa will appar- ently connect with the cavum nasale, while in Rana it opens into the lateral nasal canal. The most posterior blindsac, given off behind Jacobson's organ, is apparently unrepresented in other Amphibians so far as I have studied the literature. Its lack of specialized sensory epithelium would seem to imply that it was of no great importance.
It seems uimecessary to make any comparisons with the Urodeles farther than to point out that in some respects Pipa seems to be intermediate between these and the Anura, especially in the relationships of what I have called the nasal canal, which agrees well in some respects Avith what Seydel calls the respiratory duct. Again the position of Jacobson's organ is nearer that found in Uro- deles than that occurring in Rana and Pelobates.
Comparisons with the account given by Born ('77) of the conditions found in Pelobates show differences as great as those occurring between Pipa and Rana. One thing that is necessary in these studies is a new nomen- clature of the parts. The terminology employed by
106 BULLETIN or THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
Born and by Seydel is hardly applicable to Pipa. I have, however, refrained from proposing any new names since I believe that this can only be done in a satisfactory man- ner by one who is making a comparative stndy of many different forms, and not by one who has only the limited perspective of a single species. Still it is well to point out what terms are employed by Born for the nomencla- ture adopted here which is based upon the terminolog}'^ of Se3'del.
Born distinguished three blindsacs which lie directly under each other ; the upper being the largest and the middle the smallest. Born's "unterer Blindsac " may be compared to the Jacobson's organ in Pipa, while the "oberer Blindsac" is the cavum nasale. Born also finds another blindsac between the other two, which may possi- bly be compared to a similarly lying unnamed blindsac which Seydel found, the "a" of his figures, and possibly to the enlargement of the lateral nasal canal in Pipa. It is true that in Pipa it forms no blindsac, but it is special- ized and forms an enlargement which, from the outside, might readily he taken for an actual blindsac. This enlargement is situated between the Jacobson's organ and the cavum nasale in Pipa, but is more internal in Rana.
[Published, lAlarch, 1897.]
THE NASAL ORGANS OF PIPA AMERICANA. 107
LITERATURE.
'94, Arnold, G. A. The anterior cranial nerves of Pipa americana. Tufts College Studies, No. 1.
'84, Blaue, J. Untersuchungen iiber den Bau der Nasenschleimhaut bei Fischen und Amphibieu. Arch. Anat. u. Phys., Anat. Abth., 1884.
'77, Born, G. tjber die Nasenhohle und den Tliranennasengang der Amphibien. Morph. Jalirbuch, ii, 1870.
'43, Fischer, J. G. Amphibiorum nudorum neurologiiB specimen primum. Berlin, 1843.
'93, Lee, Stewart. Zur Kenntniss der Olfactorius. Berichte Na- turf. Gesellsch. Freiburg i. B., vii, 1873.
'95, Seydel, O. Lber die Nasenhohle und das Jacobson'sche Organ der Amphibien. Morph. Jahrbuch, xxiii.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Plate IV. Nine consecutive sections of the nasal region, fig. 1 being a short distance behind the external narial opening, fig. 9 passing through the internal nares.
Plate V. A, Dorsal, and B, Ventral veins of a reconstruction of the nasal apparatus of Pijxi americana. In B is shown in outline the limits of the internal cavity ; while in both figures the planes of the sections shown in Plate IV are indicated.
ABBREVIATIONS.
:Jacobson's organ. : lateral nasal canal. : nasal canal. : branch of nasalis. olfactory nerve. : cavum nasale.
: external portion of the nasal canal. : Jacobson's gland. : Jacobson's duct. : posterior blindsac. : difl'erentiated gland. :naso-lachrymal duct. = branch of olfactory nerve to Jacobson's organ.
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BULLETIN ESSEX LNSTITUTE, VOL. XXVIL
PLATE IV
BANCROFT. NASAL ORGANS OF PIPA.
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SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT
ON THE MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY
OF ESSEX COUNTY.
BY JOHN H. SEARS, Curator of Mineralogy and Geology, Peabody Academy of Science.
During the seasons of 1894, '95 and '96, the principal work in the geology of the county has been the study of the quartzite and interstratitied beds in Lynnfield Centre and North Saugus and carrying the work southwest into Mid- dlesex County in the towns of Reading, Wakefield, etc. The quartzite beds of North Saugus are, without doubt, parts of the basal Lower Cambrian and the knowledge of this formation has been extended southeast on both sides of the head waters of Penny l)rook to Saugus river. The quartzite and inters tratified slates and coarse conglomer- ates of Lynnfield Centre are the basal members of the Carboniferous rocks, a continuance of the blocked area, No. 19 on the map, of Topsfield and Middleton. This work makes several changes necessary in the preliminary map published in 1893. As an evident mistake was made in the mapping of the contact of the hornblende-granite and the diorite areas of Marblehead and Swampscott, these have been more carefully worked out and remapped. Another correction made necessary is the separation of the hornblende-granites from the hornl)lende-biotite- granitite. This was not done when the map was published
ESSEX I>'ST. BULLETIN, VOL XXVII 11* (109)
110 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
on advice at the time, although I personally felt then that it would have been better to do so. Another correction is an addition to the augite-nepheline-syenite area. The augite-nepheline-syenite area in Gloucester and Rockport has been extended over two miles and remapped on the west side of Cape Pond. This work was greatly assisted by the Gloucester and Rockport street railroad work and the trenches opened by the Rockport water works, when numerous sections of the fresh rock were exposed thus aflbrding good specimens of the rock for investigation. Many specimens from these outcrops have been collected and the data thus at our disposal have been of great help in tracing this rock formation. The trend of the auojite- nepheline-syenite rock from Gloucester to these outcrops in Rockport and to Sandy bay and the Dry Salvages is in the usual northeast direction and unites in this area the augite-nepheline-syenite, the so-called black granite of the Rockport Granite Company's Quarry. Having thus traced the augite-nepheline-syenite in comparatively nar- row area, through the hornblende-biotite-sfranitite rock- mass, it is an indication that the syenite is the younger rock and cuts through thegranitite without these recently seen outcrops; and, with the knowledge at our command when the geological map of Essex County was published, the small detached areas of the augite-syenite in this region seemed to be cut by the granitite, thus making the granitite apparently the younger rock. I have therefore, taken all of the maps remaining on hand at the Essex Institute and have made the necessary corrections to date in color.
These corrections may not appear important to the un- trained eye ; still they are so to the student and it at least brings the maps on hand correct to our best knowledge to the present time.
SEARS'S SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT. lH
Revised scheme of numbers.
(-(-) Hornblende gr.-mite.
(12) Eruptive porphyritic gneiss.
(18) Cambrian rocks.
(19) Carboniferous rocks.
GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF THK KOCK FORMATIONS OF
ESSEX COUNTY, MASS., FROM THE EARLIEST TO
THE MOST RECENT.
Archean, Laurentian gneiss, schists and sandstones, all crystalline, more or less contorted and highly metamorphic.
Pre-Cambrian, Arkoses, Hornblende epidote gneiss, Limestones, folded and metamorphic.
Lower Cambrian (Paleozoic) conglomerates, quartzites, slate and limestone, Georgian Olenellus, etc.
Eruptive (igneous) rocks, muscovite biotite granite.
Hornblende granite.
Hornblende biotite granitite.
Eruptive porph3ritic gneiss.
Quartz augite diorite.
Quartz hornblende diorite.
Essexite nepheline rock and aegirite ditroite schieffer.
H(»rn])lende diorite.
Elaeolite zircon syenite and augite nepheline syenite.
Hypersthene augite basalt dyke rocks (eobasalt).
Augite olivine basalt dyke rocks.
Diallage gabbro dyke rocks.
Diallage augite olivine gabbro dyke rocks.
Aegirine Tinguaite d3'ke rocks.
Aegirine syenite dyke rocks.
Ancient volcanic rocks, rhyolite breccias, banded rhyolite, corhyolite.
Hornblende diorite dyke rocks.
112 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
Hornblende augite porphyrite, feldspars from one to three inches long, dyke rock.
Aphanitic diorite dyke rocks.
Aplitic granite dyke rocks.
Felsite porphyry dyke rocks (eorhyolite).
Bostonite porphyry (sanadindyke rock).
Quartz porphyry dyke rocks (eorhyolite).
Liperite dyke rock (eorhyolite).
Vitrophyre dyke rock (eorhyolite).
Keratophyre lava (anorthoclase rock), a sheet covering the rhyolite breccia and banded rhyolites on Marblehead Neck.
Paleozoic Era, Carboniferous Period, Permo-Carbon- iferous Epoch. Very coarse ferrugiueous conglomerates and grits, blue shales, sandstones and black limestone, that is fossiliferous.
Surface deposits.
Cenozoic Era, Pleistocene Period, Pre-glacial Epoch. Pre-glacial clay beds, covered by glacial boulder till (older diluvium) occurring in long ridges or drums, which lie in the general direction of the rock striations.
Cenozoic Era, Pleistocene Period, Glacial Epoch. Scratched, grooved, polished and striated surfaces of ledges and stones, drift boulder clays. Terminal moraines as drums and drumlins. Eskers, valley sands and clays deposited in ice dammed seas. This determination may include inter-glacial epochs and a post-glacial epoch.
Psychozoic Era, Post-Terrace period. Present Epoch. Peat-beds, river alluvium. Evidence of subsidence, sub- merged forest trees, cones, nuts and fruits ; also many hundreds of wino;s and fragments of beetles and other insects submerged to a depth of fourteen and one-half feet below high water mark. For full description, see Bul- letin of the Essex Institute, Vol. xxvi, 1894.
Peaboi>v Academy of Science, Salem, Marcli 29, 1S97.
SANDSTONE DIKES
ACCOMPANYING THE GREAT FAULT
OF UTE PASS, COLORADO.
BY W. O. CROSBY
introduction- Three years aijo, Whitman Cross' first directed the attention of geoloffists to the fact that dike-like masses of sandstone occur in the granite of the Pike's Peak massif, formino^ a belt aliout one mile wide extending north-northwest from the vicinity of Green Mountain Falls, in Ute Pass, along the southwest side of the narrow Manitou Park l)asin of sedimentary rocks (Silu- rian and Carboniferous). Among the most important characteristics of the dikes noted by Cross are the fol- lowing : —
L The dikes have a general trend parallel to the l)elt in which they occur ; are approximately vertical and often appear as a complex of nearly parallel fissures with many In-anches and connecting arms ; and vary in width from mere tilms to two or three hundred yards, the largest being a mile or more in length, and forming ruffffed ridsres with narrow crests which contrast mark- edly with the gently sloping hills of granite alwut them. In short, ''in all formal relationships to the enclosing
' Bull. Geol. Soc. Aincrica, .'>, 225-2;;0; U. S. Geol. Survev, I'ike's Teak Folio.
(113)
114 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
rocks these bodies are as typical dikes as any of igneous origin. "
2. The rock of the dikes is a fine and even-grained aggregate of sand grains varying in degree of indura- tion from a normal sandstone to a dense hard quartzite, but throughout of a remarkably massive and uniform character. The induration is mainly due to limonite ; in the quartzitic portions, however, there appears to be some secondary silica, although a distinct enlargement of the quartz grains is rare.
During the past summer of 1896 I was able to devote several weeks to the investigation of the sandstone dikes and the great displacement to which I have found them to be genetically related. To the dikes described by Cross I gave only sufficient attention to become familiar with their characteristics ; and then endeavored to trace the series southeastward through Ute Pass to Manitou and beyond.
The sedimentary formations of the Manitou area em- brace, from below upward, as described by Hayden, Cross, and others :
1. A basal sandstone which is usually forty to fifty feet thick, white or gray for the lower ten to fifteen feet and dull red or brown above, only rarely of arkose character, l)ut frequently move or less glauconitic. 2. This sandstone, which may be referred provisionally to the Potsdam, becomes calcareous upward, passing into red, cherty limestones, and these into a massive gray limestone having a thickness of several hundred feet. The limestones are throughout more or less magnesia n and contain recognizable traces of a Lower Silurian (Ordovician) fauna. 3. This great Manitou limestone series is overlain without apparent unconformity by the Fountain (Carboniferous) beds, one thousand to possibly
114 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
rocks these bodies are as typical dikes as any of igneous origin. "
2. The rock of the dikes is a fine and even-grained aggregate of sand grains varying in degree of indura- tion from a normal sandstone to a dense hard quartzite, but throughout of a remarkably massive and uniform character. The induration is mainly due to limonite ; in the quartzitic portions, however, there appears to be some secondary silica, although a distinct enlargement of the quartz grains is rare.
During the past summer of 1896 I was able to devote several weeks to the investigation of the sandstone dikes and the great displacement to which I have found them to be genetically related. To the dikes described by Cross I gave only sufficient attention to become familiar with their characteristics ; and then endeavored to trace the series southeastward through Ute Pass to Manitou and beyond.
The sedimentary formations of the Manitou area em- brace, from below upward, as described by Hayden, Cross, and others :
1. A basal sandstone which is usually forty to fifty feet thick, white or gray for the lower ten to fifteen feet and dull red or brown above, only rarely of arkose character, l)ut frequently more or less glauconitic. 2. This sandstone, which may be referred provisionally to the Potsdam, becomes calcareous upward, passing into red, cherty limestones, and these into a massive gray limestone having a thickness of several hundred feet. The limestones are throughout more or less magnesian and contain recognizable traces of a Lower Silurian (Ordovician) fauna. 3. This great Manitou limestone series is overlain without apparent unconformity by the Fountain (Carboniferous) beds, one thousand to possibly
SANDSTONE DIKES OF UTE PASS. 115
fifteen hundred feet in thickness — a remarkable complex .of red and white arkose sandstones, grits and conglom- erates. 4. The red sandstone series (Triassic), a thousand feet or more in thickness. 5. The white, variegated and gypsiferous Jurassic strata. 6. The Cretaceous series, l)eginning with the massive and con- spicuous Dakota sandstone.
Each of these formations is cut off on the south by the great fault which skirts the northeastern base of the Pike's Peak massif. This profound displacement, which must be regarded as a dominant factor in the oreological structure of the region, and to which we undoubtedly owe, in the main, the Manitou embayment of sedimentary rocks and the exceptional elevation of the Pike's Peak massif as compared with the Front Range to the North of Ute Pass, gained early recognition and is clearly indicated on Hayden's map of the Manitou area-, the principal features of which are reproduced in the map accompanying this paper. Although the traveler through Ute Pass now leaves the sedimentary rocks and passes onto the granite within two miles of Manitou, there is, apparently, no reason to doul)t that the sedimentaries were once continuous with those of the Manitou Park area, which now begin a mile north of Green Mountain Falls or nine miles from Manitou, and coincidentally with the sandstone dikes described by Cross ; and it is alto- gether prol)able that the fault by which Cross has l)Ounded the Manitou Park sediments (Potsdam, Man- itou limestone and Fountain series) on the southwest is a direct continuation of that which, cutting across the strike of the beds, is so much more conspicuous in the Manitou area. This great displacement, which divides
' Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey, 1874, p. 40.
116 BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
very obliquely the entire Front Range and the beds lying upon either flank of the range and sloping away from its crest, may therefore be appropriately designated the Ute Fault. Erosion has cut deeply enough over the top of the arch to remove the sedimentary rocks from the downthrow as well as the upthrow side of the fault. The Ute Fault cuts everj^ formation of the region from the fundamental granite and the Potsdam to the Laramie, and in its maximum throw must exceed the aggregate thickness of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic terranes ; and its completion, at least, must date from relatively late geo- logical times.
SANDSTONE DIKES NORTHWRST OF MANITOU.
The contact of the granite and sedimentary rocks is obscurely exposed in the southeast bank of Ruxton Creek, beneath the bridge of the Colorado Midland Rail- road. It is exposed again and more satisfactorily in the cut on the railroad at Iron Spring Station (Map, 5). The cut and the hillside just above it show the Potsdam beds in normal succession — white sandstone, red sandstone with glauconitic layers, and red calcareous strata passing into the normal Manitou limestone. Near the granite the beds are tilted l)y the drag of the great fault to a dip of 90° Avhich rapidly suljsides to a northeast dip of a1>out 45° degrees at the northeast end of the section. The actual contact can be located within a foot or two ; and along this line both the granite and sedimentary rock are much crushed, the bedding of the sandstone is almost obliterated, and all the indications suggest a fault.
Within two hundred feet southwest of the fault the granite incloses several sandstone dikes. One of these is exposed in the railroad cutting a])Out forty feet from the fault and the l)ase of the Potsdam. It is fifteen feet
SANDSTONE DIKES OF UTE PASS. 117
thick and hades southwest. An uncertain thickness of granite separates this from a dike fifty and possibly one hundred feet wide of undetermined hade. Both dikes are entirely typical in lithological character, 1)ut in con- sequence of the deep disintegration of the granite they are not well exposed. The sandstone is the usual dull red, blotched and spotted with white where the iron oxide has been reduced and leached out ; and it seems to be somewhat glauconitic.
From this point a gulch extends northwesterly along the line of the old South Park trail, l)etween the long slope of disintegrated granite and the al^rupt, sharp- crested hill of the Potsdam sandstone and Manitou limestone, which still maintain a high northeast dip. The indications are that the first dike mentioned follows the bottom of the gulch and the fault-line closely. On the col at the head of the gulch several irregular dikes of sandstone, with a maximum width of at least forty feet, outcrop obscurely in the granite ; and immediately above on the northeast are the highly inclined Potsdam sand- stone and red and gray cheily limestones, the lines of snow-white chert in the lower limestone contrasting strongly with the deep red matrix.
The northwest-southeast ridge of sedimentary rocks, which the fault-depression places vis a vis with the abrupt border of the granite, is, within a distance of about