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AT length comes into the world, thejirst volunle of the History of tIle Rebelliolz, and Civil Wars ill England, beB'lt1l ill, tlte year 1641, witlt the prece- dent passages and actions that contribute(l there- unto, and the happy e'Jl(1 lln(l conclusioll thereqf, by the king's blessell restoration, lInd return, UpOll the 29th of 1J;Iay in the year 1660; "rritten by Ed- ward earl of Clarendon, once lord high chancellor of England, and chancellor of the famous university of Oxford. The first of these great dignities king Charles the Second had conferred on hin1, whilst he ,vas yet in banishment with hin1; which he held, after the restoration, above seven years, with the universal approbation of the whole kingdom, and the general applause of all good men, for his justice, integrity, sound judgment, and eminent sufficiency in the discharge of that office; a praise, which none of his enemies ever denied him in any time. The other he received from the choice of the university, who, upon the vacancy of that place, by the death YOLo I. b Q THE PREFACE of the marquis of Hertford, then duke of SOlnerset, judged they could not better manifest their steadi- ness in the cause for which they had suffered, and their resolutions of adhering to their old principles, in support of the. church of England, and the an- cient n10narchical government of this kingdom, than in choosing to place the protection of their interest in both under the care of one, who had so early dis- tinguished himself, even from the first approaches of the civil war, in asserting and maintaining the dis- tressed rights of the church and crown. This history was first begun by the express com- mand of king Charles the First, \vho, having a de- sire that an account of the calamities, God ,vas pleased to inflict on the unhappy part of his reign, should be reported to posterity by sOlne worthy, ho- nest, and kno,ving Ulan, thought he could not ap- point anyone more adorned with such qualifications, than this author. It is a difficult province to write the history of the civil wars of a great and powerful nation, where the king was engaged with one part of his subjects against the other, and both sides were sufficiently inflall1ed: and the necessity of speaking the truth of several great 11len, that \vere engaged in the quarrel on either side, who may still have very con- siderable relations, descended fronl theIn, now alive, makes the task invidious, as ,veIl as difficult. \Ve are not ignorant that there are accounts, contained in this follo,ving History, of sonle en1Î- nent persons in those tin1es, that do not agree with TO THE FIRST EDITION. 3 the relations we have met with of the saIne persons, published in other authors. But, besides that they who put forth this History dare not take upon thern to make any alterations in a work of this kind, so- lemnly left \vith them to be published, whenever it should be published, as it was delivered to them; they cannot but think the world will generally be of opinion, that others may as likely have been mis- taken in the grounds and infornlations they have gone upon, as our author; who will be esteemed to · have had opportunities, equal at least with any others, of knowing the truth; and, by the candour and inlpartiality of what he relates, Inay be believed not to have made any wilful mistakes. However, all things of this nature must be sub- mitted, as this is, with great deference to the judg- ment of the equal reader; \vho will lueet, in his progress through this work, with many passages, that, he will judge, lnay disoblige the posterity of even well meaning men in those days; much more then of such as were crafty, cunning, and wicked enough to design the mischiefs that ensued: but he shall Ineet with . none of malice, nor any hut such _as the author, upon his best information, took to be hnpartially true. He could not be igllorant of the rules of a good historian, (which, Cicero says, are 'IlC]1 foundatio'JltY, tllat t/ley lire known to evel.y bOlly,) That he tY]loul(l }lot llare to pellk allY faltyehoorl; llnd should llare to s}Jeak lillY tr'ulh. And we doubt not, but through the whole progress of this History, he will be found to have given no b2 4 THE PREFACE occasion of suspecting his \vritings guilty qf }Jal'tial favour, o'r unjust e1l1Jlity; and \ve hope, that the representing the truth, "rithout any mixture of pri- vate passion or aniInosity, ,vill be so far from giving offence to any ingenuous Ulan of this tiule, that it will be received rather as an instruction to the pre- sent age, than a reproach upon the last. Moreover, the tenderness that lllight seem due, out of charity, good manners, and good nature, to our countrymen, our neighbours, or our relations, hath been indulged a long space of time; and l11ight possibly be abused, if it should not give way, at last, to the usefulness of making this ,vork public, in an age, when so many nIelnoirs, narra- tives, and pieces of history come out, as it were on purpose to justify the taking up arlllS against that king, and to blacken, revile, and ridicule the sacred nlajesty of an anointed head in distress; and ,vhen so much of the sense of religion to God, and of al- legiance and duty to the crown, is so defaced, that it is already, within little more than fifty years since the murder comn1Ïtted on that pious prince, by some Inen 11lade a mystery to judge, on \vhose side was the right, and on \v hich the rebellion is to be charged. "\tVe hope therefore it will be judged necessary as well as useful, that an impartial account of the most material passages of those unhappy tinIes should at last cOlne out; and that ,,"e shall have the gene- ral approbation, for llaving contributed thus far to awaken men to that honesty, justice, loyalty, and TO THE FIRS'r EDITION. 5 piety, which formerly Englishßlen have been valu- able for, and without ,vhich it is impossible any government, discipline, or authority can be long lllaintained. There is no doubt, but this good king had some infirluities and imperfections; and might thereby be misled into SOllle mistakes in government, ,vhich the nation, in parliament represented, might have reformed by moderate and peaceful counsels. But the reformation lost its name, and its nature too, when so lllany acts passed by him in parliament, that did restrain the preTogative of the crown frol11 doing the mischiefs it had been taxed with, had not the effect they ought to have luet with, of restrain- ing the people too froßl further deillands; and when the inordinate ambition, anger, and revenge of sonle of the great leaders could not be limited within any bounds, till they had involved the nation in blood, destroyed lllany thousands of their own country- n1en and fellow citizens, and brought at last their own sovereign to lose his head on a scaffold, under a pretended form of an high court of justice, unpre- cedented from the beginning of the world; and, to finish their work, had overthrown all the laws of their own country, in the defence of ,vhich, they would have had it thought, they had been obliged to draw their swords. 'Vithout question, every body that shall du1y consider the whole account of these transactions, will be able to impute mistakes, 111iscarriages, and faults enough to both sides: and we shall leave b3 6 '".rHE PREFACE thelll to their own sedate and composed reflections. But we cannot olnit making this one observation that where any king by ill judgn1ent, or ill fortune, of his own, or those intrusted by hinl in the chief adn1inistration of his governnlent, happens to fall into an interest contrary to that of his people, and "rill pursue that mist.ake, that prince must have ter- rible conflicts in the course of his reign, which \vay soever the controversy ends. On the other hand, that people, who, though invaded and oppressed in their just rights and liberties, shall not rest satisfied \vith reasonable reparations and securities, but, hav- ing got power into their hands, will make unjusti- fiable use of it, to the utter subversion of that go- vernlnent they are bound in duty and allegiance to support, do but at last make rods for their own backs, and very often bring upon thenlselves, frolu other hands, a more severe bondage than that they had sh ook off. To den10nstrate this general observation, let it be considered in particular, what ,vas the advan- tage this poor nation gained from all the victories obtained over king Charles in the field, and, after- \vards, in the imprisoning, and prosecuting him to death: \vhat amends did it make for the infringe- Inent and prejudice, they complained of, in their rights and liberties, to set up the protector Crom- wen, who, under a thousand artifices and cruelties, intended no other refornlation, but, instead of whips, to chastise the poor people with scorpions; and, in- stead of their idol common\vealth, \vhich SOlllC had 1."0 THE FIRS".r EDITION. 7 vainly imagined to thelnselves, to nlake himself that very hated thing, a king, which had been so abo- minable in his own sight? And after him, what did all the other several sorts of government, set up sOlnetimes to gratify the ambition of one party, and sOlnetimes of another, end in, but so many several ways of oppression; which, after many years spent in exhausting the blood and treasure of their coun- try, at length nlade way for the happy restoration of the son and family of that king, (whom they had so barbarously brought to an untimely end,) with' the utmost scorn and derision of all that had pretended to rule in his stead? Here we might descend into particulars, to make out the other part of our observation, by giving in- stances, how some of our own kings have, unhap- pily, been led into very dangerous mistakes in their government; and how l11any years have passed al- most in one perpetual stlife, and unfortunate con- tention between the prince and the people, in points of the highest consequence; and especially those, which have brought the prince, sometimes, under the disadvantageous suspicion of being in- clined to the love of arbitrary power, and favouring the popish religion; than which the nlost 1110rtal enenlies to the crown of England cannot possibly contrive, or wish, more miserable circumstances for it to he involved in. But we are rather desirous to draw a veil over all the calamities, that have pro- ceeded fronl this cause; as well because the inlprcs- b4 8 THE PRE -'ACE sions those mistakes have ßlade, and the marks they have left behind them, will not easily be worn out; as that it might look like insulting over their mis- fortunes, who have been the chief losers by them; which we have in no kind the inclination or the heart to do: neither would ,ve be thought to give countenance, by ,vhat \ve write, to the opinions of those, who ,vould justify the rising up in arms of subjects, to do themselves right in any controversy between them and their king. ATOll hæc i'/ljæde1ra The nature of our excellent governn1ent hath provided, in the constitution of it, other renledies, in a parliamentary ,vay; wherein both the preroga- tive of the cro\vn and the rights of the people Inay be better secured: and besides, we kno\v to \VhOlTI vengeance peculiarly belongs, and that he who chal- lenges that power to himself, will not suffer it to be communicated to any other. But we should think ourselves very fortunate, if, in the reflections we have been nlaking on this sub- ject, we have represented the truth, on both sides, ,vith that fairness and hnpartiality, in the perplexed condition of our own affairs, that all princes may see and judge, that it can never turn to their ad- vantage, to be in an interest contrary to that of their people, nor to give their subjects unreasonable provocations. For (as in other cases, where the laws both of God and lTIan are too often broken, though very strict and positive, so in this point too) TO THE FIRS".r EDITION. 9 the people may not al\vays be restrained frOlTI at- tenlpting by force to do themselves right, though they ought not. And we hope no less, tbat the people will be con- vinced, that it were wiser and better for thenl to obtain the redress of their grievances by such ways, as th<; ancient la,vs of this kingdom have provided: and that the constitution of king, lords, and conl- mons, is the happiest cOlnposition of government in the world; and so suited to the nature of English.. men generally, that though it be expelled for a time, yet it will return. "T e would therefore heartily wish both for prince and people, if either of them should be guilty of any irregular deviations from their own channels, that they who are injured would content themselves with gentle applications, and moderate remedies, lest the last error be worse than the first: and above all, that whosoever may have a thought of ruling in this land, may be throughly convinced in his own judgment, that it is a crown of briers and thorns that must be set on his head, without he can satisfy all reasonable men, that it is his fixed prin- ciple and resolution, inviolably to defend our reli- gion, and preserve our laws. Upon the whole matter, ,ve have often wondered, and rest still alnazed, that any prince should care to govern a people against their nature, their incli- nations, and their la\vs. "That glory can it be to a prince of a great spirit, to subdue and break the hearts of his O\VD subjects, with ,vhom he should . 10 1.' lIE PREFACE live properly as a shepherd with his flock? If two lovers, \vho should pass their time in renewing, re- peating, and returning all the offices of friendship, kindness, tenderness, and love, were, instead of that, unluckily contriving always to cross, oppose, and torl11ent one another, what could be the effect of such a conversation, but vexation and anguish in the beginning, a short-lived correspondence, and ha- tred and contempt in the conclusion? Our constitution is the nlain point ever to be re- garded; which, God be praised, hath been pre- served through so nlany ages. For though there have been son1e men often found, and of great parts too, who, for their private advantages, are aiding. sometinles the monarch, and sometimes the party that \vould be a cOIDlllonwealth, under specious pre- tences for the public good, to exceed the limits the constitution hath prescribed in this country; yet the nation still finds, in all ages, some truly public spirits, that preserve it fronl being long illlposed upon. There is a craft, and a perpetual subtilty, that lnen of private interest IllUst work with to sup- port their o\vn designs: but the true interest of the kingdo111 is the plainest thing in the world: it is what every body in England finds and feels, and knows to he right, and they are not long a finding it neither. This is that interest, that is supported non tant fil1na, qualll sua vi; its own \vcight still keeps it steady against all the storms that can he brought to beat upon it, either fronl the ignorance of strangers to our constitution, or the violence of . TO THE FIRST EDITION. 11 any, that project to themselves ,vild notions of ap- pealing to the people out of parliament, (a parlia- ment sitting,) as it were to a fourth estat.e of the reahn; and calling upon them to come and take their share in the direction of the public and most important consultations. This we conceive to be another way of undermining the ancient and true constitution, but not like to be more effectual than some others, that have been tried before; since we have the experience that no violence, nor almost ruin, hath, hitherto, hindered it fronl settling again upon its old foundation. There hath been, \vithin the compass of few years, much talk, and, God knows, too many ill ef- fects too, of factions in this kingdoln; and we have Ii ved, in our days, to see the two great parties, of late known by the names of 'Vhig and Tory, di- rectly change their ground; and those, who were forlnerly the anti-courtiers, becolne as pliant and obsequious, as ever they were ,vho had been the lTIOst found fault with on that score. But we are humbly of opinion, that, at this tÏlnc of day, neither of those parties have the game in their hands, as they have fornlerly perhaps fancied to thenlselves. But they \vho shall be so honest, and so wise, con- stantly to prefer the true interest of England to that of any other country or people, preserve the religion and the laws, protect and pronlote the trade ' of the nation, thriftily and providently adnlinister the puhlic treasure, and study to maintain the so- vereignty of our seas, so naturally, so anciently, and Ifl THE PREFACE so justly the true defence of this kingdom; that body, 'VhOlTISOeVer it shall be composed of, shall have the weight of England on its side; and if there can be any of another frame, they must, in the end, prove so many n1iserable rotten reeds. 'Vell may other princes and states, whose situa- tion requires it for their own security, find it their interest, foc the preservation of their credit and re- putation alTIOngst their neighbours, to keep con- stantly in pay great nun1bers of land forces; in which they are still vieing one with the other, and boasting \vho can raise his thousands, and who his ten thousands: but they ,viII be found but young statesmen for our government, who can think it ad v is able, that the strength of this island should be Ineasured by proportions so unsuitable to its true glory and greatness. As well might David have thought it requisite, when he ,vas to encounter the great giant of the Philistines, that he like\vise must have had a staff to his spear like a weaver's beam. But that man after God's o\vn heart thought it Illore expedient to his advantage over the enemy he was to contend with, to come against him with arms that he had tried, and that he could wield. "Then Saul armed hin1 ,vith his own arn1our, aJl(ljJut all hebllet qf brass on his heall, and ar1Jlell hÙ1Z 'U'ith a coat qf'lJlail, David hilTIself says, lie couilluot B'O with tllese, for lie llad not lJrovell tllelli. 'Vhich Inakes us a little reflect on the circluustances of our own nation, that, whereas the fleet of England hath been renowned, through 80 n1any ages, for the ho- TO ï'HE FIRST EDITION. IS nour and security of this kingdom, in these latter days, by an unaccountable Î1nprovidence, our care has been more industriously applied to the raising great nun1bers of land forces, than in maintaining and supporting the glorious ancient buhvarks of our country; and "Then we have to do with an enemy, whon1 \ve so far excel in strength at sea, that, with a little more than ordinary application, we might hope to restrain his exorbitant power by our naval expeditions, we have employed our greatest indus- try, and a vast expense, to attack him by land in that part, where, by the strength of his numerous garrisons, he must be, for many years at least, in- vulnerable. But it is to be hoped the great allies thenlselves, to wholn, we doubt not, the English nation wishes all happiness and prosperity, as being bound up wi th them in the same interest, will at last be sen- sible, that this kingdom cannot be useful to the common cause in any other way, so llluch as at sea. The situation of this country adapts it for advan- tages by sea: the trade of it enables it to go on with a war by sea: and neither of them can long bear a great expense of a war in a foreign land: the experience of former successes at sea makes the nation ever fond of employing its vigour there: and the perpetual jealousy that, some time or other, en- deavours may be used, by the increase of land forces, to advance another greatness, and another interest, ,viII fix the genius of the nation still to depend on its greatness, and its security by sea. 14 THE PREFACE 8uadere principi qUO(/ oportent, '1Jlflglli laboris; assentatio erga jJrincipe1Jl que1JlC'llllque Û ne lrlfectu perllgitllr, was a saying of Tacitus, and one of those that is perpetually verified. For \ve s e, in all tilnes, ho"r compliance and flattery gets the better of ho- nestyand plain dealing. All men indeed love best those that dispute not with theln; a misfortune, whilst it is amongst private persons, that is not so much taken notice of; but it beconles reIn arkable, and grows a public calamity, when this uncolnely obsequiousness is practised towards great princes, who are apt to mistake it for duty, and to prefer it before such ad vice as is really good for their service; at least till the folly and vanity of such proceedings comes to be seen through; and then the reward of their unseasonable courtship frequently overtakes the miserable authors, though the discovery come too late to preserve froln ruin the ll1aster, who hath been deluded. An eminent poet of our own nation calls this flat- tery the food of fools; and yet it is a plant so guarded and fenced about, so cherished and pre- served in all courts, that it never fails of bringing forth much wretched fruit; and will ever do so, till God Almighty shall send such a discerning spirit into the hearts of princes, as l11ay enable them to distinguish between those that serve to obtain their own ends, and those who have only in their view the true interest and honour of their 111asters; and to punish, instead of encouraging, those bold corrupters of all right judgment, justice, honesty, and truth. rro THE FIRS ' EDI1."ION. 15 If at any time it lnight be hoped this dangerous generation of men should be discountenanced, one might be allowed to look for it in an age, when a revolution hath been thought necessary to make a refornlation: for where the foundations of the earth were taken to be out of course, lllore steadiness, a stricter virtue, and a more unhlameable adlninistra- tion \vill be expected to come in the room of it. If princes would bear it, it would be an advan- tage to them, as well as happiness to their subjects, to hear plain and hold truths, when delivered with duty, and decency, and privacy, fronl their faithful servants, in their own lifetime; whilst they might yet redress and correct any nlistakes of their judg- ment, or will. But because they generally defend thelnselves from those approaches by their great- ness, and the awe they usually strike on those that come near them, the next best way to incline them to reflect duly upon theillseives, is to get then1 to read the memorials of thnes past: where they will see how those who have once governed the world are treated, when they are dead and gone; and that it is the privilege and practice of all present ages, to speak without restraint of those that are past: as, we may be confident, the next that conles after this we live in, will not forget to put their stamp, and their censure, on what they shall judge good or bad in any part of it. And this truth will be aIIo\ved in all thnes, that a great king, who is kno\vn to govern in his own person, who is not Inanaged by his ministers, but does hinlself give the direction, 16 THE PREFACE the life, and deternlination to all his comnlands, as he ought to have the glory, and the Inerit of his conduct and skill, brought to his own account with. out a rival, so he will have the Inisfortune of having the errors of his reign, if any there he, inlputed likewise to hinlselfl 'Ve have been led, froln one step to another, fur- ther than the scope of a preface to this History lllight properly have dra,vn us, were it not that the observation of the miscarriages in fornler times, con- tinued down by degrees, as we conceive, from the like mistake, and the Hke root of animosity and dis- content, had engaged us to make some remarks on the most eminent of theIn, and to lay them together in one view, for every Inan's calm judgll1ent and animadversion, as the best Illeans, in our opinion, to prevent any such for the future. "\Vhich ßlakes us hope the reader will not be offended with some ex- cursions, upon publishing such a work, that hath so lnuch of information and instruction in it, that it must furnish to everyone great variety of reflec- tions; and, amongst others, the observation of this particular, and almost continual misfortune to all princes, who are apt to think that, out of the great numbers of their subjects, and the crowd of their courtiers and flatterers, they can never want a sup- ply of just and faithful servants; which makes thenl so little value, and so of en thro\v away, their best and ablest ministers; \vhereas there is in truth no... thing so difficult for a prince, as to find a good, ho- nest, just, ,veIl tempered, and Ïlnpartial servant; and TO 1."HE FIRS1.' ] I)ITION. 17 it is alll10st inlpossible to preserve hinl long. For whosoever comes to the yoke of true painful drudgery in his master's service, from that monlent creates to himself so many industrious enemies, as he cannot gratify in all their several wild preten- sions, to displace and destroy hinl. So that such a 111an'S station luust be extrelne slippery, and his fa- vour oftentimes shortlived, whose whole time being taken up in promoting the solid greatness of his master, and the good of his country, he cannot have leisure to take care of himself. For whilst he is \vatching the enemies of the state, and laying foundations for the happiness of future times, as well as for the security of the present, and looking after all the parts of the administration; that the religion of the land nlay be reverenced; the justice of the nation unblemished; the revenues of the crown carefully and honestly collected, and distri- buted \vith an equal hand of generosity and good husbandry, according to the several occasions that Inay require either; how can such a minister be \vatching the secret machinations of the enviers and underminers of his credit and honesty? And there- fore he may be forgiven, if, being conscious to hinl- self of his o\vn integrity towards the public, he con- temns the little arts of ill designing men; by which however, from the first hour of his entering into the service of his master, he is continually pursued, till he is at length hunted down, and unavoidably de- stroyed at court. We do not intend here .to write the particulars of VOL. I. (" 18 TIlE PREFACE the life of this author; but ,ve may say in short, that such a figure as is here described of a great and superior minister, and, in sonle degree, of a fa- vourite too, this excellent l1lan made, f r about two years after the restoration of the king his nlaster, who, during that time, relied entirely on his advice and conduct. There were indeed some other great and wise men, ,vhom the king, for some consider- able time, consulted in his \\reightiest affairs. There was the earl of Southampton, then lord high trea- surer of England, with whom our author had al- ways an entire and fast friendship, and whom all men, that knew him, honoured for his great abi- lities, and eminent integrity. There was the duke of Albenlarle, then lord general, who had the ho- nour and good fortune of bringing n10st things, and men, at that time to bear together, for the restora- tion of that king, and the royal family to the seat of their ancestors. There was the then marquis of Ormond, soon after his majesty's return made lord steward of the household, and lord lieutenant of Ireland; who had not only follo,ved, but even graced his master's fortunes, in an the time of his exile, with the attendance of so eminent and me- ritorious a subject; ,vho had often ventured his person, and lost all his large estate in the steady pursuit of loyalty and duty to the crown, and zeal for the true religion. There was the earl of Sand- wich, who had, when admiral, and general at sea, to his share the glorious part of bringing the fleet of England, and the body of the English seamen, to rro THE FIRST EDI1.'ION. 19 concur in the king's restoration; and had, before that time, been very meritorious towards his 111a- jesty, as is mentioned at large in the ensuing parts of this History. These were the principal; and be- sides these, there was one lllore, who, though in a different rank, was admitted, at that time, into the most intimate trust and confidence, old secretary Nicholas; who had served his two masters, king Charles the First and Second, with so much faith- fulness and integrity, as to be justly entitled to a part in the most in1portant administration. But, ,vithout the least design of detracting from the cre- dit or interest of these great and honourable per- sons, we may truly say, our author had the pre- ference of theln all in the king's favour and esteem; and by his prudence, knowledge, and experience, in which he shared with the others, and his indefa- tigable labour and pains, wherein, it is most certain, they did not share with him, he had the happiness, without their envy, and with their concurrence, to have the greatest share in disposing the minds of the people, and the king too, to agree then on such measures in parliament, as laid the foundation of that peace, plenty, and prosperity this nation hath enjoyed since. Re had the happiness to have the greatest share in preserving the constitution of our government entire, when the then present temper of the people was but too ready to have gone into any undue com- pliance with the crown. He had the happiness, amongst several other c2 o THE P]{EFACE good acts of parliament, to have the greatest share in compassing and perfecting the act of oblivion and indemnity; the act for confirming judicial pro- ceedings; and the act of uniformity; by ,v ich the people of England were quieted in their 111inds, and settled in their possessions; and the church of Eng- land redeemed from the oppressions it had lain un- der, and established and set up by the law of the land, as it was also by our blessed Saviour's promise to all those that serve hitn in holiness and truth, on that Rock, against which the gates of hell were not to prevail. This is that church, which desires to have her doctrine understood, as ,veIl as obeyed; and which depends on the infallibility of scripture for her guide; but never could be drawn to allo,v it to any mortal men, whether in a single person, or a greater nUlllber; and which, of all the churches in the world, does DI0st rationally inform her men1bers in the practice of pure religion and undefiled to- wards God, with decency in worship, without affec- tation, superstition, or ostentation; and obedience to the king, ,vith due regard to the constitution and the laws of the land. By God's blessing on these means, our author had the happiness to leave last- ing monuments of his judgn1ent and his piety; of his loyalty to his prince, and his entire love to his country. I t was during the ministry of this person, and whilst he ,vas in his greatest credit, that Inemorable expression was used, in one of king Charles the Se- cond's speeches to both hOllses: that in all his de- 'l'() 'l HE FIRS'!' EDI1.'ION. 1 liberations and actions, his principal consideration should be, What will a parliament think of them? Every body then knew, by "Those advice that king was inclined to make that "rise declaration. And certainly it had been happy for him, if he had always practised it; and all England hath reason to wish, tJ)at all ministers had continued, to this day, to give the like' wholesome counsel. Hæ tibi erunt artes, said our author, to a king of England: Keep always well with your parliamentsl Let no vain whimsey of the example of other countries, but utterly im- practicable in this, delude you. Keep always in the true interest of the nation; and a king of England is the greatest and happiest prince in the world. How this person came first to lessen in his cre- dit, and afterwards, in the space of about five years, to fall quite out of that king's favour, to be dis- graced, as the language at court is, and banished, must be a little touched; and "re shall make an end. They who were then most concerned in his misfortunes, and felt the most sensible strokes of his majesty's displeasure in their family, have it not in their hearts to lay any thing hard at the door of that king, once a most gracious and indulgent n1as- tel' to our author, and who ,vas certainly not of a disposition to do harsh things to any body; and who, as we have reason to believe, out of the sense of unkind usage to the father, did afterwards, by his o,vn singular goodness and favour, much against the mind of sOlne in credit ,vith him, dra,,' his two c8 2 THE PREFACE sons, who yet survive, into a very great degree of trust and confidence near him; and particularly bestowed on the second extraordinary marks of honour and bounty, that are to descend to his pos- terity. "T e take them both to be Inen of so much piety to their father, and so much spirit in themselves, that they would by no means be bribed to omit any thing upon this occasion, that might be of use 01" advantage to the honour of one they owe so n1uch duty to; if they could conceive, that there ,vas need, at this time of day, to contribute to the justi- fication of his innocency. The world hath lasted long enough, since the misfortunes of this honour- ahle person, to be throughly convinced, that there was nothing in all those articles exhibited against him in parliament, that did in the least touch or concern him. One of his sons, then of the house of commons, offered in that house, that if they who accused him would but take the p ins to prove to the house anyone of the articles, and take ", hich tbey would, if they made out but anyone of then1 all, himself, and all his friends, would acknowledge him guilty of all. But there is no need now of the vindication of such a man, ,, hon1 every body, in their consciences, do not only acquit of any crime, but all good men speak of with honour; and who still lives in the opinion of all true Englishmen, in as high a reputa- tion as any man to this day. Yet, although \ve intend to decline all manner of TO THE FIRST EDITION. g reflection on the memory of that king, we may be aUo"red to say, that that excellently well natured prince, who did very few ill natured things in his reign, was prevailed upon, in this case, not only to put out of his service one of the most faithful and ancient servants then alive to his father, or himself, (which is not to be so much complained of; for it \vould be a hard tie indeed for a prince to be, as it were, married to his servants for better, for worse,) but to consent to an act of parliament, that obliged this his poor servant to end his days in banishn1ent, with old age and infirmities to attend him: this might. be thought a little hardhearted to inflict upon a man, who had the honour and happiness, in the more vigorous part of his life, to have led the king himself through his o,,'n exile, with credit and dignity, and in Inore honour and reputation, than usually attends unfortunate princes, that are de- prived of their own dominions; and at last, in the fulness of God's own time, had the happiness to have so considerable a share in the conduct. of his restoration. For it was by this author principally, that the continual correspondence was kept up \vith the loyal party in England, in order to cultivate good thoughts of his n1ajesty in the minds of his people, and to bring theIn, in some sort, acquainted with his temper and disposition, before they could know his person. This author like\vise framt'd, disposed, and dre\v those letters and declarations fron1 Breda, which had so wonderful an effect all over England, and \vere so generally approved here c4 !24 THE PRE.FACE that they were, almost all, turned into acts of par- lianlent. 1\lany perhaps nlay not unreasonably believe, that the marriage of the then duke of York with the daughter of this author might have been Olle great occasion, if not the foundation, of his fall; and though it be most undoubtedly true, that this very unequal alliance was brought to pass entirely with- out the knowledge or privity of this author, but so Inuch the c ntrary, that when the king, at that time, made him more than ordinary xpressions of his grace to hint, with assurances that this acci- den t should not lessen the esteem and favour his majesty had for him; yet his own good judgment made him immediately sensible, and declare it too, to those he was intimate with, that this must certainly be the occasion of the ditninution of his credit. ".rhe continual dropping of water does not lllore infallibly make an hollow in a stone, than the per- petual whispers of ill Inen must make impression in , the heart of any prince, that win always lie open to hear them; nor can any Inan's mind be sufficiently guarded from the influence of continued calumny and backbiting. \Vhen the duke of York had made this marriage, it was not unnatural to those ill-niinded men to suggest, that, for the tilne to come, that nlinister would he contriving advantages for the good of his o\vn posterity, to the prejudice of his sovereign and .master. 'Vhat their wickedness, possibly, would '1'0 FfHE FIRSrl' EDI'l'ION. Q5 have allo\ved thelu to practise, was ground enough to them for an accusation of his innocency. . It \vas true, that the duke of York was become the chancellor's son-in-law; and therefore they hoped to be believed, \vhen they said, that to satisfy his anlbition, he would forfeit his integrity; which, God knows, was not true. Thus \vhat Tacitus observes, in the time of Ti- berius, of Granius Marcellus, ,vho was informed against to have spoken ill words of that emperor, was here, in sonle sort, verified on our author: IJlevitabile clrinleJl, says Tacitus concerning those words,lllt1n, quia vera erant, etia'11l dicta crecleban- lllr. The alliance was undeniable; there were chil- dren born of it; and the king was not blessed with any from his marriage. An inevitable crin1e laid on our author. For, because it was true, that there were children from one marriage, and not from the other, it was suggested, that both 111arriages had been so contri ved by the chancellor: though the king knew very well, that his own marriage had Hot been first projected or proposed by this author; and that he had often told his lnajesty, what suspicions there were in the world, that that great and virtu- ous princess might Rrove unfruitful. Another inevitable Inisfortune, which was then laid as a crime too on our author, was a report very falsely but very industriously spread abroad, that first begat a coldness, and, by degrees, very nluch disinclined a great Illauy of the royal party to him; 6 'rHE PREFACE a report, that he should have instilled into the king's mind a principle, that he must prefer his enelnies, and advance then1, to gain them to be his friends; and for his old friends, it was no matter how he used them, for they \vould be so still. To which very scandalous Inisrepresentation we must give this true answer: It fell out indeed, that every man's expectation, that had laboured all the heat of the day in the vineyard, who had received wounds in their persons in the day of battle, or suffered in their fortunes or liberties, for the preservation of a good conscience during the usurpation of tyranny and anarchy, ,vas not, and, alas! could not be recon1pensed immedi- ately according to their nlerit, or the hopes they had entertained: and because it was true that they were disappointed, it ,vas believed by some of thenl, that our author, being minister at that thne, had instilled this damnable doctrine and position, that it was no matter ho,v the king used his old friends: and because it was true that they were not consi- dered as they deserved, it must be believed, as they would have it, that he was the author of that ad- vice. It was true that the king, who was so "ronder- fully restored with all that glo.ry and peace, more perhaps upon the confidence of his declarations and promises from Breda, than any other human ll1eans, and who had thought it necessary to reco111mend, in his ll10st gracious speech to both houses, upon the passing the act of indemnity, that all marks of dis- TO THE FIRST EDITION. 7 tinction and division anlongst his subjects should be for ever buried and forgotten, did not think it for his honour, and true inter st, to reign over a party only of his subjects; and therefore, immediat.ely after his restoration, in order to the settlement of his court and fanlily, the then earl of Manchester, ,vhose part every body remembered to have been veryenlinent, in th time of the rebellion, against king Charles the First, but who had industriously applied hinlself several years to the king, to nlake reparation for his fornler errors, and had been con- siderably serviceable to him in several occasions, was honoured with the office of lord chalnberlain of the household; to let the kingdom see, how the king himself began \vith practising what he exhorted his subjects to, that admirable art of forgetfulness, when he put such a person into so eminent a station in the governnlent, near his own person. And it was certainly of advantage to the king, in the beginning of his settlement here, as well as a mark of justice in his nature, to let his subjects kno,v and feel, that everyone of them nlight capacitate hinlself, by his future behaviour, for any dignity and preferment. But it could never be in the heart of a man, who had been all along on the suffering side, to do his own party so base an office with the king, as this false report did insinuate. He might be of opinion that the fatted calf ,vas to be killed, for the enter- tainment of the prodigal son, whenever he return- ed; that there nlight be no distinction of parties kept up amongst us: but he could never forget the 28 'îHE 1) REF ACE birthright of the eldest son, \vho had served the king so many years, and had not at any tinle trans- gressed his commandment, and so \vell deserved that praise, and that reward, Sou, tholl art e-z'er lvitll 1Jze, all(Z all that I have is tlline. And yet this calumny, false as it \vas, ,vas another inevitable crime, or at least misfortune. For .without that opinion, which some of the royal party had sucked in, that the chancellor had abandoned their interest, it had been impossible to have engaged a lnajority in that par- lialllent to have consented t.o that act of banish- nlent. God forgive the inventors and contrivers of that foul calulllny! But, by his almighty providence, \vho from heaven reveals secrets, it ,vas not long before that party was disabused. For, though the chan- cellor for some time bore the blame, that they had not been lllore considered, it was quickly found, that it was not frÚlll hilll, but fronl the mistaken politics of the new statesmen, that they were designed to be neglected. Nor did they at all find t.hemselves more taken notice of, after his removal; nor have the several other parties in the kingdonl, that have been cherished and countenanced in opposition to this, nluch declined, as we conceive, to this day. IJut after all, we are humbly of opinion, that it was neither of these above-mentioned unavoidable misfortunes, nor both together, that gave the fatal and last decisive blow to the fortune of this good lllan. rfhe king had too good a judgl11ent, and \vas too \vell natured, to have been iUlposed upon barely TO THE FIRST EDITION. fl9 by such attacks as these; which he kne"' very well himself, as to our author's guilt in thenl, were fri- volous and unjust. But there are always in courts secret engines, that actually consummate the nlischiefs, that others, in a more public way, have been long in bringing to pass: and in this case there were t\\70 principal ones: The one, the interest of some of the zealots of the popish party, who knew this minister had too Inuch credit in the nation, though he should lose it with the king, to suffer the projects, they perpetuaJIy had of propagating their religion, to take effect, whilst he should be in the kingdom: The other, the faction of the ladies, too prevalent at that tinle with the king, ,vho "Tere afraid of such a lnan's being near hin1, as durst talk to him, as he had several tin1es taken the liberty to do, of the scandal of their lives, and reprove both the Inaster and the mistresses, for their public unlawful conver- sations. Thus these two interests, joining their forces, were so powerful, that there was no resisting them, by a man, who could not make court to either. And so he fell a sacrifice to the ambition and malice of all_ sorts of enemies, ,vho were desirous of getting new places to themselves in the court, and. of trying ne\v inventions in the state. And yet it is to he observed, that that king, ,vho ,vas, abnost all his reign, ever lahouring, \vith n1uch pains, to get a little ease, which he nlight perhaps 30 THE PREFi\CE have attained ,vith less trouble, and, no doubt, hoped, by getting rid of this old importunate coun- sellor, to terrify any 111an froln presun1ing afterwards to tell him such bold truths, had scarce ever after any serenity in his whole reign: but those very wo- men, or others in their places, and the factions he himself had given countenance to, grew too hard for hilll, and tore him ahnost to pieces, sonletimes in the favouring of one party, and sometinles of an- other, without steadiness of his own, or confidence enough in any of his servants, to guide hin1 through those perplexities, that could not have been brought upon hinl, but by his own consent. \Ve dare say, there were SOllle hours in his life, that he wished he had had his old chancellor again; who, he knew, ,vas a more skilful pilot than any of his new stateslllen : (-Te1Jzp'lls erit, magno CU1/t optaverit e1Jll)tll'11 I ntactU1Jl ) and that he had not, by his too much eagerness to get rid of one old servant} given too great an handle to have new measures and new counsels so often imposed upon hÏ1n, throughout the ,,,hole remaining part of his life. Thus \ve have finished our Preface, \vhich \ve thought incumbent on us to make, \vho had lived to be acquainted \vith this author, and to have known his merit, that it might attend the publish- ing this History, to give the present age SOBle in- formation of the character of hilll they are to read. And as we desired to perform it with respect to his TO THE FIRST EDITION. 31 .. memory, so we hope we have not exceeded the bounds of truth and modesty, which he himself would have taken unkindly from those that are doing this office to him. \Vhatever Iúisfortunes he Inight have in his life; whatever enemies he might have had; or whatever errors he might have com- mitted, (which few men in his high stations escape quite clear of,) we presunle to think he deserves, from all impartial men, the praise of an honest, just, and able servant to the church and crown, and to be ranked amongst the great and good ministers of state. And now we will conclude all, with a thanks- giving to God in Saint Luke, Glory be to God on lzigh, and on earth peace, good-will towards rnen. For God's naHle ought ever to be glorified in all his dispensations; ,vhether they be attended with the prosperities or adversities of this present world. \Ve speak it knowingly, that our noble author did so throughout the course of his misfortunes, and that he did adore and magnify God's holy nanle, for all his mercies so plentifully besto\ved upon him; and particularly for giving him the courage and vir- tue constantly to act and suffer honourably through all the considerable employments of his life; and, more especially, to endeavour to keep things even het\veen the king and the people, (the everlasting labour of a faithful servant,) rather than advance his own favour, by unreasonably advancing the pre- rogati ve on the one hand, or his credit, by courting the popular interest, on the other; which we hear- S9l PREFACE 1.'0 THE FIRST EDITION. tily \vish all filen, in the highest authority under a king of England, may ever ren1efilher to practise. And whoever are acquainted with the sons of this noble author, nlust do thelll this justice to o\vn, they have often declared, that they have found themselves as well the better Christians, as the bet- ter lllen, for the afflicted as \vell as prosperous parts of their father's life; which hath taught thenl, to be the less surprised with the various turns they have l1let \vith in the course of their own. \\Tith Saint Paul, they have learnt to kllOlV hOlV to be exalted, and hOll' to be abased. This as Christians: and with Horace, who attributes more to fortune, they have learnt to have al\vays in their minds, Laudo '1nanellte17l: si celeres quati! Pennull, tresigno quæ {ledit. And having thus glorified God on high, that they may do all in them lies to\vards prollloting peace on earth, they do very heartily declare and profess good- will to\vards all nlen; and bear no unkindness to any that ,vere the contrivers of the undeserved n1is- fortunes of their noble father. DEDICATION PREFIXED TO 'TOL. II. OF THE FIRST EDITION. . TO THE QUEEN. MADAM, To your majesty is Inost humbly dedicated this second part of the History qf tIle Rebellion aJld Civil 1Vurs, written by Edward earl of Clarendon. For to whom so naturally can the ,vorks of this author, treating of the tilnes of your royal grand- father, be addressed, as to yourself; no\v \vearing, with lustre and glory, that crown, which, in those unhappy days, was treated with so llluch contempt and barbarity, and laid low even to the dust? This second part comes with the greater confi. dence into your presence, by the advantage of the favourable reception the first hath met with in the ,vorld; since it is not to be doubted, but the same truth, fairness, and impartiality, that will be found throughout the whole thread of the History, \\Tin 111eet ,vith the san1e can dour fron1 all equal judges. I t is true, sOlne few persons, whose ancestors are VOL. I. d 84 DEDICATIO TO VOL. II. here found not to }1ave had that. part during their lives \vhich \vould have been 1110re agreeable to the wishes of their surviving posterity, have been of- fended at some particulars, 111entioned in this His- tory, concerning so near relations, and would have then1 pass for 111istaken informations. But it is to be hoped, that such a concern of kindred for their families, though not blan1eable in them, will rather appear partial on their side; since it cannot be doubted, but this author 111USt have had his Inate- rials fro 111 undeniable and unexceptionable hands, and could have no ten1ptation to insert any thing but the truth in a work of this nature, which was designed to remain to posterity, as a faithful record of things and persons in those times, and of his o'\ n unquestionable sincerity in the representation of them. In this assurance it is humbly hoped, it ,viII not be unprofitable to your majesty to be here inforn1ed of the fatal and undeserved n1isfortunes of one of your ancestors, \vith the particular and sad occasions of then1; the better to direct your royal person through the continual uncertainties of the greatnes of this \vorld. And as your majesty cannot have a bettel guide, throughout the "Thole course of your reign, for the good adn1inistration of your govern- ment, than history in general, so there cannot be a more useful one to your majesty than this of your own kingdoms; and it is presulned, without lying under the Îlnputation of n1isleading your majesty, it may be asserted, tl:at no a1. 1 thor cO'Jld have betß OF 'rHE FIRST EDITION. 35 better instructed, and have known more of the tinles and lllatters of which he writes, than this who is here presented to you. Your 111ajesty may depend upon his relations to he true in fact; and you will find his observations just; his reflections made \vith judgment and ,,'"eight; and his advices given upon wise and honest princi- pies; not capable of being now interpreted as sub... servient to any anlbition or interest of his own; and having now outlived the prejudices and partialities of the tÏJnes in which they were written. And your Inajesty thus elevated, as by God's blessing you are, from whom a great many truths l11ay be industri- ously concealed, and on wholn á great Inany ,vrong notions under false colours may with equal care be obtruded, will have the greater advantage fronl this faithful relllelnbrancer. This author, once a privy counsellor and n1inister to two great kings, and, in a good degree, favourite to one of theIn, hat}} some pretence to be admitted into your majesty's council too, and nlay becolne ca- pable of doing you service also; whilst the accounts he gives of times past, COllle seasonably to guide you through the tilnes present, and those to conle. This History may lie upon your table unenvied, and your majesty nlay pass hours and days in the perusal of it, when, possibly, they who shall be the most useful in your service, 1nay be reflected on for aÏ1ning too much at influencing your actions, and engrossing your tinle. From this History your majesty filay conte to d2 36 DEDIC.A 1-' ION 'ro VOl". II. kno\v 1110re of the nature and tClnper of your ow'n people, than hath yet been observed by any other hand. Neither can any living conversation lay be- fore your majesty in one vic\y, so many transactions necessary for your observation. And seeing no pI ince can be endued in a mOlnent ,\\Tith a perfect experience in the conduct of affairs, ,, hatever kno\v- ledge ll1ay be useful to your n1ajesty's governnlent, if it 111ay have been concealed froIll you in the cir- cunlstances of your private life, in this History it may be the 1110st effectualIy supplied; \vhere your majesty \,,-ill find the true constitution of your go- vernlnent, both in church and state, plainly laid be- fore you, as well as the Inistakes that \vere conl- mitted in the managenlent of both. Here your Inajesty \vill see ho,, both those in- terests are inseparable, and ought to he preserved so, and how fatal it hath proved to both, \v henever, by the artifice and Inalice of wicked and self-design- ing men, they have happened to be divided. And though your majesty \vill see here, how a great king lost his kingdonls, and at last his life, in the defence of this church, you ,viU discern too, that it ,vas by men who ""ere no better friends to rnonarchy than to true religion, that his calaulities \vere brought upon him; and as it ,vas the method of those men to take exceptions first to the ceremonies and out- ward order of the church, that they nlight- attack her the nlore surely in her very being and founda- tion, so they could not destroy the state, which they chiefly designed, tiU they had first overturned the Ol 1. HE :FIRST EDI'rION.. :j7 church. And a truth it is which cannot he contro- verted, that the nlonarchy of England is not now capable of being supported, but upon the principles of the church of England; from ,,,hence it win be very natural to conclude, that the preserving them Loth firlnly united together is the likeliest way for your lnajesty to reign happily over your suhjects. 'rhe reJigion by law established is such a vital part of the government, so constantly ,voven and 111ixed into every branch of it, that generally men look up?n it as a good part of their property too; since that, and the governll1ent of the church, is secured to then1 by the sanle provision. So that it seelns that, next to treason against your sacred per- son, an invasion upon the church ought to be ,vatched and prevented by those ,vho have the ho- nour to be trusted in the public admin stration, \vith · the strictest care and diligence, as the best way to preserve your person and governnlent in their just dignity and authority. Amongst all the observations, that n1ay be made out of this History, there seenlS none more nlelan- cholic, than that, after so n1uch 111isery and deso- lation brought upon these kingdoms by that unna- tural civil war, ,vhich hath yet left so 111any deep and hUllel1table Inarks of its rage and fury, there have hitherto appeared so fe,v signs of repentance and reforluation. SOIne persons ,vill see, they are designed to be excepted out of this remark, \vhose conduct hath happily 111ade a111ends for the 111istakes of their an- dS 8 DEDICA'I'ION 'r() YOLo II. cestors, and \vhose practice in the stations they are no'v in does sufficiently distinguish theln. Happy \vere it for the nation, had all the rest thought fit to follow so good examples, and that either acts of inden1nity and oblivion, or acts of grace and favour, or en-ïploynlents of authority, . riches, and honour, . had hitherto been able to recover many of them to the tel11per of good subjects. The truth of this ob- servation is set forth by this author in so lively a lnanner, that one hath frequent occasions to look on hin1 as a prophet as well as an historian, in several particulars ll1entioned in this book. That this remark nlay not look froward or angry, \vith great subnlission to your Inajesty, it may be considered, what can be the meaning of the several selDinaries, and as it were universities, set up in di- vers parts of the kingdonl, by more than ordinary industry, contrary to law, supported by large contri- butions; where the youth is bred up in principles directly contrary to monarchical and episcopal go- vernment? \Vhat éan be the n1eaning of the con- stant solemnizing by some men the anniversary of that dismal thirtieth of January, in scandalous and opprobrious feasting and jesting, which tbe law of the land hath conlmanded to be perpetually ob- served in fasting and hUlniliation? If no sober man can say any thing in the defence of such actions, so destructive to the very essence of the government, and yet ÏIl1possible to be conducted without nluch consultation and advice, it is hoped this }'etlection ",in not be thought to have proceeded from an un- OF THE FII{S'r EDI'rION. !3U charitable and ill-natured spirit, but from a dutiful and tender regard to the good of the nation, and the prosperity of your majesty's reign. In the mean time, whether this does not look like an industrious propagation of the rebellious princi- ples of the last age,. and on that score render it ne- cessary that your majesty should have an eye to- ward :such unaccountable proceedings, is humbly subtnitted to your majesty; who will nlake a better judgment upon the whole than any others can sug- gest to you: you have a greater interest to do it ; you have llluch more to preserve, and 111uch ßlore to lose; you have the happiness of your kingdoms, your crown, and your governlnent to secure, ill a tin1e of as great difficulties, as ever were yet known, under a very expensive war at present, and some circunlstances attending it in relation to these na- tions, that may continue even after a peace; besides the danger of a future separation of the two king- dOlns, very uncomfortable to reflect on; which yet, in all probability, will have influence upon the pre- sent times too, if it comes once to be thought that it is inevitable. God give your majesty a afe and prosperous pas- sage through so many appearances of hazard; you can never -want undertakers of divers sorts, who, ac- cording to their several politics, ,viII warrant you success if you \vill trust them: but your real happi- ness will very much depend upon yourself, and your choosing to honour with your service such pel"sons as are honest, stout, and wise. d4 40 DEDICA'rION TO VOL. II. If infornlations of till1es past may be useful, this author "rill deserve a share of credit with you, whose reputation and experience were so great in his life- time, that they will be recorded in times to COllle for the real services he did, besides the honour, and great fortune, unusual to a subject, of having been grandfather to two great queens, your royal sister and yourself; both so well beloved and esteemed by your people; both so willing and zealous to do good. Her power indeed was more limited and dependent; but her early death made room for your majesty's more unrestrained and sovereign authority, and re- signed to yourself alone the more lasting dispensa- tion of those blessings that came fro111 Heaven to you both. If the benefit your majesty may reap by the per- usal of this History, shall prove serviceable to after- tirnes, it win be remembered to the praise and ho- nour of his nanle; and your majesty yourself ,viII not be displeased to allow his melllory a share of .. that advantage; nor be offended with being put in mind, that your English heart, so happily owned by yourself, and adored by your subjects, ha? not been so entirely English, without a communication with his heart too, than \vhich there never was one more devoted to the good of his country, and the firnl establishment of the crown. I t being designed by this dedication only to in- troduce this noble author into your presence, it would be contrary to the intention of it to take up Olore of your Inajesty's time here; it is best there.. OF 'rH.E :FIRS'r EDI'I'ION. 41 fore to leave this faithful counsellor alone with you. For God's sake, madaln, and your own, be pleased to read him with attention, and serious and frequent reflections; and fron1 thence, in conjunction with your own heart, prescribe to yourself the methods of true and lasting greatness, and the solid maxims of a sovereign' truly English: that during this life you may exceed in felicities and fame, and after this life, in reputation and esteem, that gl{)rious prede- cessor of your majesty's, the reno,vned first JYe1Jlper Eaelem, whose motto you have chosen, and \vhose pattern you seem to have taken for your great ex- ample, to your o,vn immortal glory, and the defence, security, and prosperity of the kingdol11s you go- vern. And God grant you may do so long. DE DIe A'-!" I ON PREFIXED TO VOL. III. OF 'J'HE FIRS'J' EDITION . TO THE QUEEN. l\IADA1\1, WI THall duty and submission comes into the ,vorld the last part of this History under your ma- jesty's protection; a just tribute to your majesty, as well on the account of the memory of the author, so long engaged, and so usefully, in the service of the crown, as of the work itself, so worthily 111ell1orable for the great subject he treats of, and so instructive, by his noble way of treating it. 'I'his ,vork, now it is cOlnpletely published, relates the transactions of near twenty years; hardly to be paralleled in any other time, or place, for the won- derful turns and passages in it. In this space of time, your majesty sees your o\vn country at tbe highest pitch of happiness and prospelity, and the h.nvest degree of adversity and Inisery. So tJUlt, when a man carries his thoughts and his mClnory over all the occurrences of those times, he seen1S to 4 ])EDIC \'rI() 1.'0 VOL. III. be under the po\ver of S0l11e enchantl11ent, and to dreanl, rather than read, the relations of so I1lany surprising revolutions. The peace and the plenty of this kingdom, and, in so short a space of til1le, the bloody desolation of it by a most ,,-icked rebel- lion, the ruin of so nlany noble and great fal11iJies, and the devastation of their estates; and, after this, the restitutiol1 of all things as at tIle beg'iIlJling, is hardly credible at this tin1e, even so soon after all these things came to pass. When your majesty sees one of your royal an- cestors, the first ,rho lived to reign as heir to the t\VO cro\vns of Great Britain united, and, on that account, higher in reputation, honour, and po\ver, than any of his predecessors, brought, by unac- countable adn1inistrations on the one hand, and by vile contrivances on the other, into the greatest difficulties and distresses throughout all his king- doms; then left and abandoned by 1110st of his ser- vants, \vhol11 he had hin1self raised to the greatest honours and preferments; thus reduced to have scarce one faithful able counsellor about hirn, to ,,-honl he could breatlle hi.y cOJlscience liilll COJ//- }Jlaillts, and froll1 \VhOn1 he might expect one ho- nest, sound, disinterested advice: after this, ho,v he \vas obliged to take up ar 111 S, and to contend \"ith his o\vn subjects in the field for his cro\vn, the la,vs, his liberty, and life; there mecting ,vith unequal fortune, ho\v he \vas driven fronI oile part of the kingdom, élnd froln one body of an army to another, till at last he was brought under the OF THE IRS1.' EDITIO . 45 pow-er of cruel and luerciless Inen, imprisoned, ar- raigned, condenlned, and executed like a conlmon 11lalefactor: and after this still, when your majesty sees his enemies triumphing for a tÌnle in their own guilt, and ruling over their fellows, and first companions in ,vickedness, \vith successful inso- lence, till'these very nlen by force, and fraud, and sundry artifices, still getting the hetter of one an- other, brought all governnlent into such confusion and anarchy, that no one of them could. .subsist; . and ho,v then, by God's providence, the heir of the royal martyr was invited and brought hOllle hy the generality of the people, and their represen- tatives, to return, and take on him the govern- ment, in as full an exercise of it as any of his pre- decessors had ever enjoyed; not subject to any of those treaties, or conditions, \vhich had been so often offered by his father to the nlen then in credit and power, and, in their pride and fury, had been as often rejected by them: when your lna- jesty sees before you all this begun, and carried on in violence and v{ar, and concluded in a peace- ful restoration, within the space of t,venty years, by Englishlnen alone amongst thel11selves, \vithout the intervention of any foreign po\ver; many of the sanle hands joining in the recovery and set- tlëlnent, as they had done before in the destruc- tion, of their country; your Inajesty will certainly say, '.lïlis lVllS the LorlZ's doing, and it 'HUlst ever he 'JJlar'vellolts in our eyes. 46 DEDICATION '.ro VOL. III. An account of this great \vork of God coming to be published in your Inajesty's titne, it is bUlnbly conceived not improper to congratulate your good fortune, that, in the beginning of your reign, such a history of the greatest n1atters, passed \vithin your own dominions, conles to light; as ,,-ell for the ne- cessity there nlay be, after above forty years run out in a very unsettled and various management of the public affairs, to put men in mind again of those mischiefs under which so many great nlen fell on both sides, as in hopes, that on your Inajesty's ac- count, and for the glory of your nalne, \VhOnl your people have universally received with joy, this ge- neration may be inclined to let these fresh examples of good and evil sink into their Ininds, and make a deeper ÎInpression in thelTI to follo\v the one, and avoid the other. From the year 1660 to very near 1685, \vhich was the time of king Charles the Second's reign here in England, it must needs be owned, that, with all the very good understanding and excellent good nature of that king, there was a great 111ix- ture of counsels, and great vicissitudes of good and bad events, almost throughout that space of timp attending his government. They seem indeed to be somewhat like the four seasons of the year; of ,vhich three quarters al e generally fair, hopeful, flourishing, and gay; but there come as constantly severe winters, that freeze, \vither, destroy, and cut off many hopeful plants, and expectations of thing's to COlne. OF THE FIRST EDITION. 47 I t must be owned too, since it can never be con- cealed, that, from the beginning of the restoration, there was, certainly, not such a return to God AI- Inighty for the ,vonderful blessings he had poured out ,vith so liberal a hand, as, no doubt, was due to the great Author and Giver of all that happiness: neither ,vas there such a prudence in the admi- nistration, or such a steadiness in the conduct of af- fairs, as the fresh experience of the forgone misfor- tunes might well have fore,varned those that ,vere intrusted in it, to have pursued with courage aud constancy. I t is but too notorious there was great forgetfulness of God, as well as manifest nlistakes towards the world; which quickly brought forth fruits lneet for such undutifulness and ill con- duct. The next four years after that reign ,vere at.. tended with nlore fatal nliscarriages; over which it may be lllore decent to draw a veil, than to enter into a particular euulneration of them. Many great princes have been led unawares into irrecoverable errors; and the greater they are, so lnany Inore particular persons are usually involved in the ca- lamity. 'Vhat followed after this time, till your majesty's most happy coming to the throne, is so fresh in the memory of all men yet living, that everyone ,viII be best able to make his own observations upon it. Such deliverances have their pangs in the birth, that much weaken the constitution, in endeavouring to preserve and amend it. 48 DEDICATION TO VOlh III. And no'v your nlajesty, ,vho succeeds to a revo- lution as well as a restoration, has the advantage of a retrospect on all these accidents, and the benefit of reviewing all the failings in those tinles: and whatsoever was wanting, at those opportunities of alnending past errors, in the J11anagement of affairs, for the better establishlnent of the cro\vn, and the security of the true old English government, it will be your majesty's happiness to supply in your time: a time in sonle sort resembling the auspicious begin- ning of king Charles the Second's restoration; for in that thne, as now in your 111ajesty's, the people of this kingdom ran cheerfully into obedience; the chiefest offenders lay quiet under a sense of their o,vn crimes, and an apprehension of the reward justly due to theln; and all your subjects went out to meet your 111ajesty ,vith duty, and 1110st ,vith love. Comparisons of times may he as odious as that of persons; and therefore no lnore shall be said hel"{\ on that subject, than t.hat since the restoration, and some few years after it, given up to joy and the for:- getfulness of past miseries, there hath heen no tinle that brought so nluch hope of quiet, and so general a satisfaction to these kingdoms, as that on which we saw your Inajesty so happily seated upon the throne of your ancestors. Anlong all the signs of greatness and glory in a prince's reign, there is none more really advantageous, none lnore conlfort- able, than that ,vhich V rgil reularks as a felicity in the tÏIlle of Augustus, OF' rHE FIR ;rr EDI'rION. 49 When abroad the ;O've1'eign is prosperous, anel at h01Jle does govern subjects williJig to obey: 'Vhen it is not fear that drives and compels them, but affection and loving-kindness that draws them to their duty; and makes them rejoice under the la\vs by ,vhich they are governed... Such was cer- tainly the tÏ1ne of YOlH' majesty's first entrance; and such God grant it may be ever. The two first volumes of this History have laid before your majesty the original causes and the foundations of the rebellion and civil war; the con- trivances, designs, and consultations in it; and the miserable events of it; and seemed to have finished the \vhole war, when the author, at the very end of the ninth book, says., thatfi"o1Jl tllat tÌ1ne tlle1'e re- 'JJlai'Jled no }J08sibility for the king to {lrau' any 1110re troops together ill the field. And \vhen there is an end of action in the field, the inquiries into the consequences after\vards are usually less warm. But it happens in the course of this History, that several new scenes of ne\v wars, and the events of them, are opened in this volume; \vhich, it is hoped, will prove exceeding useful, even in those parts, \vhere, by reason of the sadness of the subject, it cannot be delightful, and, in aU other parts of it, both useful and delightful. Your Inajesty especially, \vho must have your heart perpetually intent to see ,vhat follo\\rcd in the close of all those \vars, and by ,vhat means and 01e- thods the loss of all that noble and innocen t blood, YOLo I. (\ 50 DEDICATION TO VOL. III. and particularly that portion of the royal streanl then spilt, was recompensed upon their heads who ,vere the ,vicked contrivers of the parricide, and how at last the miseries of these nations, and the sufferings of your royal family, were all recovered by God Almighty's o\vn. unerring hand, will, no doubt, be more agreeably entertained in this VOlU111C with the relation of the secret steps of the return of God's mercy, than ,vhen he still seemed openly to have forsaken his own oppressed cause; wherein so lTIuch of ,vhat was dearest to yourself ,vas so highly concerned. Of the transactions within these kingdoms, soon after the war ,vas ended, especially just before and after the barbarous murder of the blessed king, this author could have but short and inlperfect in- formations abroad. It cannot therefore justly be ex- pected that he. should be so full or minute in lllany circumstances relating to the actions and consulta- tions of that party here at home, as are to be found in some other writers, whose business it was to in- tend only such matters. One thing indeed were very much to be wished, that he had given the world a 1110re distinct and particular narrative of that pious king's last lnost nlagnanimous sufferings in his imprisonments, trial, and death. But it seeins the remell1brance of all those deplorable passages ,vas so grievous and in- supportable to the writer's n1ind, that he abhorred the dwelling long upon thein, and chose rather to contract the whole black tragedy within too narrow OF THE FIRSyr EDITION. 51 a compass. But this is a loss that can only now be lamented, not repaired. But ,vhen the History brings your majesty to wh t the noble writer esteemed one of his principal businesses in this volulne, to attend king Charles the Second, and his two royal brothers, throughout all their wanderings, which take up a considerable share of it, and are most accurately and knowingly described by hinl, as having been a constant witness of most of them, it is presumed, this part may give your Inajesty equal satisfaction to any that is gone before it. It will not be unpleasant to your majesty, since you have kno,vn so well the happy conclusion of it, to see the banished king under his long ad- verse fortune, and how many years of trouble and distress he patiently waited God Ahnighty's ap- pointed time, for his redemption from that captivity. In that disconsolate tÏlne of distress and lo,vness of his fortune, your majesty will find cause to ob- serve, that there were factions even then in his little court beyond sea; so inseparable are such in- decent and unchristian contentions from all com- n1unities of men: they are like tares sown by an eJle1Jl!J (unongst tIle w/leat, whilst good 'lllen sleel). Upon the subject of the factions in those days, there is a particular passage in this History, of two parties in that court abroad, who thought it worth their while, even then to be very industrious in pro- secuting this author with unjust and false accusa- tions. And the author himself observes, that., how- soever those parties seemed, OJ] most other accounts, e2 5 DEDICA'TION TO YOLo III. inconlpatible the one ,vith the other, they were very heartily united in endeavouring to conlpass his de- struction; and for no other reason, that ever ap- peared, but his being an un,vearied assertor of the church of England's cause, and a constant friend and servant to the true interest of it; to which either of them was really more irreconcileable, than they were to each other, ,vhatsoever they pre- ten ded. This passage seems to deserve a particular reflec- tion, because, within few years after that king's re- storation, some of both those parties joined again in attacking this noble author, and accusing him anew of the very same pretended crin1es they had objected to him abroad; where there had been so much malice shewed on one side, and so much natural and irresistible innocency appeared on the other, that one would have thought, no arrow out of the same quiver could have been enough enve- nomed to have hurt so faithful, so constant, and so tried a servant to the church and crown. This particular, and another, wherein your ma- jesty ,viII find what advice this author gave his royal master, upon the occasion of his being much pressed to go to church to Charenton, and how some intrigues, and snares, cunningly laid on one side, were very plainly and boldly withstood on the other by this author, will let the world see, ,vhy this man ,vas by any 111eanS to be removed, if his adversaries could effect it, as one that ,vas perpe- tually crossing their mischievous designs, by an ha- OF THE FIRST EDIrrION. 53 bitual course of adhering unmoveably to the interest of this church and nation. In the progress of this book, your nlajesty will also find some very near that king whilst he was abroad, endeavouring to take advantage of the for- lorn and desperate circumstances of his fortune, to persuade him, that the party who had fought for his father was an insignificant, a despicable, and un- done number of men; and, on this account, putting him on the thoughts of marrying some Roman ca- tholic lady, who might engage those of that religion, both at home and abroad, in his majesty's interest; others at the saIne time, with equal importunity, re- cOlnmending the power of the presbyterians, as most able to do him service, and bring him home. This noble author all this while persisted, in the integrity of his soul, to use that credit his faithful- ness and truth had gained him, to convince the king, that foreign force was a strength not desir- able for him to depend on, and, if it were suspected to be on the interest of popery, of aU things most likely to prevent and disappoint his restoration; that for his own subjects, none of them were to be neglected; his arnlS ought to be stretched out to receive them all; but the old royal party was that his majesty should chiefly rely on, both to assist hinl in his return, and afterwards to establish his govern- ment. This noble author had been a watchful observer of all that had passed in the tilne of the trou hies; and had the opportunity to have seen the actions, e3 54 DEDICATION TO VOL. III. and penetrated, in a good measure, into the consul- tations of those days, and was no ill judge of the temper and nature of mankind; and he, it seems, could not be of opinion, but that they \vho had ven- tured all for the father, would be the truest and firmest friends to the son. 'Vhether this grew up in him to be his judg- ment, from his observation of the rules of nature, and a general practice in all ,vise 111en to depend Inost on the service and affection of those who had been steady to them in their distresses; or \vhether a lukewarn1 trimming indifferency, though some- times dignified with the character of politics, did not suit \vith his plain dealing, it is certain, he never could advise a prince to hold a conduct that should grieve and disoblige his old friends, in hope of get- ting new ones, and 11lake all his old enelnies rejoice. But, however his nlalicious prosecutors after,vards scandalized him, as being the author of such coun- sels, and objected to him what \vas their own ad- vice and pra tice, he really thought this kind of conduct weakened the hands, and tended to the subversion of any governnlent. And the success has approved this judgnlent; for in the very incon- stant and variahle adnlinistration under that king, it was found by experience, and to this day the ll1emorials of it are extant, that he bad quiet and calm days, or lllore rough and boisterous weather, as he favoured or discountenanced his o\vn pal.ty; called indeed a IJarty by the enen1Íes of it, upon a levelling principle of allowing no distinctions; OF 'I'HE FIRST EDITION. 55 though all who have contended against it were pro- perly but parties; whilst that was then, and is still, on the advantage-ground of being established by the laws, and incorporated into the govern- ment. By degrees your majesty is brought, in the course of this History, as it were to the top of sonle exalted height, fron1 whence you may behold all the errors and misfortunes of the time past with advantage to yourself; may view armies dra\vn up, and battles fought, ,vithout your part of the danger; and, by the experience of forIner misfortunes, establish your own security. It seenlS to be a situation not ulilike that of the te111ple of wisdon1 in Lucretius; froIn \vhence he advises his readers to look down on all the vanity and hurry of the world. And as that philosophical poet does very movingly describe the pursuits of ) those whom he justly styles miserable men, distract- ing themselves in \yearisome contentions about the business and greatness of an empty world; so does this noble historian, with true and evident deduc- tions fro111 one cause and event to another, and such an agreeable thread of entertain men t, that one is never content to give over reading, bring your ma- jesty to an easy ascent over all the knowledge of those miserable times; from \vhence, not in specu- lation only, but really and experimentally, you ll1ay look do\vn on all the folly, and madness, and wick- edness of those secret contrivances, and open vio- lences, whereby the nation, as wen as the cro\vn, e4 5(} DEDICA'rION TO VOL. III. was brought to desolation; and see how falsely and ,veakly those great and busy disturbers of peace pretended reformation and religion, and to he seek- ing God in everyone of their rebellious and sinful actions; whereas God was not to be found in their thunder, nor their earthquakes, that seemed to shake the foundations of the world; but in the still voice of peace he came at last, to defeat and disap- point all their inventions: that God, to whom ven- geance helongs, arose, and shewed hitnself in de- fence of that righteous cause of the crown and church; which your nlajesty will observe to have been combined against, fought \vith, overthrown, and in the end raised and reestablished together. Now tllese tllings haplJelled for ells{lJ1zple8, aJl(1 tlley are lorittell for Ollr al!JJlOnitio1l. I t is now most humbly sulnnitted to your n1a- jesty's judgn1ent, whether the consideration of these matters, set forth in this History, be not the Inost useful prospect, not for yourself only, but your noblest train, your great council, the lords spiritual and ten1poral, and the comnlons in parlianlent as- sembled. When your majesty is so attended, by God's blessing, no po\ver on earth ,viII be able to disap- point your wisdoln, or resist your will. And there may be need of all this power and authority, to preserve. and defend your subjects, as well as your crown, Fron1 the like distractions and invasions. There 111ay want the concurrence of a parlianlent to prevent the return of the same mischievous prac- OF THE FIRS1.' EDI1.'ION. 57 tices, and to restrain the madness of men of the same principles in this age, as destroyed the last; such as think themselves even more capable than those in the last, to carryon the like \vicked designs; such as take then1sel ves to be informed, even from this History, how to mend the mistakes then committed by the principal directors on that side, and by a lTIOre refined skill in \vickedness to be able once again to overthro\v the nlofJarchy, and then to per- petuate the destruction of it. There is no doubt, 111adam, but every thing that is represented to your n1ajesty of this nature ,,,ill find a party ready to deny it; that will join hand in hand to assure the world there is no such thing. I t is a con1mon cause, and it is their interest, if they can, to persuade men, that it is only the heat and warmth of high-church inventions, that suggest such fears and jealousies. But let any impartial person judge, to whom all the libertines of the republican party are like to unite themselves; and ,,,hether it is imaginable, that the established government, either in church or state, can be strengthened, or served by then1. They must go to the enelnies of both, and pretend there is no such thing as a republican party in England, that they lTIay he the less observed, and go on the more secure in their destructive projects. They can have no better game to play, than to declare, that none but J acobites alarm the nation with these apprehensions; and that J acobites are much greater enemies than themselves to your ma- 58 DEDICATION TO VOL. III. jesty. Let that be so: no man, in his \vits, can say any thing to your majesty in behalf of any, let them be who they win, that ,viII not own your governnlent, and wish the prosperity and the hap- piness of it, and contribute all they can to main- tain it. But whilst these men lTIOst falsely asperse the sons of the church of England for being J acobites, let them rather clear themselves of what they were lately charged before your majesty, that there are societies of them ,vhich celebrate the hOlTid thirtieth of January, with an execraùle solemnity of scandal.. ous nlirth; and that they have senlinaries, and a sort of universities, in .England, nlaintained by great contributions, where the fiercest doctrines against Inonarchical and episcopal government are taught and propagated, and where they bear an itnplacable hatred to your majesty's title, name, and falnily. This seems to be a torrent that cannot be resisted but by the whole legislative authority; neither can your throne, which they are thus perpetually assault- ing or undermining, be supported by a less power. In these difficulties your great council will, over and above their personal duty to your majesty, take thenlselves to be more concerned to be zealous in the defence of your royal prerogative, as ,yell as of their o,vn just rights and privileges, in that it was under the nalne and style of a parliament, though very unjustly so called, that all the nlischiefs men- tioned in this History ,vere brought upon the king- dom. OF 'l"HE FIRST EDITION. 59 They best can discover the craft and subtilty for- merly used in those consultations; which first in- veigled and drew men in fron1 one wickedness to another, before they were aware of what they were doing; and engaged them to think themselves not safe, but by doing greater evils than they began with. They ,viII, no doubt, be filled with a just in- dignation against all that hypocrisy and villainy, by which the English name and nation were ex- , posed to the censure of the rest of the world: they only can be able to present your majesty with re- 111edies proper and adequate to all these evils, by which God may be glorified, and the ancient con- stitution of this government retrieved and sup- ported. There is one calalnity 1110re, that stands in need of a cure from your O\Vl1 sovereign hand. It is in truth a peculiar calalnity fallen most heavily on this age, which though it took its chief rise from the disorderly, dissolute tÍlnes of those wars, and has n)onstrously increased ever since, yet \vas never owned so much as no\v, and that is a barefaced contempt and disuse of all religion \vhatsoever. And indeed \vhat could so much feigned sanctity, and so much real wickedness, during that rebellion begun in 1641, produce else in foolish 111en's hearts, than to say, There is no God? This irreligion was then pretended to. be covered with a n10re signal lllorality and precise strictness in life and conversation, \vhich was to be a reconl- 60 DEDICA TIOS "1"0 VOL. III. pense for the loss of Christianity. But now, even that shadow of godliness and virtue is fled too. Atheism and profaneness, diligently cultivated, have not failed to produce a prostitution of all n1anners in contempt of all governUlent. This profaneness and impiety seeU1S, next to the horrible confusions of the late rebellion, to have gained ground chiefly by this nlethod, that, when many who have been in authority have not, on se- veral accounts, been heartily affected to the support of the church established by law, there has crept in, by little and little, a liberty against all reli- gion. For "There the chief advisers or Inanagers of public affairs have inclined to alterations, \vhich the established rules have not countenanced, they durst not cause the laws to be put in execution, for fear of turning the force of them on them- selves; so their next refuge has been to suffer men to observe no discipline or government at all. "Thus the church of England, put to nurse, as it were, sometin1es to such as have been inclined to popery, and sonletimes to other sects, and some- times to men indifferent to all religion, hath been in danger of being starved, or overlaid, by all of them; and the ill consequence has redounded not only to the members of that communion, but to aU the professors of Christianity itself. "Thoever have ventured to give warning of these wicked designs and practices, have been rendered as persons of ill temper and very had affections. They that have been in credit and authority, have O:F THE FIRST EDITION. 61 been freqtlently inclined to be favourable to the men complained of; it has been offered on their behalf, that their intentions were good; and that it ",Tas even the interest of the government to cover their principles, whatever 111ight be the consequences of them. Thus these Inischiefs have been still growing, and no la,vs have hitherto reached them; and, pos- sibly, they are become incapable of a remedy; un- less your majesty's great exalnple of piety and vir- tue shall have sufficient influence to amend them: no honest man can say it is not reasonable, and even necessary to ,vatch them; and that, in com- passion to your subjects, as well as justice to your- self: This History hath shewn your majesty their fruits in the late times, by which you shall know them still; for your majest.y "'Tell remembers who has said, that lJIen do not gather B'rapes qf thorns, or jigs qf tllistles. That God may give your majesty a discerning spirit, a wise and understanding heart, to judge aright of all things that belong to your peace; that he may enable you to subdue your enemies abroad by successful counsels and arms, and to re- duce your ill-,villers at home by prudent laws, ad- n1inistered with the meekness of wisdom; that he would give you length of days in one hand, and riches and honour in the other; that you, in your days, may have the glory to restore good nature (for which the English nation ,vas forlnerly so ce- lebrated) and good manners, as ,veIl as the sin- 6 DEDICATION, &c. cere profession and universal practice of the true religion, in your kingdoms; and that his almighty power may defend you with his favourable kind- ness as with a shield, against aU your adversaries of every kind, are the zealous, constant, and de- vout prayers of so many millions, that it were the highest presu111ption in anyone person, to subscribe a particular name to so universal a concern. THE HISTORY OF THE 1 REBELLION, &c.& BOOK I, DEUT. iv. 7, 8, 9. For wllat nation is there so great, 'lvlto hatlt God so nigh unto them, as the Lord our God is in all things that 'It'e call 'Upon himfor? .And 'lvltat nation is there 80 great, tltat hath statutes and judgments so rigltteous as all this la'lv, u'hich I set bifòre you tltis day? Only take heed to thyself, and keep tllY soul diligently, lest tltou forget the tltings whiclt thine eyes have seen. b . THAT posterity may not be deceived, by the The preface · k d f h . f h . h i I of the au- prosperous 'VIC e ness 0 t ose c tU11es 0 \V IC thoro write, d into an opinion, that nothing e less than a a THE HISTORY OF THE RE- BELLION, &c.] A TRUE HISTO- RICALL NAURATION OF THE RE- BELLION AND CIVILL W ARRS IN ENGLAND BEGUNN IN THE YEARE 164], WITH THE PRÆ- CEDENT PASSAGES AND ACTIONS YOL. I. THAT CONTRIBUTED THERE- UNTO. bDEUT. iv.-seen.] Not in MS. c those] these d of which I write,] Not in MS. e nothing] Not in JJIS. n THE HIS'rORY . general combination, and universal apostasy in the ,vhole nation from their religion and allegiance, could, in so short a tÏ1ne, have produced such a total and prodigious alteration and confusion over the whole kingdom; and that f the Inen10ry of those,g who, out of duty and conscience, have opposed h that torrent, ,vhich did overwhelm i thenl, nlay not k lose the recon1pense due to their virtue; but, 1 having undergone the inj uries and reproaches of this, nlay find m a vindication in a better age; it will not be unuseful, for the inforn1ation of the judgn1ent and conscience of men,n to present to the world a full and clear narration of the grounds, circun1stances, and artifices of this rebellion: not only frolll the tilue since the flame hath been visible in a civil war, but, looking farther back, from those forn1er pas- sages and accidents,O by which the seed-plots were made and framed, from whence those P mischiefs have successively grown to the height they have since arrived at.q And r in this ensuing history,S though the hand and judg ent of God will be very visible, in the in- fatuating a people (as ripe and prepared for destruc- tion) into all the perverse actions of folly and l11ad- ness, making the weak to contribute to the designs of the wicked, and suffering even those, by degrees, BOOK I. f that] so g those,] those few, h opposed] opposed and re- sisted i did overwhelm] hath over- whelmed k not] Not in- MS. · but,] and, rn nlay find] may not find n for the information of the judgment and con cience of nlen,] at least to the curiosity if not the conscience of men, o and accidents,] accidents and actions, p those] these q have since arrived at:] are now at. r And] And then s in this ensuing history,] lVof in iUS. OF THE REBELLION. out of aX conscience of their- guilt, to grow nlore wicked than they intended to be; letting the wise to be imposed upon by men of snlall understanding,Y and perlnitting the innocent to be possessed Z \vith laziness and sleep in the most visible article of dan- gel'; uniting the ill, though of the Inost different opinions, opposite a interests, and distant affections, in a firm and constant league of Inischief; and di- viding those, whose opinions and interests are the saine, into faction and en1ulation, In ore pernicious to the public than the treason of the others: whilst the poor people, under pretence of zeal to religion, law, liberty, and parlian1ents, (\vords of precious es- teelTI in their just signification,) are furiously hur- ried into actions introducing atheism, and dissolving all the elelnents of Christian religion; cancelling all obligations, and destroying all foundations of la,v and liberty; and rendering, not only the privileges, but the b very being, of parliaments desperate and impracticable: c I say, though the immediate finger and \vrath of God must be acknowledged in these perplexities and distractions; yet he who shall dili- gently observe the distempers and conjunctures of time, the anlbition, pride, and fo y of persons, and the sudden gro,vth of wickedness, froin want of care and circlunspection in the first in1pressions, will find all these Iniseries d to have proceeded, and to have been brought upon us, fro111 the saine natural causes and means, 'v hich have usually attended kingdo11ls x a] the Y small understanding,] no understanding, Z permitting the innocent to be possessed) possessing the in- nocent a opposite] divided b the] Not in MS. c impracticable:] impossihJe: .d these miseries] this bulk of lntsery ß2 3 BOOK I. 4 THE HISTORY swoln with long plenty, pride, and excess, towards SOlne signal n10rtification, e and castigation of Hea.. ven. And it nlay be, upon the consideration ho\v inlpossible it \vas to foreseef n1any things that have happened, and of the necessity of overlooking g many other things, we nlay not yet find the cure so des- perate, but that, by God's nlercy, the wounds may be again bound Up;h and then this prospect may not make the future peace less pleasant and du.. rable. I have i the more willingly induced myself to this unequal task, out of the hope of contributing some.. what to that blessed k end: and though a piece of this nature (\vherein the infirmities of SOlne, and the Inalice of others, I n1ust be boldly looked upon and 111entioned) is not likely to be published in the age m in ,vhich it is ,vrit, yet it lnay ser\Te to infornl my- self, and some others, ,vhat we ought n to do, as "' ell as to conlfort us in what we have done. o For ,vhich work, as I may not be thought altogether an in COln- petent person, P having been present as a member of parlian1ent in those councils before and till the break- ing out of the rebellion, and having since had the honour to be near two great kings in some trust, so BOOK I. e mortification,] nlortifica- tions, f consideration how impossi- ble it was to foresee] view of the impossibility of foreseeing g overlooking] overseeing h bound up;] MS. adds: though no question nlany must first bleed to death; i I have] And I have k blessed] Not in MS. · others,] MS. adds: both things and persons, m in the age] at lea t in tilE' age n ought] are o have done.] MS. adds: and then possibly it may not be very difficult to collect some- what out of that store, more proper, and not unuseful for the public view. P For which work, as I may not be thought altogether an incompetent person,] And as I may not be thought altogether an incompetent person for this communication, OF 'rHE REBELLION. ,., I shall perforn1 the same with all faithfulness and BOO K ingenuity; with an equal observation of the faults I. and infirmities of both sides, with their defects and oversights in pursuing their o,vn ends; and shall no . other\vise Inention snlall and light occurrences, than as they have been introductions to n1atters of the greatest moment; nor speak of persons other\vise, than as the n1ention of their virtues or vices is es- sential to thé work in hand: in "'. hich I shall, ,vith truth, q preserve myself from the least sharpness, that may proceed from private provocation, r and in the whole observes the rules that a man should, who deserves to be believed. I shall not then lead any man farther back in this journey, for the discovery of the entrance into those t dark ways, than the beginning of this king's I"eign. For I am not so sharp-sighted as those, who have discerned this rebellion contriving from (if not before) the death of queen Elizabeth, and fomented by several princes and great ministers of state in Christendoln, to the tilne that it brake out. Neither do I look so far back as I do, because I believe u the design to have been x so long since formed;Y but that, by viewing the ten1per, disposition, and habit, q in which I shall, with Y since formed;] 1J.IS. adds: truth,] in which as I shall have (they who have observed the the fate to be suspected rather several accidents, not capa- for Inalice to nIauy, than of bie of being contri\'ed, which flattery to any, so I shall, in have contributed to the several truth, successes, and do know the r prorocation,] MS. adds: or persons who have been the a nlOre public indignation, grand instruments towards this S and in the whole observe] change, of whom there have in the whole observing not been any four of familiarity t those] these and trust with each other, will \1 as I do, because I believe] easily absolve them fron1 so as believing nmch industry and foresight in x to have been] to be their mischief;) ß3 6 'rHE IIISTOIlY BOOK 1. at that tÏ1lle, z of the court and of the country, we may discern the minds of men prepared, of SOlne to act, a and of others to suffer, all that hath since hap- pened; the pride of this man, and the popularity of that; the levity of one, and the morosity of another; the excess of the court in the greatest \"ant, and the parsimony and retention of the country in the greatest plenty; the spirit of craft and subtlety in sonie, and the unpolished b integrity of others, too D1uch despising craft or art; all contributing C jointly to this mass of confusion no,v before us. A ,riew of KING James in the end of March 1625 died, the beg-in- ningofking leaving his D1ajesty that now is, engaged in a war Charles I. . S · I d d . h his reign. \VIth paIn, but unprovi e 'VIt money to manage :March 27, it I thou g h it was undertaken b y the consent and 1625.' . ' advice of parliament: the people being naturally enough inclined to the war (having surfeited with the uninterrupted pleasures and plenty of twenty- two years peace) and sufficiently inflanled against the Spaniard; but quickly weary of the charge of it: and therefore, after an unprosperous and charge- able attenlpt in a voyage by sea upon Cadiz, and as unsuccessful . and nlore unfortunate one rl upon France, at the Isle of Rhé, (for some difference had like,vise about e the saIne tinle begotten a war "'Tith that prince,) a general peace \vas shortly concluded with both kingdoms; the exchequer being so ex- hausted with the debts of king James, the bounty Z at that time,] of that time, a to act,] to do, b unpolished] rude and un- polished c all contributing] like so many atoms contributing d one] a one e about] at OF THE REBELLION. 7 of his majesty that now is, (who, upon his first ac- BOOK cess to the crown, gave many costly instances of I. his favour to persons near hinl,) and the charge of 1625. the war upon Spain, and France, that both the kno,vn and casual revenue being anticipated, the necessary subsistence of the household ,vas unpro- vided for; and the king on the sudden driven to those straits for his own support, that nlany ways were resorted to, and inconveniences subnlitted to, for supply; as selling the crown-lands, creating peers for money, and nlany other particulars, which no access of power or plenty since could repair. Parliaments were summoned, and again dissolved 1628. in displeasure f : and that in the fourth year (after the dissolution of the two former) was determined with a profession, and declaration, that, "since " for several ill ends the calling again of a parlia- "ment was divulged, however his majesty had " shelved, by his frequent nleeting with his people, " his love to the use of parlialllents; yet the late " abuse having, for the present, driven his nlajesty " un\villingly out of that course, he shall account it "presulnption for any to prescribe any tinle to his " majesty for parliaments." 'Vhich ,vords ,vere ge- nerally interpreted, as if no more assemblies of that nature were to be expected, and that all lnen \vere prohibited, upon the penalty of censure, so much as to speak of a parliament. g And here I cannot but let myself loose to say, that no man can shew me a source, from whence those h waters of bitterness f in displeasure] Not in MS. g declaration, that,-of a par- liament.] declaration that there should be no more assemblies of that nature expected, and all men inhibited upon the penalty of censure, so much as to speak of a parliament. h those] these n4 8 'rHE HISTORY 1628. \\re no\v taste have more probably flowed, than from these unreasonable, i unskilful, and precipitate disso- lutions of parliaments; in which, by an unjust sur- vey of the passion, insolence, and alubition of parti- cular persons. the court n1easured the ten1per and affection of the country; and by the same standard the people considered the honour, justi.ce, and piety of the court; and so usually parted, at those sad seasons, with no other respect and charity one to- ward t}Je other, than accolupanies persons who never Ineant to meet but in their o\vn defence. In which the king had al\vays the disadvantage to harbour persons about him, who, with their utmost industry, false k information, and malice, improved the faults and infirmities of the court to the people; and again, as much as in them lay, rendered the people suspected, if not odious to the king. I am not altogether a stranger to the passages of those parliaments, (though I was not a member of . then1,) having carefully perused the journals of both ]louses, and familiarly conversed \vith luany \vho had principal parts in them. And I cannot but wonder at those counsels, 'v hich persuaded the courses then taken; the habit and temper of n1en's minds at that time 1 being, no question, very applicable to the pub- lic ends; and those ends being only discredited by the jealousies the people entertained from the luan- neI' of the prosecution, that they were other, and \vorse than in truth they ,vere. It is not to be de- nied, that there were, in all those parliarnents, espe- cially in that of the fourth year, several passages, and distempered speeches of particular persons, not BOOK J. i unreasonable,] unb ason- able, k false] Not in ftIS. J at that time] Not in iUS. OF THE REBELLION. 9 fit for the dignity and honour of those places, and BOO K unsuitable to the reverence due to his majesty and I. his c uncils. But I do not kno\v any formed act 1628. of either house (for neither the ren10nstrance or votes of the last day were such) that was not agree- able to the wisdom and justice of great courts, upon those extraordinary occasions. And 'v hoever con- siders the acts of power and injustice of sonle of the ministers, m in tbose n intervals of parliament, will not be much scandalized at the warmth and vivacity of those meetings. In the second parliament there was a mention, and intention declared, of granting five subsidies, a proportion (how contemptible soever in respect of. the pressures now every day imposed) scarce ever O before heard of in parliament. And that meeting being, upon very unpopular and unplausible reasons, immediately dissolved, those five subsidies were ex- acted, throughout the whole kingdom, with the same rigour, as if, in truth, an act had passed to that purpose. Divers p gentlemen of prime quality, in several q counties of England, ,vere, for refusing to pay the same, cOlnmitted to prison, ,vith great rigour and extraordinary circumstances. And could it be imagined, that those r n1en would lneet again in a free convention of parliament, without a sharp and severe expostulation, and inquisition into their own right, and the power that had imposed upon that right? And yet all these provocations, and many other, almost of as large an extent, produced m of some of the 111inisters,] Not in JUS. n those] the o scarce ever] never p Divers] Very many G several] all the se\Teral r those] these 10 TIlE HISTORY I G28. no other resentment, than the petition of right, (of no prejudice to the cro\vn,) which was like\vise pur- chased at the price of five subsidies lTIOre, and, in a very short time after that supply granted, that par- lialnent was likewise, with strange circulnstances of passion on all sides, dissolved. - The abrupt and unkind" breaking off the two first parlialnents was ,vholly ilnputed to the duke of Buckingham; and of the third, principally to the lord \Veston, then lord high treasurer of England; both in respect of the great po\ver and interest they then had in the affections of his majesty, and for that the time of the dissolutions happened to be, when some charges and accusations were preparing, and ready to be preferred against those two great persons. And therefore the envy and hatred, that attended them thereupon, was insupportable, and \vas visibly the cause of the Inurder of the first, (stabbed in t the heart by the hand of a villain, U upon the mere impious pretence of his being odiou to the parliament,) and n1ade, no doubt, so great an impression upon the understanding and nature of the other, that, by degrees, he lost that temper and serenity of mind he had been before n1aster of, and \vhich was n10st fit to have accompanied hitn in his weighty elnployments: inson1uch as, out of indigna- tion to find himself worse used than he deserved, he cared less to deserve ,veIl, than he had done; and insensibly grew into that public hatred, that ren- dered him less useful to the service that he only in- tended. I ,vonder less at the errors of this nature in the BOOK I. s unkind] ungracious t in] to u a villain,] an obscure villain, OF THE REBELLION. duke of Buckingham; who, having had a most 'ge- nerous education in courts, ,vas utterly ignorant of the ebbs and floods of popular councils, and of the "rinds that move those waters; and could not, with- out the spirit of indignation, find himself, in the space of a few weeks, without any visible cause in- tervening, from the greatest height of popular esti.. mation that any person hath ascended to, (insomuch as sir Edward Coke blasphemously called him our Saviour,) by the same breath thrown down to the depth of calulnny and reproach. I say, it is no marvel, (besides that he was naturally to follow such counsels as were X given him,) that he could think of no better way to be freed of these Y inconveni- ences and troubles the passions of those Ineetings gave him, than to dissolve theIn, and prevent their conling together: and that, when they seemed to neglect the public peace, out of animosity to him, he intended Z his own ease and security in the first place, and easily believed the public might be other- wise provided for, by more intent and dispassionate councils. But that the other, the lord V eston, who had been very much and very popularly conversant in those conventions, who exactly knew the frame and constitution of the kingdom, the temper of the IJeople, the extents a of the courts of law, and the jurisdiction of parliaments, which at that tinle had seldon1 orb never cOlnnlitted any excess of jurisdic- tion, (modesty and n10deration in words never was, nor ever will be, observed in popular councils, whose x counsels as were] counsel as was y of these] of the Z he intended] that he in- tended a extents] extent b seldom or] Not in MS. 11 BOOK 1. 1628. 12 'rHE HIST'OR Y 1628. foundation is liberty of speech;) that he c should be- lieve, that the union, peace, and plenty of the king- dom could be preserved without parliaments, or that the passion and distemper gotten and received into parliaments could be renloved and refornled by the nlore passionate breaking and dissolving theln; or that that course ,,'ould not inevitably prove the nlost pernicious to himself, is as much my ,vonder, as any thing that hath since happened. There is a protection very gracious and just, which princes owe to their servants, when, in obedience to their just commands, upon extraordinary and neces- sary occasions, in the execution of their trusts, they s\verve from the strict letter d of the law, which, without that Inercy, ,vould be penal to thenl. In any such e case, it is as legal (the law presunling it will always be done .upon great reason) for the king to pardon, as for the party to accuse, and the judge to condemn. But for the sovereign f power' to in- terpose, and shelter an accused servant from an- swering, does not only seem ån obstruction of jus- tice, and lay an imputation upon the prince, of being privy to the offence; but leaves so great a scandal upon the party himself, that he is generally con- cluded guilty of ,vhatsoever he is charged ,vith b ; which is cOlnmonly more than the worst man ever deserved. And it is \vorthy the observation, that, as no innocent man ,vho made his defence ever suf- fered in those tÏ1nes by judgment of parliament; so many guilty persons, and against whom the spirit of the times 11 went as high, by the wise managing their BOOK I. C that he] Not in JUS. d letter] rule e such] Not in JlS. f sovereign] supreme g with] Not in MS. h times] time OF THE REBELLION. defence, have been freed from their accusers, not only without censure, but without reproach; as the bishop of Lincoln, then lord keeper, sir H. l\larten, and sir H. Spiller; nlen, in their several degrees, as little beholden to the charity of that time, as any men since. 'Vhereas scarce a man, who, with indus- try and skill, laboured to keep himself from being accused, or by power to stop or divert the course of proceeding, scaped wjthout sonle signal mark of in- famy or prejudice. And the reason is clear; for besides that, after the first storm, there is SOlne com- passion naturally attends men like to be in misery; and besides the latitude of judging in those places, ,vhereby there is room for kindness and affection, and colJateral considerations to interpose; the truth is, those accusations (to which this Ulan contributes J)is malice, another i his wit, all men what they please, and most upon hearsay, with a kind of un- charitable delight of making the charge as heavy as may be) are cOllln10nly stuffed with many odious generals, that the proofs seldom make good: and then a In an is no sooner found less guilty than he is expected, but he is concluded more innocent than he is; and it is thought but a just reparation for the reproach that he deserved not, to free him from the censure he d served. So that, very probably, those t\VO noble persons had been happy, if they had stoutly subInitted to the proceedings were de- signed against them; and, without question, it had been of sovereign use to the king, if, in those peace- able times, parliaments had been taught to know their own bounds, by being suffered to proceed as i another] that 13 BOOK I. I 6281 14 THE HISTORY 1 ô28. far as they could go; by ,vhich the extent of their power \vould quickly have been manifested: from ,vhence no inconvenience of moment could have proceeded; the house of commons never then pre- tending to the least part of judicature, or exceeding the kno\vn verge of their own privileges; the house of peers observing the rules of the k law and equity in their judgn1ents, and proceeding deliberately upon clear testilnony and evidence of Inatter of fact; and the king retaining the sole power of par- doning, and receiving the whole profit of all penal- ties and judglnents; and indeed having so great an influence upon the body of the peerage, that it \vas scarce 1 kno,vn that any person of honour ,vas se- verely censured in that house, (before this present parliament,) who ,vas not either immediately prose- cuted by the court, or in evident disfavour there; by which, m it may be, (as it usually falls out,) SOlne doors ,vere opened, at wbich inconveniences to the cro\vn have got in, that were not then enough weighed and considered. But the course of exempting men from prosecu- tion, by dissolving of parliaments, n1ade the power of parlian1ents n1uch lnore forn1idable, as conceived to he without limit; since the sovereign power seemed to be con1pelled (as unahle other\vise to set bounds to their proceedings) to that rough cure, and to determine their beings, n because it could not detern1ine their jurisdiction. 'Vhereas, if they had been frequently sUlnmoned, and seasonably dissolv- ed, after their wisdom in applying Inedicines and cures, as ,veIl as their industry in discovering dis- BOOK I. k the] Not in MS. I scarce] ne,Ter m bv which,] in which, n béings,] being, OF TI-IE REBELLION. 15 eases, had been discerned, they would easily have BOOK been applied to the uses for which they were first I- I instituted; and been of no less esteen1 with the 1628. cro,vn, than of veneration with the people. And so I shall conclude this digression, which, I conceived, was 0 not unseasonable for this place, nor upon this occasion, and return to the time when that brisk and improvident P resolution was taken of declining q those conventions; all men being inhibited (as I said before they generally took themselves to be r) by the s proclamation at the dissolution of the parlia- ment in the fourth year, so much as to mention or speak as if a parlialnent should be called. And here it will give lTIuch light to that which The state .. of the court follows, If ,ve take a Vle,v of the state of the court about that and of the council at that tilne, by which t ,ve may time. best see the face of that tiIne, and the affections and temper of the people in general. For u the better taking this prospect, ,ve ,viII be-The rise of . . the duke of gIn ,vlth x a survey of the person of that great man, Bucking- the duke of Buckingham, (,vho was so barbarouslyham. - murdered abouty this time,) whose influence had been unfortunate in the public affairs, and whose death produced a change in all the counsels. The duke was indeed a very extraordinary person; and never any man, in any age, nor, I believe, in any country or nation, rose, in so short a time, to so much greatness of honour, falne, and fortune, upon o was] Not in 111S. P and improvident] Not in MS. . q declining] totally declin- Ing r they generally took them- selves to be] Not ill MS. s the] Not in MS. . t by which] by which as in a llllrror u For] And for x begin with] take y about] at 16 THE HIS'rORY 1628. no other advantage or recomlnendation, than of the beauty and gracefulness b of his person. I have c not the least purpose of undervaluing his good parts and qualities, (of which there will be occasion shortly to give SOllle testimony,) ,vhen I say, that his first in- troduction into favour was purely from the hand- someness of his person. He was a younger d son of sir Gevrge 'Tilliers, of Brookesby, in the county of Leicester; a fan1Ïly of an ancient extraction, even from the time of the conquest, and transported then ,, ith the conqueror out of Nornlandy, where the family hath still re- mained, and still continues \vith lustre. After sir George's first marriage, in which he had t,vo or three sons, and SOlne daughters, ,vho shared an ample inheritance from him; by a second mar- riage, ,vith a ladye of the faillily of the Beauillonts, he had this gentlenlan, and two other sons and a daughter, \vho all came afterwards to be raised to great titles and dignities. George, the eldest son of this second bed, ,vas, after the death of his father, by _the singular affection and care of his mother, who enjoyed a good jointure in the account of that age, \vell brought up; and, for the improvement of his education, and giving an ornament to his hope- ful person, he was by her sent into France; ,vhere he spent t,vo or three years in attaining the lan- guage, and in learning the exercises of riding and dancing; in the last of which he excelled most 111en, and returned into England by the time he was t\venty -one years old. BOOK I. b gracefulness] lWS. atkls: and becomingness c I have] And I have d a younger] the younger e a lady] a young lady OF THE REBELLION. King James reigned at that time; and though he ,vas a prince of lllore learning and kno\vledge than any other of that age, and really delighted more in books, and in the conversation of learned men; yet, of all ,,,ise 111en living, he was the ll10St delighted and taken ,vith handsome persons, and with fine clothes. He begun f to be ,yeary of his favourite, the earl of SOll1erset, who \vas the only favoulite that kept that post so long, ,vithout any public reproach from the people: hut, g by the instigation and \vickedness of his \vife, he became, at least, privy to a horrible nlurder, that exposed hinl to the utmost severity of the law, (the poisoning of sir Thomas Overbury,) upon \vhich both he and his ,vife were condemned to die, after a trial by their peers; and Hlany per- sons of quality were executed for the same. 'Vhilst this ,vas in agitation, and before the ut- most discovery was l11ade, Mr. Villiers appeared in court, and drew the king's eyes upon hinl. There were enough in the court sufficiently h angry and in- censed against Somerset, for being what themselves desired to be, and especially for being a Scotsnlan, and ascending, in so short a ime, fronI being a page, to the height he was then at, to contribute all they could to promote the one, that they might thro,v out the other: \vhich being easily brought to pass, by the proceeding of the law upon his afore- said crime, i the other found very little difficulty in rendering hilnself gracious to the king, \vhose na- ture and disposition was very flo,ving in affection towards persons so adorned. I nsollluch that, in fe,v f begnn] began g but,] and, h sufficiently] enough VOIJ. I. i aforesaid crime,] crime a- foresaid, c 17 BOOK I. 1628. 18 THE HISTORY 1628. days aftel his first appearance in court, he was nlade cup-bearer to the king; by \vhich he was, of course,k to be nluch in his presence, and so adIl1itted to that conversation and discourse, with which that prince al,vays abounded at his meals. His inclinations 1 to his ne,v cup-bearer disposed him to administer frequent occasions of discoursing of the court of France, and the transactions there, with which he had been so lately acquainted, that he could pertinently enlarge upon that subject, to the king's great delight, and to the gaining m the esteem and value of all the standers-by to himself: n which was a thing the king \vas ,veIl pleased with. He acted very few \veeks upon this stage, \vhen he- mounted higher; and, being knighted, ,vithout any other qualification, he ,vas at the saIne time n1ade gentlen1an of the bedchan1ber, and knight of the order of the garter; and in a short time (very short for such a prodigious ascent) he \vas made a baron, a viscount, an earl, a Inarquis, and became lord high adiniral of England, lord \varden of the cinque ports, master of the horse, and entirely disposed of all tIle graces of the king, in conferring all the honours and all the offices of three O kingd0l11s, without a rÍ\Tal; in dispensing \vhereof, he was guided ll10re by the l ules of appetite than of judglnent; and so exalted almost all of his own l1Un1erOUS fan1Ïly and depend- ants, ,vhose greatest Inerit wasP their alliance to hin1, which equally offended the ancient nobility, and the people of all conditions, ,vho sa,v the flowers BOOK I. k of course,] natural1y, 1 His inclinations] And his inclination m gaining] reconciling n to himself:] likewise to him: ù of three] of the three P whose greatest merit was] who had no other virtue or merit than OF THE REBEI LION. of the cro,vn every day fading and ,vithered; whilst the deinesnes and revenue thereof were q sacrificed to the enriching a pri vate family, (how well soever originally extracted,) scarce ever r heard of before t0 8 the nation; and the expenses of the cotÍrt so vast and unlimited t, that they had a. sad prospect of that poverty and necessity, ,vhich afterwards befell the cro"rn, almost to the ruin of it. l\Iany were of opinion, that king James, before his death, grew weary of this U favourite; and that, if he had lived, he ,vould have deprived him at least of his large and unlimited power. And this imagi- nation so x prevailed with SOine n1en, as the lord keeper Lincoln, the earl of Middlesex, lord high treasurer of England, and other gentlen1en of nan1e, though not in so high stations, that they had the courage to ,vithdra,v from their absolute dependence upon the duke, and to make some other essays, which proved to the ruin of everyone of then1 ; there appearing no mark, Y or evidence, that the king did really lessen his affection to him, to the hour of his death. On the contrary, as he created him duke of Buckingham in his absence, whilst he was with the prince in Spain; so, after their z re- turn, the duke a executed the same authority in con- ferring all favours and graces, and in b revenging hin1self upon those, who had manifested any unkind- ness to,vards hÏ111. And yet, notwithstanding all this, if that king's nature had equally disposed hin1 q were] was r scarce ever] not S to] ever to t unlimited] MS. adds: by the old gooù rules of economy. u this] his x so] Not in MS Y mark,] marks, z their] his a the duke] he h in] Not 111 iJlS. c2 ]9 BOOK I. 1628. o TIlE HIS1."ORY BOO K to pull do,vn, as to build and erect, and if his cou- I. rage and severity in punishing and refor111ing had 1628. been as great as his generosity and inclination ,vas to oblige, it is not to be doubted, but that he \yould have \vithdra,vn his affection from the duke entirely, before his death; which those persons, "Tho ,vere adulitted to any privacy lvith hiIn c, and "'ere not in the confidence of the other, (for before t ose he kne,v ,veIl ho,v to disselnbl ,) had reason enough to expect. An a count For it is certain, ù that the king ,vas never ,veIl of prmce I d . I h d k f1 h . , . . Charles's p ease ""It 1 t e u e, a tel" t e prInce s gOIng Into J t 'ou s ne! in- S p ain; \vhich "Tas infinitel y a g ainst his will, and o .. !Jaln. contrived ,vholly by the duke: who, out of envy, that the earl of Bristol should hay'e the sole nla- nagement of so great an affair, (as hitherto that treaty had been ,vholly conducted e by him in Spain, where he \yas f extraordinary a111bassador, and all particulars upon t11(' l11atter g agreed U}10n,) had one day insinuated to the prince the C01111110n 111isfortune of princes, that in so substantial a part of their hap- l)iness in this \\rorld, as depended upon their nlar- riage, thenlselves had never any part, but nlust re- ceive only an. account Fronl others of th.e nature, and hU1110ur, and beauty of the ladies they ,vere to 111arry; and those reports seldon1 })roceeded fr0111 persons totally uninterested, by reason ofh the parts they had acted to,vards such preparations. FroBl hence he i discoursed ho,v gallant and ho,v brave a thing it ,vould be, for his highness to make a jour- c hin1] Not in MS. d it is certain,] it is not to be dOll bted, e conducted] managed f was] was now g upon the matter] Not in ßlS. h by reason of] at least Ull- inclined frOtH i he] Not in MS. OF 1- HE REBELLION. ney into Spain, and to fetch honle his mistress; that it ,yould put an end presently to all those forn1ali- ties, which, (though all substantial matters ,vere agreed upon already,) according to the style of that court, and the slow progress in all things of cere- lnony, lnight yet retard k the infanta's voyage into England 111any months; all ,vhich ,vould be in a nlon1ent removed by his highness's 1 o,vn presence; that it ,vould be such an obligation to the infanta herself, as she could never enough value or requite; and being a respect rarelym paid by any other prince, upon the like addresses, could proceed only froln the high regard and reverence he had for her person; that in the great affair that only relnained undetern1ined, and ,vas not entirely yielded to, though under a very friendlyI1 deliberation, ,vhich ,vas the restoring the palatinate, it was very pro- bable, that the king of Spain himself might choose, in the instant, to gratify his personal interposition, which, in a treaty with an alnbassador, might be drawn out in length, or attended ,vith overtures of reCOlnpense by sonle nc,v concessions, ,vhich ,volIld create new difficulties: however, that the ll1cdiation could not but be frankly undertaken by the infanta herself, who ,volIld alnùitiously make it her ,york to pay a part of her great debt to the prince; and that he n1Íght w ith her, and by her, present to Ilis ma- jesty the entire peace and restitution of his falnily, \vhich by no other h\}nlan llleans could be brought to pass. These discourses made so dcep Ï111pression upon the lllind and spirit of the prince, (whose nature k retard] long retard 1 highness's] Not in 1118. m rarely] ne\.er n friendly] civil c3 ] BOOK I. 1628. !l2 THE HISTORY 1628. was inclined to adventures,) that he was transported ,vith the thought of it, and most impatiently soli- citous to bring it to pass. The greatest difficulty in view o was, how they might procure the king's con- sent, who was very quick-sighted in discerning dif- ficulties and raising objections, and very slo,v in mastering them, and untying the knots he had made: in a word, he knew not how to wrestle with desperate contingencies, and so abhorred the being entangled in such. This was first to be P attempted by the prince himself, by communicating it to the king, as his earnest desire and suit, with this cir- cumstance; that since his doing or not doing ,vhat he most desired, depended wholly and entirely upon his lnajesty's own approbation and command, he q would vouchsafe to promise not to communicate the thing proposed, before he had first taken his own l'esolution; and that this condition should be first humbly insisted on, before the substantial })oint should be communicated; and so, this approach being first made, the success and prosecution was to be left to the duke's credit and dexterity. r All things being thus concerted bet Teen his highness and the duke, (and this the beginning of an entire confidence het\veen theIn, after a long time of de- clared jealousy and displeasure on the prince's part, and occasion enough administered on the other,) they shortly found fits opportunity (and there were seasons when that king was to be approached more hopefully than in others) to make their address to- BOOK I. . 0 in view] that was In view p first to be] to be first q he] that he T and de terity.] dexterity and cultivation. s fit] a fit OF THE REBELLION, 23 gether. His u majesty cheerfully consented to the BOOK condition, and being ,vell pleased that all should I. depend upon his 'v ill, frankly promised that he 1628. would not, in any degree, communicate to any per- son the lnatter, before he had taken, and comnluni- cated to theIn, his own resolutions. x The prince then, upon his knees, declared his suit The prince d . h d k . proposes his an very llllportunate request, t e u e standing a journey to long time by, without saying a word, whileY the his father. king discoursed the ,vhole n1atter to the prince, ,vith less passion than they expected, and then looked upon the duke, as inclined to hear what he would say; who spoke nothing to the point, whether in prudence advisable, Z or not; but enlarged upon the infinite obligation his majesty would confer upon the prince, by his concession of the violent passion his highness was transported with; and, after many ex- alted expressions to that purpose, concluded, that he doubted that his n1ajesty refusing to grant the prince this his hUlnble request ,vould make a deep inlpres- sion upon his spirits, and peace of Inind; and that he wouJd, he feared, look upon it as the greatest misfortune and affliction, that could befall him in this world. The prince then taking the opportunity, from the good temper he saw his father in, to en- large upon those a two points, ,vhich he knew were most in1portant in the Icing's own ,vishes and judg- ment, that this expedient ,vould put a quick end to this treaty, ,vhich could not be continued after his arrival in that court; but that his Inarriage must u His] And his x resolutions.] resolution. y while] and until 7. in prudence advisable,] in point of prudence counsella- ble, Ii those] these c4 . 1.-' HE HISTORY BOOK presently ensue, ,vhich, he kne,v well enongh,C the I. king did ß10st d impatiently desire of all blessings in J 628. this world: he said likewise, he ,vould undertake (and he could not but be believed from the reason- ab]cness of it) that his presence ,vould in a monlent determine the restitution of the palatinate to his brother and sister; which was the second thing the king longed most passionately to see before he shotùd leave this "\vorld. King James These discourses, urged with all the artifice and consents to it. address in1aginable, so far ,vrought upon and pre- vailed ,vith the king, that, ,vith less hesitation than . his nature was accustomed to, and much less than was agreeable to his great wisdom, he gave his ap- probation, and promised that the prince should 111ake the journey he was so lnuch inclined to: ,vhether he did not upon the sudden comprehend the conse- quences, ,vhich would naturally attend such a rash undertaking, or e the less considered them, because provisions, f which must be made for such a journey, both with reference to the expense and security of it, would take up much time, and could not be done in such a secret ,vay, but that the counsel itself might be resumed,g ,vhen ne,v measures should be taken. But this imagination ,vas too reasonable not to be foreseen by them; and so they had provided thenlselves accordingly. And therefore, as soon as they had the king's prolnise upon the 111ain, they told hin1, the security of such a design depended on the expedition, without which there could be no secresy observed, or hoped for; that, if it were dc- C knew well euough,] well knew, d IDost] the nlost e or] or whether he f provisions,] the provisions, g resumed,] resumed again, OF THE REBELLION. ferred till such a fleet could be made ready, and such an equipage prepared, as might be fit for the prince of 'Vales, so n1uch time \vould be spent, as would disappoint the principal ends of the journey: if they should send for a pass to France, the cere- n10ny in the asking and granting it, and that which would flow from it, in his passage through that kingdom, would be at least liable to the saIne objec- tion of delay: besides that, according to the myste- ries and intrigues of state, such a pass could not in point of security be reasonably depended upon; and therefore they had thought of an expedient, which would avoid all inconveniences and hazards; and that it should be executed before it should be sus- pected: that it had never hitherto been, in the least degree, consulted but between themselves, (which ,vas reaUy true;) and therefore, if they no,v under- too"k the journey only \vith t,vo servants, who should not know any thing till the moment they were to depart, they n1ight easily pass through France, be- fore they should be missed at "\Vhitehall: which was not hard to be conceived, and so ,vith the less dis- (luisition was consented to by the king: and the far- ther deliberation of what was In ore to be done hoth in n1atter and manner, and the nonlination of the persons who should attend thcin, and the tin1e for their departure, was deferred to the consultation of the next day. 'Vhen the king, in his retirement, and by himself, came to revolve what had heen so loosely consulted before, as he had a ,vonderful sagacity in such rc- flections, a thousand difficulties and dangers occurred to hhn, and so l11any precipices, which could hardly be avoided in such a journey. Besides those cons i- 25 BOOK I. 1628. !l6 rrlIE HISTORY 1628. derations, which the violent affection of a father to his only son suggested to him, he thought how ill an influence it might have on his people, too n1uch disposed to murmur and complain of the least inad- vertency ; h and that they looked upon the prince as the son of the kingdom, as \vell as his own. i He considered the reputation he should lose with all fo- reign princes, (especially if any ill accident should happen,) by so n1uch departing from his dignity in exposing the immediate heir of the crown, his only son, to all the dangers, and all the jealousies, which particular malice, or that fathomless abyss of reason of state, might prepare and contrive against hin1; and then, in ho,v desperate a condition hiInself and his kingdoms should remain, if the prince Iniscarried by such an unparalleled \veakness of his, contrary to the light of his understanding, as well as the cun ent of his affections. k These reflections were so terrible to him, that they robbed him of all peace and quiet of mind; inson1uch as ,vhen the prince and duke came to him about the despatch, he fell into a great passion with tears, 1 and told them that he was undone, and that it would break his heart, if they pursued their reso- lution; that, upon a true and dispassionate disquisi- tion he had n1ade with himself, he was abundantly convinced, that, besides the aln10st inevitable ha- zards of the prince's person, with whom his life was bound up, and besides the entire loss of the affec- tions of his people, which would unavoidably attend this rash action, he foresaw it ,vould ruin the whole BOOK I. h inadvertency;] inad\'ertize- ment; i his own.] his natural son. k affections.] affection. J with tears,] of tears, ()F 'l"HE REBELLION. design, and irrecoverably break the match. For whereas all those particulars, upon which he could positively and of right insist, were fully granted, (for that, ,vhich concerned the prince elector, who had unexcusably, and directly against his advice, in- curred the ban of the en1pire in an Í1nperial diet, must be ,vrought off by mediation and treaty, could not be insisted on in justice,) nor could Spain make any ne,v den1ands, all the overtures they had n1ade being adjusted; the prince should no sooner arrive at Madrid, than all the articles of the treaty should be laid aside, and l1e,v n1atter m be proposed, which had not been yet n1entioned, and could never be consented to by him: that the treaty of this n1ar- riage, how well soever received, and how much so- ever de8ired by the king and his chief n1inisters, was in no degree acceptable to the Spanish nation in general, and less to the court of Rome, where, though the ne,v pope seen1ed more inclined to grant the dispensation than his predecessor had been, it ,vas plain enough, that it proceeded only fron1 the apprehension he had to displease the king of Spain, not that he was less averse from the match, it having been always believed, both in Spain and in Rome, that this Inarriage ,vas to be attended with a full repeal of all the penal laws against the pa- pists, n and a plenary toleration of the exercise of that religion in England, which they now sa,v con- cluded, without any signal or real benefit or advan- tage to them. And therefore they n1ight e pect, and be confident, that when they had the person of the prince of \Vales in their hands, the king of m matter] matters n papists,] catholics, 2.7 BOOK I. ] 628. BOOK I. I 628. 8 TIlE HISTORY Spain (though in his o\vn nature and inclinations full of honour and justice) \vould be even con1pelled by his clergy (who had ahvays a great influence upon the counsels of that kingdoln) and - the in1por- tunities from Rome, \vho would tell hin1, that God had put it no\v 0 into his hand to advance the ca- tholic cause, to make new den1ands for those of that religion here ; which, though he could never consent to, would at best interpose such delays in the l11ar- riage, that he should never live to see it brought to pass, nor probably to see his son return again from P Spain. Then he put the duke in nlind (\vhom he hitherto believed only to comply with the pl incë to oblige hÍ1n, after a long alienation from his favour) ho\v inevitable his ruin ll1USt be, by the effect of this counsel, how ungracious he was already ,vith the people, and how Inany enemies he had amongst the greatest persons of the nobility, who \vould make such use of this occasion, that it would not be in his majesty's power to protect him. And then q he concluded with the disorder and passion, with which he begun, r with sighs and tears, to conjure then1, that they would no n10re press hÍ1n to give his con- sent to a thing so contrary to his reason, and under- standing, and interest, the execution whereof "Tould break his heart, and that they would give over any further pursuit of it. The prince and the duke took not the pains to answer any of the reasons his Inajesty had insisted on; his highness only putting hin1 in 111ind of the prol11ise he had made to hin1 the day before, "rhich was so sacl"ed, that he hoped he would not violate o put it now] now put it p from] out of (] then] Not in ftIS. r begun,,] began, OF THE REBELLIOK. it; \vhich if he should, itS would lnake hhn never think Inore of marriage. The duke, 'v ho better knel\r \vhat kind of arguments were of prevalence Tith hin1, treated hin1 lllore rudely; told hinl, no- body could believe any thing he said, ,vhen he re- tracted so soon the pronlise he had so solelnnly 111ade; that he plainly discerned, that it proceeded frolu another breach of his 'YOI'd, in COllllllunicating ,,?ith SOll1e rascal, \vho had furnished hiln \vith those pitiful reasons he had alleged; and he doubted not but he should hereafter kño\v ,,,ho his counsellor had been: that if he receded from ,vhat he had 111'0- 111ised, it ,vould be such a disobligation to t the prince, ,vho had set his heart no,v upon the journey, after his n1ajesty's approbation, that he could never forget it, nor forgive any man who had been the cause of it. The prince, 'V}lO had ahvays expressed the high- est duty and reverence to,vards the king, by his hunlhlc and iInportunate entreaty, and the duke by his rougher dialect, in the end prevailed so far, (after his n1aj.esty had passionately, and \vith lnany oaths, renounced the having c01l11nunicated the Inatter \"ith any person living,) that the debate was again re- sumed upon the journey, \vhich they earnestly de- sired might not he deferred, but that they lnight take their leaves of the king ,vithin t,vo days, in which they ,vould have all things ready that U "rere necessary, his highness pretending to hunt at Theo- bald's, and the duke to take physic at Chelsea. They told hiln, that being to have only two ll10re in their c01l1pany, as "ras before resolved, they had 5 if he should, it] Not in MS. t to] upon II that] which Q9 BOOK I. 1628. so THE HIS1."ORY 1628. thoug}}t (if he approved them) upon sir Francis Cot- tington and EndYlnion Porter, who, though they might safely, should not be trusted with the secret, till they \vere even ready to be elnbarked. The persons were both grateful to the king, the forlner having been long his n1ajesty's agent in the court of Spain, and was no\v secretary to the prince; the other, having been bred in Madrid, after x l11any years attendance upon the duke, was no\v one of the bedchamber to the prince: so that his majesty cheerfully approved the election they had made, and \vished it might be presently imparted to then1; saying, that lnany things \vould occür to them, as necessary to the journey, that they two \vould never think of; and took that occasion to send for sir Francis Cottington to come presently to hit11, (\vhilst the other two remained with hil11,) who, being of CUst0111 waiting in the outward room, Y ,vas quickly brought in; whilst the duke \vhispered the prince in the ear, that Cottington would be against the jour- ney, and his highness answered he dnrst not. The king told him, that he had always been an honest lnan, and therefore he was no\v to trust hin1 in an affair of the highest itnportance, which he was not upon his life to disclose to any man alive; then said to him, "Cottington, here is baby Charles and " Stenny," (an appellation he al\vays used of and to- wards the duke,) "who have a great mind to go by " post into Spain, to fetch hon1e the infanta, and \vill "have but two more in their company, and have " chosen you for one. 'Vhat think you of the jour- " ney?" He often protested since z , that when he BOOK I. x after] and after Y room,] rooms, J: since] Not in JUS. OF THE REBELLION. heard the king, he fell into such a trelnbling, that he could hardly speak. But ,,,hen the king com- manded hin1 to ansv{er him, what he thought of the journey, he replied, that he could not think \vell of it, and that he believed it would render all that had been done to,vards the 111atch fruitless: for that Spain ,vould no longer think themselves obliged by those articles, but that, when they had the prince in their hands, they would make new overtures, which they believed more advantageous to them; an10ngst which they n1ust look for many that a ,,,ould concern religion, and the exercise of it in England. Upon which the king thre,,, himself upon his bed, and said, " I told you this before," and fell into new passion and lamentation, that he was un- done, and should lose baby Charles. There appeared displeasure and anger enough in the countenances both of the prince and duke; the latter saying, that as soon as the king sent for hhn, he whispered the prince in the ear, that he ,vould be against it; that he knew his pride well enough; and that, because he had not been first advised with, he was resolved to dislike it; and therefore b he re- proached Cottington with all possible bitterness of ,vords; told hin1 the king asked hin1 only of the journey, and \vhich would be the best way, of ,vhich he might be a con1petent counsellor, having n1ade the way so often by post: but that he had the })re- sumption to give his advice upon n1atter of state, and against his master, without being called to it, ,vhich he should repent as long as he lived; with a thousand new reproaches, which put the poor king a that] which b therefore] thercupon 31 BOOK I. 1628. SQ THE HISTORY 1628. into a ne\v agony on the behalf of a servant, who he foresa\v \vould suffer for answering hnn honestly. Upon which he said, with some comn1otion, "Nay, " by God, Stenny, you are very lnuch to blan1e to " use hitn so. He ans\vered me directly to the ques- "tion I asked hin1, and very honestly and wisely: " and yet you know he said no more than I told you, " before he ,vas called in." Ho,vever, after all this passion on both parts, the king yielded, and the jour- ney was at that conference agreed on, f king James; who, in the spring following, after a short indisposi- tion by the gout, fell into an ague, e ,vhich, n1eeting Inany humours in a fat, unwieldy body of fifty- eight f years old, in four or five fits carried him out King James of the world. After \vhose death Inany scandalous dies. and libpllous discourses ,vere raised, without the least colour or ground; as appeared upon the strict- est and most g malicious exanlination that could be Inade, long after, in a time of licence, when nobody was afraid of offending majesty, and when prosecut- ing the highest reproaches and contumelies against the royal family was held very meritorious. Upon the death of king James, Charles prince of Prince 'V I d d h . h . I Charles a es succee e to t e cro\vn, 'VIt as unIversa a succeeds · . h I b .. d d . him the JOY In t e peop e as can e In1agIne , an In a con- duk con- juncture, ,vhen all the other parts of ChristendolTI, inuing in .lßvour. being engaged in war, were very solicitous for his friendship; and the lTIOre, because he had already discovered an activìty, that was not like to suffer hin1 to sit still. The duke continued in the same degree of favour at the least ,vith the son, which he had enjoyed so many years under the father. A rare felicity! h seldom kno,vn, and in ,vhich the ex- pectation of very many was exceedingly disap- pointed; \vho, knowing the great jealousy and in- dignation that the prince had heretofore had against d fully completed] executed e an agÜe,] a quartan ague, f fifty-eight] A blank left in M81 g most] Not in JlS. h A rare felicity 1] 'Vhich was a rare felicity; 44 THE HISTORY BOOK the duke, insol11uch as he \vas once very near strik. I. ing hinI, expected that he ,vould no,v remember ] G28. that insolence, of ,vhich he then so often conlPlained; ,vithout considering the opportunity the duke had, by the conversation ,vith the prince, during his journey into Spain, (,vhich was so grateful to hin1,) and ,vhilst he was there, to wipe out the Ine1110ry of all former oversights, by making them appear to be of a less magnitude than they had been understood before, and to be excusahle fronl other causes, still being severe enough to himself for his un,yary part, whatsoever excuses he might make for the excess; and by this lneans to make new vows for himse and to tie new knots to restrain the prince frolTI future jealousies. And it is very true, his hopes in this kind never failed hilTI; the new king, from the death of the old even to the death of the duke him- seJ.t discovering the most entire confidence in, and even friendship to him, that ever king had shewed to any subject: all preferments in church and state given by him; all his kindred and friends pronloted to the degree in honour, or riches, or offices, as he thought fit, and all his enenlies and enviers dis- countenanced, and kept at that distance. fr0111 the court as he appointed. King But a parliament \vas necessary to be caned, as Charles's . f!. h first parlia. at the entrance of all kIngs to the cro\vn, lor t e lllent calJed. continuance of some supplies and revenue to the king, which have been still used to be granted in that season. And no\v he quickly found ho\v pro- phetic the last king's predictions had proved, i and \vere like to prove. The parliament that had so i proved,] Not in M81 OF THE REBEI LION. rashly k advanced the war, and so passionately 1 ad- hered to his person, was now no more; and though the house of peers consisted still of the san1e n1en, and n10st of the principal n1en of the house of COll1- mons were again elected to serve in this parlian1ent, yet they were far fron1 \vedding the war, or taking then1selves to be concerned to n1ake good any de- claration m made by the forn1er: so that, though the war was entered in, all hope of obtaining Inoney to carry it on was even desperate; and the affection they had for the duke, and confidence in hin1, was not then so n1anifest, as the prejudice they had no,v, and anin10sity against hin1, was visible to all the world: all the- actions of his life ripped up and sur- veyed, and all Inalicious glosses Inade upon all he had said and all he had done: votes and ren10n- strances passed against him as an enen1Y to the puhlic; and his ill management made the ground of their refusal to give the king that supply he had reason to expect, and was absolutely necessary to the state he was in. And this kind of treatn1ent was so ill suited to the duke's great spirit, which indeed n1ight have easily n been bo\ved, but could very hardly be broken, tllat it wrought contrary effects upon his high n1ind, and his indignation, to find hin1self so used by the san1e lnen. For they who flattered him most before, mentioned him now with the greatest bitterness and acrin10ny; and the san1e men who had called him our saviour, for bringing the prince safe out of Spain, called hiIn now the corrupter of the king, and betrayer of the liberties k rashly] furiously J passionately,] factiously, m declaration] declarations n might have easily] might easily ha\'c 45 BOOK I. ] 628. 46 THE HISTORY BOO K of the people, ,,,ithout iU1puting the least crime to I. hiIn, to have been cOlnmitted since the tilne of that 1628. exalted adulation, or that ,vas not then as HIuch kno,vn to them, as it could be no,v; so fluctuating and unsteady a testilnony is the applause of popular councils. That parlia- This indignation, I say, so transported the duke, ment and " t.he next that he thought 0 necessary to publIsh and InanIfest dissolved on t t f h h h h ld h acconnt of a grea er contemp 0 t en1 t an e s ou aye the duke. done; causing this and the next parliaillent to be quickly dissolved, as soon as they seell1ed to enter- tain counsels not grateful to hinI, and before he could ,veIl deterlnine and judge what their telnper ,vas in truth like to prove: and upon every dissolution, such as p had given any offence ,vere iInprisoned or dis- graced; ne\v projects were every day set on foot for money, ,vhich served only to offend and incense the people, and brought little supplies q to the king's occasions, yet raised a great stock for expostulation, 111urmur, and complaint, to be exposed ,vhen other supplies should be required. And many persons of the best quality and condition under the peerage ,vere con1mitted to several prisons, with circlun- stances unusual and unheard of, for refusing to pay money required by those extraordinary ,vays; and the duke hin1self ,vould passionately say, and fre- quently do, many things, ,vhich only grieved his friends and incensed his enenIies, and gave then1 as well the ability as the inclination to do hhn nIuch harn1. A war de- In this fatal conjuncture, and after lnany r several dared with I b . · F · h I f h . h }<"rance. cost y em aSSIes Into rance, In t east 0 ,v IC o thought] thought it P as] who q supplies] supply T nlany] Not in jJ,IS. '" OF 'rHE REllELLION. 47 the duke himself went, and brought triumphantly BOOK home with hin1 the queen, to the joy of the nation; I. in a tin1e, when all endeavours should have been 1 G28. used to have extinguished that l\Tar, in which the kings was so unhappily engaged against Spain, a new war was as precipitately det1ared against France; and the fleet, that had been un,varily designed to have surprised Cales, under a general very unequal to that great work, ,vas no sooner returned without success, and with much damage, than it t ,vas re- paired, and the arn1Y reinforced for the invasion of France; in ,vhich the duke was general hhnself, and made that unfortunate U descent upon the Isle of Rhé, which was quickly afterwards attended with many unprosperous attelnpts, and then ,vith a mise- rable retreat, in ,vhich the flower of the arlny ,vas lost. So that ho,v ill soever Spain and France were inclined to each other, they ,vere both bitter x ene- mies to England; \vhilst England itself ,vas so to- tally taken up with the thought of revenge upon the person ,vho they thought had been the cause of their distress, that they never considered, that the sad effects of it (if not instantly provided against) must inevitably destroy the kingdonl; and gave no truce to their rage, till the duke finishpd his course by a ,vicked assassination Y in the fourth year of the king, and the thirty-sixth of his age. John Felton, an obscure man in his own person, Z The assas- h h d b J d 1<1 . d I I Ii sination of \V 0 a een Jrc a so leI', an ate y a eutenant the duke of of a foot cOlll p an y , 'v hose ca p tain had been killed H I ucking- lalll. s king 1 kingdonl wicked means lllentioned be- t it] the fleet fore U unfortunate] notable z an obscure man in his own x bitter] mortal person,] an obscure person, Y a wicked assassination] the 48 THE HISTORY 1 G28, upon the retreat at the Isle of Rhé, upon \vhich he conceived that the COlTIpany of right ought to have been conferred upon him, and it being refused to him by the duke of Buckingham, general of the arn1Y, had g given up his comn1ission of lieutenant, and \vithdrawn himsel:' frOlTI the army. He was of a Inelancholic nature, and had little conversation with any body, yet of a gentlelnan's fan1ily in Suf- folk, of good fortune and reputation. From the time that he had quitted the arlny, he resided in London; when the house of COffilnons, transported with passion and prejudice against the duke of Buckinghau1, had accused him to the house of peers for several misdelneanours and n1iscarriages, and in some declaration had styled him, "the cause of all " the evils the kingdom suffered, and an enemy to " the public." SOlne transcripts of such expressions, (for the late licence of printing all lnutinous and seditious dis- courses was not yet in fashion,) and SOine general invectives he met \vith amongst the people, to Wh0111 that great lnan was not grateful, ,vrought so far upon this melancholic gentleman, that, by degrees, and (as he said upon SOlne of his examinations) by frequently hearing some popular preachers in the city, (who were not yet arrived at the presumption and in1pudence they have been since transported with,) he believed he should do God good service, if he killed the duke; which he shortly after re- solved to do. He chose no other instrument to do it with than an ordinary knife, which he bought of a con1n1on cutler for a shilling: and, thus provided, BOOK I. g had] he had OF THE REBELLIO . he repaired to Portsmouth, where he arrived the eve of St. Bartholome,v. The duke was then there, in order to the preparing and ll1aking ready the fleet and the army, with which he resolved in fe,v days to transport hill1self to the relief of Rochelle, ,vhich ,vas then straitly besieged by the cardinal Richelieu; i and for the k relief whereof the duke ,vas the more obliged, by reason that, at his being at the Isle of Rhé, he had received great supplies of victuals, 1 and some companies of their garrison Fron1 that to\vn, the ,vant of both which they were at this tÏIne very sensible 04 and grieved at. m This morning of St. Bartholo111e\v the duke had received letters, in ,vhich he ,vas advertised that Rochelle had relieved itself; upon ,vhich he directed that his breakfast might speedily be Inade ready, and he \vould make haste to acquaint the king ,vith the good news, the court being then at Southwick, the house of sir D?niel Norton, five miles fron1 Portslllouth. The chamber wherein he was dressing hÏInself ,vas full of company, of persons of quality, and officers of the fleet and arnlY. There ,vas monsieur de Souhize, brother to the duke of Rohan, and other French gentlemen, "Tho ,vere very solicitous for the elll barkation of the arnlY, and for the departure of the fleet for the re- lief of Rochelle; and they ,vere at that tilue n in nluch trouble and perplexity, out of apprehension that the news the duke had received that Inorning might slacken the preparations for the voyage, ,vhich i by the cardinal Richelieu ;] by the cardinal of Uichelieu ; k the] Not in iJ1S 1 VOL. 1. ) victuals,] victual, m at.] with. n at t hat time] at this time I } 49 BOOK I. 1628. BOOK I. 1628. QO THE HISTORY their impatience and interest persuaded then1 P were not advanced with expedition; and so they had then held 111uch discourse \vith the duke of the impossi- bility that his intelligence could be true, and that it was contrived by the artifice and dexterity of their enelnies, in order to abate the warmth and zeal that 'vas used for their relief, the arrival of which relief those enen1ies had q so 111uch reason to apprehend; and a little longer delay in sending it would ease theln of that terrible apprehension, their forts and works toward the sea and in the harbour being al- most finished. This ruscourse, according to the natural cust0l11 of that nation, and by the usual dialect of that lan- guage, was held with that passion and vehemence, that the standel's by, who understood not French, did believe that they were angry, r and that they used the duke rudely.s He being ready, and in- forilled that his breakfast was ready, drew to\vards the door, where the hangings were held up; and, in that t very passage, turning himself to speak with sir Thomas Fryer, a colonel of the army, who was then speaking near his ear, he was on the sudden struck over his shoulder upon the breast ,vith a knife; upon wh ch, without using any other ,vords but, U " The villain hath killed n1e," and in the same moment pulling out the knife himself, he fell do\vn dead, the knife having pierced his heart. No nlan had seen the blow, or the man ,vho gave x it; but in the confusion they \vere in, every Illan P them] Not in MS. q which relief those enenlies had] which they had r an ry] very angry 5 rudely.] very rudely. t that] the n but,] but that, x gave] made OF THE REBELLIO . made his own conjectures, and declared it as a thing known; most agreeing that it \vas done by the French, froln the angry discourse they thought they had Y heard from theIne And it was a kind of a miracle, that they ,vere not all killed in that in- stant; the sober Z sort, that preserved then1 from it, having the same opinion of their guilt, and only re- serving them for a Inore judicial examination and proceeding. In the crowd near the door there ,vas found upon the ground a hat, in the inside ,vhereof there ,vas se,ved upon the crown a paper, in which was a ,vrit four or five lines of that declaration made by the house of comnl0ns, in which they had styled the duke an enemy to the kingdoln, and under it a short ejacu- lation or two towards a prayer. It was easily enough concluded that. the hat belonged to the person ,vho had comlnitted the murder: but the difficulty }'e- mained still as great, 'v ho that person should be; for the writing discovered nothing of the nan1e; and ,vhosoever it was, it was very natural to believe that he was gone far enough not to be found without a hat. In this hurry, one running one way, another an- other way, a Inan ,vas seen walking before the door very COlllposedly ,vithout.a hat; whereupon one cry- ing out, " Here is the fello,v that killed the duke;" upon \vhich others run b thither, every body asking, " 'Vhich is he? \Vhich is he?" To ,vhich the man ,vithout the hat very composedly answered, "I alll "he." Thereupon some of those \vho \vere most y Imd] Not in A'IS. 'Z sober] soberer a was] were h run] ran E.2 .51 BOOK I. 1628. 5Q THE HISTORY 1628, furious, suddenly run c upon the luan with their dra\vn s,vords to kill hin1: but others, who were at least equally concerned in the loss, and in the sense of it, defended hilll; hinlself with open arms very . calmly and cheerfully exposing himself to the fury and swords of the Inost enraged, as being very \vill- ing to fall a sacrifice to their sudden anger, rather than to be kept for that deliberate justice, ,vhich he knew must be executed d upon him. He ,vas no,v known enough, and easily discovered to be that Felton, wholn ,ve mentioned before, ,vho had been a lieutenant in the arlny. He was quickly carried into a private roon1 by the persons of the best condition, son1e ,vhereof ,vere in authority, \vho first thought fit so far to disselnble, as to n1ention the duke only as grievously wounded, but not ,vithout hope of recovery. Upon ,vhich Felton s111iled, and said, he knew well enough f he had given hÎ1n a low, that had deternlined all their g hopes. Being then asked (which ,vas the discovery principally aimed at) by whose instigation he had perforlned that horrid and \vicked act, he ans,vered them with a wonderful assurance, "That they should not trou- " ble themselves in that inquiry; that no Dlan living " had credit or power enough ,vith h hiDl, to have " engaged or disposed him to such an action; that " he had never intrusted his purpose and resolution " to any man; that it proceeded only from himself " and the in1pulse i of his o\vn conscience; and that "the motives thereunto would appear, if his hat DOOK I. C run] ran d executed] exercised e only] only as f enough] Not in J18. g their] those h with] in i impulse] impulsion OF THE REBELLION. 53 " \vere found, in which he had therefore fixed them, BOOK " because he believed it very probable that he might I. " perish in the attempt. He confessed that he had 1628. " come to the to\vn but the night before, and had " kept his lodging, that he lllight not be seen or " taken notice of; and that he had COine that morn- " ing to the duke's lodging, \vhere he had \vaited at " the door for his coming out; and \vhen he found, " by the motions within, that he was cODling, he " drew to the door, as if he held up the hanging; " and sir Thomas Fryer speaking with k the duke, " as hath been said, and being of a luuch lower sta- " ture than the duke, \vho a little inclined towards " hiln, he took the opportunity of giving the blow " over his shoulders." I He spoke very frankly of what he had done, and bore the reproaches of those who spoke to hÏ1n, \vith the telnper of a man who thought he had not done aluiss. But after he had been in prison son1e tinle, \vhere he \vas treated without any rigour, anù with humanity enough; and before, and at his tria], \vhich was about four months after, at the king's bench bar, he behaved himself with great modesty and wonderful repentance; being, as he said, convinced in his conscience, that he had done wickedly, and asked the pardon of t:qe king, the duchess, and of all the duke's servants, wholl1 he ackno,yledged to have offended; and very earnestly besought the judges, that he Inight have his hand struck off, with which he had performed that inlpious act, be- fore he should be put to death. The court was too near Ports111outh, and too The. k.ing's reccl\"lng k with] at that time to I shoulders. ] shoulder. E3 54 'l'II.E IIIS 'OR Y BOO K lllany courtiers upon the place, to have this lllurder I. (so barbarous m in the nature and circumstances, the 1628. like ,vhereof had not been kno,vn in England nlanyn the news of the duke's ages) long concealed fronl the king. His lllajesty death. ,vas at the public prayers of the church, ,vhen sir John Hippesly came into the room, ,vith a troubled countenance, and, without any pause in l espect of the exercise they were perfornling, ,vent directly to the king, and ,vhispered in his ear what had fallen out. His lllajesty continued unilloved, and ,vithout the least change in his countenance, till prayers were ended; ,,,hen he suddenly departed to his chanlber, and threw hhnself upon his bed, lamenting with luuch passion, and with abundance of tears, the loss he had of an excellent servant, and the horrid nlan- ner in which he had been deprived of hinl; and he continued in this melancholic 0 disconlposure of mind 11lany days. Yet his manner of P receiving the ne,vs in public, ,\rhen it ,vas first brought him q in the presence of so many, (,vho knew or saw nothing of the passion he expressed upon his retreat,) Inade nlany men be- lieve, r that the accident ,vas not very ungrateful; at least, that it "ras very indifferent to him; as being riù of a servant very ungracious to the people, and the prejudice to' ,vhose person exceedingly ohstructed all overtures 111ade in parlialnent for his service. And, upon this observation, persons of all condi- tions took great licence in speaking of the person of the duke, and dissecting all his infirnlities, believing m barbarous] wonderful n many] in many n melancholic] melancholic and phis nlanner of] the n1allllCr of his q him] to hinI r believe,] to believe, OF' 'l"HE REBELLION. 55 they should not thereby incur any displeasure of the BOO K king's.s In which they took very ill measures; for 1. from that tin1e aln10st to the time of his o\vn death, 1628. the king admitted very few into any degree of trust, who had ever discovered themselves to be enemies to the duke, or against whom he had t manifested a notable prejudice. And sure never any prince ex- pressed a more lively u regret for the loss of a ser- vant, than his nlajesty did for this great man, in his constant favour and kindness to his wife and chil- dren, in all offices of grace towards his servants, and in a wonderful solicitous care for the paYlllent of his debts; \vhich, it is very true, were contracted for his majesty's service; though in such a nlanner, that there renlained no evidence of it, nor were any of the duke's officers intrusted with the kno\vledge of it, nor any record kept of it, but in the king's own generous melllory. x This great man Y was a person of a noble nature, A character and generous disposition, and of such other endo\v.. of the duke. ments, as made him very capable of being a great favourite to a great king. He understood the arts z of a court, and all the learning that is professed there, exactly well. By long practice in business, S king's.] king. t had] had ever U expressed a more lively] Inanifested a nlost lively x in all offices-generous me- ulory.] Thus in MS.: in a won- derful solicitous care for the payment of his debts, (which, it is very true, were contracted for his service; though in such a manner, that there remained no evidence of it, nor was any of the duke's officers intrusted with the knowledge of it, nor was there any record of it, but in his n1ê jesty's own generous Inemory,) dnd all offices of grace towards his servants. Y This great man] The ...vIS. begins thus: After all this, and such a transcendant mixture of ill fortune, of which as ill con- duct and great infinnities seeln to be the foundation and source, this great man, &c. z arts] arts and artifices E4 56 rrHE HIS1."ORY 1628. under a master that discoursed excellently, and sure- ly knew all things ,vonderfully, and took nluch de- light in indoctrinating hi young unexperienced fa- vourite, "rho, he knew, "rould be always looked upon as the worklnanship of his o"rn hands, he had ob- tained a quick conception, and apprehension of busi- ness, and had the habit of speaking very gracefully and pertinently. He ,vas of a Inost flo\ving courtesy and affability to all men who made any address to hin1; and so desirous to oblige thenl, that he did not enough consider the value of the obligation, or the merit of the person he chose to oblige; from which much of his misfortune resulted. He was of a courage not to be daunted, which was nlanifested in all his actions, and in a his contests with particu- lar persons of the greatest reputation; and especially in his \vhole demeanour at the Isle of Rhé, both at the landing and upon the retreat; in both which no lllan ,vas more fearless, or In ore ready to expose him- self to the highest h dangers. His kindness and af- fection to his fliends ,vas so vehement, that they \vere as C so many marriages for better and \vorse, and so many leagues offensive and defensive; as if he thought himself obliged to love all his friends, and to Inake ,val' upon all they were angry \\Tith, let the cause be ,vhat it would. And it cannot be de- nied that he ,,"as an enemy in the saine excess, and prosecuted those he looked upon as his enemies \vith the utmost rigour and animosity, and \vas not easily induced to d reconciliation. And yet there ,vere sonle exalnples of his receding in that particular. And BOOK I. a in] Not in IVIS. b hi;yhest ] brio'htest o 0 c t hey were as] it was d to] to a OF THE REBELLION. \vhen he was e in the highest passion, he was so far from stooping to any dissimulation, whereby his dis- pleasure 11light be concealed and covered till he had attained his revenge, (the low method of courts,) that he never endeavoured to do any man an ill office, before he first told him what he was to expect from him, and reproached him with the injuries he had done, ,vith so 11luch generosity, that the person found it in his power to receive further satisfaction, in the ,yay he would choose for himself. In f this manner he proceeded with the earl of Oxford, a man of great name in that time, and whom he had endeavoured by many civil offices to make his friend, and who seenled equally to incline to the friendship: when he discovered (or, as Inany thought, but suspected) that the earl ,vas entered into some cabal in parlianlent against him; he could not be dissuaded by any of his friends, to '\vhom he imparted his resolution; but Ineeting the earl the next day, he took hiln aside, and after nlany re- proaches for such and such ill offices he had done hiln b, and for breaking his ,vord towards him, he told hiln, "he would rely no longer on his friend- " ship, nor should he expect any further friendship "fron1 hinI, but, on the contrary, he ,vould be for " ever his enenlY, and do hilTI all the mischief he "could." The earl, (,vho, as many thought, had not been faulty to,vards hinl, was as great-hearted as he, and thought the very suspecting hÌln to be an injury unpardonable,) without any reply to the particulars, declared, " that he neither cared for his " friendship, nor feared his hatred;" and froln thence e when he was] Not in MS. f In] And in g him] Not in IJIS. 57 BOOK I. ] 628, 58 'rHE I-II8'rOJl Y ] 628. avowedly entered into the conversation and confi- dcnce of those who \vere ahvays a,vake to discover, and solicitous to pursue, any thing that might prove to l]is disadvantage; which ,vas of evil consequence to the duke, the earl being of the n10st ancient of the nobility, and a 111an of great courage, and of a family which had in no time swerved froIll its fide- lity to the cro,vn. Sir Francis Cottington, who was secretary to the prince, and not grown courtier enough to dissemble h his opinion, had given the duke offence before his i journey into Spain, as is before touched upon, and inlproved that prejudice, after his cOIning thither, by disposing the prince all he could to the Inarriage of the infanta; and by his behaviour after his re- turn, in justifying to king James, '\Tho had a very good opinion of him, the sincerity of the Spaniard in the treaty of the n1arriage, "That they did in " truth desire it, and were fully resolved to gratify " his majesty in the business of the palatinate; and " only desired, in the manner of it, to gratify the " elnperor and the duke of Bavaria all they k could, " which \vould take up very little tÎlne." All ,vhich being so contrary to the duke's purposes and resolu- tions, I his displeasure to Cottington was sufficiently Inanifest. And king J alnes ,vas no sooner dead, and the ne\v officers and orders made, but the profits and privileges which had used to be continued to him who had been secretary, till SOlne other pronlo- tion, \vere all retrenched. And ,vhen he ,vas one morning attending in the privy lodgings, as he ,vas BOOK I. h dissemble] dissemble well j his] the Ii. they] he I purposes and resolutions,] positions and purposes, .. OF THE n,EBELLION. accustonled to do, one of the secretaries of state canIe to him, and told him, "that it was the king's " pleasure he m should no more presume to conle "into those roonls;" (which ,vas the first instance he had received of the king's disfavour;) and at the sanle instant the duke entered into that quarter. Sir Francis Cottington n addressed hinlself towards hitn, and desired "he would give hiln leave to speak to " hiln:" upon which the duke inclining his ear, moved to a ,,,indo,v from the cOlllpany, and the other told hiln, "that he received every day fresh marks of his " severity;" mentioned the message which had been then delivered to him, and desired only to kno,v, " lvhether it could not be in his power, by all du- " tiful application, and all possible service, to be re- "stored to the good opinion his grace had once " vouchsafed to have of him, and to be adlnitted to " serve hitn?" The duke heard hitn withou t the least comnlotion, and with a countenance serene enough, and then ans,vered hinI, "That he ,vould ., deal very clearly \vith hiln; that it was utterly " inlpossible to bring that to pass which he had pro- " posed: that he was not only firlnly resolved never " to trust hinl, or to have to do ,vith hin1; but that " he ,vas, and \vould be ahvays, his declared enelny; " and that he ,,,ould do ahvays whatsoever 0 should " be in his po\ver to ruin and destroy hinl, and of " this he might he most assured;" ,vithout nIention- ing any 11articular ground for his 80 heightened ills.. 11leasure. The other very calnlIy replied to hiUl, (as he "as m he] that he n Sir }"rancis CottingtonJ Upon which sir "rancis Cot- tington o whatsoever] whatcver 59 B 00 I I. 1628. 60 THE HISTORY 1628. master of an incomparable temper,) "That since he " \vas resolved never to do hhn good, he P hoped, " ffoln his justice and generosity, that he would not " suffer himself to gain by his loss; that he had laid " out by his command so luuch money for jew.els " and pictures, ,vhich he had received: and that, in " hope of his future favour, he had once presented , a suit of hangings to him, which cost him 800t. " which he hoped he would cause to be restored to " hhn, and that he would not let hhn be so great " a loser by him." The duke answered, "he was " in the right; that he should the next morning go " to OHver, (who was his receiver,) and give hiIn a " particular account of all the nloney due to him, "and he should presently pay hÍ1n:" which was done the next morning accordingly, \vithout the least abatelnent of any of his demands. And he was so far reconciled to him before his death, that being resolved to make peace q \vith Spain, to the end he might more vigorously pursue the war \vith France, (to which his heart was most passionately fixed,) he sent for Cottington to cOlne to hhn, and after conference with him, told hinl, " the king would send hhn alnbassador thither, and " that he should attend him at Portsmouth for his " despatch." His single nlisfortune ,vas, (which indeed was productive of l11any greater,) that he never l11ade a noble and a \vorthy friendship with a lTIan o near his equal, that he \vould frankly advise hÍJn for his honour and true interest, against the current, or ra- ther the torrent, of his iInpetuous passion; \vhich BOOK I. P he] that he q peace] a peace OF THE REBELLIOS. 61 was partly the vice of the time, when the court was not replenished ,vith great choice of excellent lllen; and partly the vice of the persons ,vho were luost worthy to be applied to, and looked upon his youth, and his obscurity before his rise f, as obligations upon him to gain their friendships by extraordinary ap- plication. Then his ascent was so quick, that it seenled rather a flight than a growth; and he ,vas such a darling of fortune, that he was at the top before he was well S seen at the bottom; t and, as if he had been born a favourite, he was supreme the first month he canle to court; and it was want of confidence, not of credit, that he had not all at first which he obtained afterwards; never meeting with the least obstruction from his setting out, till he was as great as he could be: so that he ,vanted depend- ants before he thought he could want coadjutors. Nor "'"as he very fortunate in the election of those dependants, very few of his servants having been ever qua1ified enough to assist or advise hinl; and they U were intent only upon gro,ving rich under him, not upon their master's growing good as well as great: insomuch as he ,vas throughout his for- tune a much wiser lllan than any servant or friend he had. Let the fault or misfortune be what or whence it will, it may reasonably x be believed, that, if he had been blessed with one faithful friend, who had been qualified with wisdom and integrity, that great per- son ,,,ould have comulitted as few faults, and done 1" before his rise] Not in MS. s well] Not in lJtlS. t bottom ;] lJlS. adds: for the gradation of his titles was the effect, not cause, of his first pro- motion; \1 they] Not in lJtlS. x reasonably] very reasonably BOOK I. 1 fi28. 62 THE HIS'rOR Y 1628. as transcendent worthy actions, as any man who shined in such a sphere in that age in Europe. For he was of an excellent disposition,Y and of a mind z very capable of advice and counsel. He was in his nature just and candid, liberal, generous, and boun- tiful; nor ,vas it ever known, that the tenlptation of money swayed him to do an unjust or unkind thing. And though he left a very great estate a to his heirs; considering the vast fortune he inherited by his wife, the sole daughter and heir of Francis earl of Rutland, he owed no part of it to his own industry or solicitation, but to the hnpatient humour of two kings his nlasters, who would l11ake his for- tune equal to his titles, and the one as 111uch b above other men, as the other was. And he considered it no otherwise than as theirs, and left it at his death engaged for the cro,vn, al1nost o the value of it, as is touched upon before. If he had an imnloderate ambition, with which he was charged, and is a weed (if it be a weed) apt to grow in the best soils; it doth not appear that it was in his nature, or that he brought it ,vith hin} to the court, but rather found it there, and was a gar- nlent necessary for that air . Nor ,vas it nlore in his power to be ,vithout pro111otion, and titles, and wealth, than for a healthy man to sit in the sun in the brightest dog-days, and rell1ain without any warlnth. He needed no alnbition, who was so seated in the hearts of two such masters. There are two particulars, which lie heaviest upon his nlelnory, either of them aggravated by cir- cumstances very important, and which administer BOOK I. Y disposition,] nature, Z mind] capacity a estate] inheritance b as much] Not in M.'{ . OF 1. HE REBELI ION. 63 frequent occasions by their effects to be remem- BOO K bered. I. The first, his engaging his old unwilling master 1628. and the kingdom in the war with Spain, (not to mention the bold journey thither, or the breach of that nlatch,) in a time when the crown was so poor, and the people more inclined to a bold inquiry, how it caIne to be so, than dûtiful c to provide for its supply: and this only upon personal animosities be- tween hilTI and the duke of Olivarez, tIle sole fa- vourite in that court, and those anÎlllosities from very trivial provocations, which d flowed indeed from no other fountain, than that the nature and educa- tion of Spain restrained men from that gaiety and frolic humour, e to which the prince's court was more inclined. And Olivarez had been heard to censure .. very severely the duke's fallliliarity and want of re- spect towards the prince, (a crhne monstrous to the Spaniard,) and had said, that "if the infanta did " not, as soon as she was Inarried, suppress that li- " cence, she would herself quickly undergo the mis- " chief of it:" which gave the first alarm to the duke to apprehend his own ruin in that union, and accordingly to use all his endeavours to break and prevent it: and from that tiine he took all occasions to quarrel ,vith and reproach the Conde duke. One morning the king desired the prince to take the air, and to visit a little house of pleasure he had (the Prado) four miles from Madrid, standing in a forest, where he used SOllletimes to hunt; and the duke not being ready, the king and the prince and C dutiful] dutifully d which] and e from that gaiety and frolic humour,) from that gaiety of humour, and from that frolic humour, BOOK I. 1628. 64 THE HISTORY t}le infante don Carlos went into the coach, the king like\vise calling the earl of Bristol into that coach to assist theln in their conversation, the l)rince then not speaking any Spanish; and left Olivarez to fol- low in the coach with the duke of Buckingham. 'Vhen the duke came, they went into the coach, acconlpanied with others of both nations, and pro- ceeded very cheerfully towards the f overtaking the king: but when upon the way he heard that the earl of Bristol was in the coach with the king, he broke out into a b great passion, reviled the Conde duke as the contriver of the affront, reproached the earl of Bristol for his presunlption, in taking the place which in all respects belonged to him, who was joined with him as ambassador extraordinary, and canle last fron1 the presence of his h master, and resolved to go out of the coach, and to return to 1\Iadrid. Olivarez easily discovered by the disorder, and the noise, and the tone, that the duke was very angry, without comprehending the cause of it; only found that the earl of Bristol \vas often named \vith such a tone, that he began i to suspect what in truth might be the cause. And thereupon he commanded a gentleman, \vho was on horseback, \vith all speed to overtake the king's coach, and desire that it might stay; intimating, that the duke had taken some displeasure, the ground ","hereof was not enough understood. Upon \vhich the king's coach stayed; and when the other approached within dis- tance, the Conde duke alighted, and acquainted the king with what he had observed, and what he con- ceived. The king himself alighted, made great COlll- f the] rot ill lJ1S. g a] r(}f i1l1 JS. h his] tlteir i begun] begnn OF THE REBELLION. pliments to the duke, the earl of Bristol excusing himself upon the king'1s command, that he should serve as interpreter. i In the end don Carlos went into the coach with the favourite, and the duke and the earl of Bristol went with the king and the prince; and so they prosecuted their journey, and after dinner returned in the same manner to 1\1a- drid. This, \vith all the CirCUlTIstances of it, adminis- tered wonderful occasion of discourse in the court and country, there having never been such a C0111et seen in that hemisphere; their k subrniss reverence to their princes being a vital part of their religion. There were very few days passed afterwards, in \vhich there was not some manifestation of the high- est displeasure and hatred in the duke against the earl of Bristol. J And when the Conde duke had some eclaircissement with the duke, in which he made all the protestations of his sincere affection, and his desire to nlaintain a clear and faithful friend- ship with him, which he conceived might be, in some degree, useful to both their Inasters; the other rc- ceived his protestations \vith all contelnpt, and de- clared, with a very unnecessary frankness, "that he " would have no friendship with him." The next m day after the king returned frolTI ac- companying the prince towards the sea, where, at parting, there were all possible demonstrations of mutual affection between thenl; the king n caused a fair pillar to he erected in the place \vhere they last emhraced each other, with inscriptions of great i interpreter.] a trnstman. k their] and their I the earl of nristol.] the VOlh I. other. m The next] And the next n the king] anrl the king ,þ' 65 BOOK I. 1628. BOOK I. 1628. G(j rrf-IE HISTORY honour to the prince; there being then in that court not the least suspicion, or imagination, that the l11ar- riage would not succeed. Insoilluch that after,vards, upon the news fr0111 Ronle, that the dispensation was granted, the prince having left the desponsorios in the hands of the earl of Bristol, in ,vhich the in- fante don Carlos was constituted the prince's proxy to Inarry the infanta on his behalf; she ,vas treated as princess of 'Vales, the queen gave her place, and the English alubassador had frequent audiences, as with his luistress, in which he \vould not be covered: yet, I say, the very next day after the prince's de- parture fr0111 the king, Mr. Clark, one of the prince's bedchalnber, ,vho had fornlerly served the duke, ,vas sent back to Madrid, upon pretence that somewhat was forgotten there, but in truth, with orders to the earl of Bristol not to deliver the desponsorios (,vhich, by the articles, he was obliged to do within fifteen days after the al:rival of the dispensation) until he should receive further orders fronl the prince, or king, after his return into England. 1\11'. Clark was not to deliver this letter to the ambassador, till he ,vas sure tIle dispensation ,vas come; of which he could not be advertised in the instant. But he lodging in the alnbassador's house, and falling sick of a calenture, which the physicians thought would prove mortal, he sent for the earl to COlne to his bed side, and delivered hinl the letter before the arrival of the dispensation, though long after it ,vas known to be granted; upon \vhich all those ceremonies \vere perfoI'lned to the infanta. By these means, and by this Inethod, this great affair, upon which the eyes of Christendo111 had been so long fixed, caIne to he dissolved.. ,vithout the least OF r.rI-IE REBELLION. 67 mixture \vith, or contribution from, those an10nrs, which were afterwards so confidently discoursed of. For though the duke was naturally carried violently to those pq.ssions, \vhen there was any grace or beaut.y in the object; yet the duchess of Olivarez, of whom was the talk,O was then a woman so old, past children, of so abject a presence, in a \vord, so crooked and deformed, that she could neither telnpt his appetite, nor P lnagnify his revenge. And \vhat- soever q he did afterwards in England ,vas but tueri OjJU8, and to prosecute the design he had, upon the -reason and provocation r aforesaid, so long hefore contrived during his abode in Spain. The other particular, by '\vhich he involved hiIn- self in so many fatal intricacies, from ,vhich he could never extricate hin1self, ,vas, his running violently into the ,var with France, ,vithout any kind of pro- vocation, and upon a particular passion vel'lY un,var- }'Iantable. In his embassy in France, where his per- son and presence was ,vonderfully adn1ired and es- teemed, (and in truth it was a wonder in the eyes of all men,) and in which he appeared ,vith all thp lustre the wealth of England could adorn hiI!l with, and outshined all the bravery that court could dress itself in, and overacted the whole nation in their own most peculiar vanities; he had the alnbition to fix hi eyes upon, and to dedicate his 1110st violent affection to, a lady of a very sublin1e quality, and to }1UrSUe it ,vith Inost importunate addresses: inso- much as when the king had brought the queen hig sister as far as he meant to do, and delivered her BOOK I. 1628. o was the talk,] the talk was, P nor] or whatsoever] wlmte\'er r reason amI provocation] reasons anù provo('atioJ} to' 2 BOOK I. 1628. 68 THE HISTORY into the hands of the duke, to be by hÍ1n conducted into England; the duke, in his journey, after the S departure from that court, took a resolution once more to make a visit to that great lady, which he believed he might do with Inuch t privacy. But it was so easily discovered, that provision was ll1ade for his reception; and if he had pursued his attelnpt, he had been without doubt assassinated; of which he had only so much notice, as served hin1 to de- cline the danger. But he swore, in the instant, " that he would see and speak with that lady, in " spite of the strength and power of France." And from the tÍ1ne that the queen arrived in England, he took all the ways he could to undervalue and exasperate that court and nation, by causing all those who fled into England from the justice and displeasure of that king, to be received and enter- tained here, not only with ceremony and security, but with bounty and lnagnificence; and the Inore extraordinary the persons were, and the nlore noto- rious their U king's displeasure was to,vards them, (as in that tin1e there were very n1any lords and ladies in those circl n1stances, X) the more respectfully they were received and esteemed. He omitted no opportunity to incense the king against France, and to dispose hÏ1n to assist the Hugonots, whom he likewise encouraged to give their king some trouble. And, which was worse than all this, he took great pains to lessen the king's affection towards his young queen, being exeeedingly jealous, lest her interest might be of force enough to cross his other designs: 5 the] his t much] great 11 theil') the x in those circumstances,] of that cla.. sis, OF THE REBELLION. 69 and in this stratagem, he so far swerved from the BOOK instinct of his nature and his proper inclinations,. J. that he, who was compounded of all the elelnents 1628. of affability and courtesy towards all kind of people, had brought hÍ1nself to a h bit of neglect, and even of rudeness, towards the queen. One day, when he unjustly apprehended that she had shewed some disrespect to his lTIother, in not going to her lodging at an hour she had intended to go,Y and was hindered by a mere Z accident, he caIne into her chamber in ll1uch passion, and, after some expostulations rude enough, he told her, " she should " repent it." Her lnajestya answering with some quickness, he replied insolently to her, "that there " had been queens in England, who had lost their "heads." And it was universally kno,vn, that, dur- ing his life, the queen never had any credit with the king, with reference to any public affairs, and so could not divert the resolution ofnlaking a war with France. The ,var \vith Spain had found the nation in a surfeit of a long peace, and in a disposition inclin- able enough to war ,vith that nation, which might put an end to an alliance the lnost ungrateful to them, and which they most feared, and from whence no other damage had yet befallen thenl, than a chargeable and unsuccessful voyage by sea, without the loss of ships or lnen. But a war with France must be carried on at another rate and expense. Besides, the nation was weary and surfeited with the first, before the second was entered upon; and it was very visible to wise men, that when the ge- Y go,] do, 7 mere] very. a Her majesty] And her majesty F3 70 THE HISTORY ] 628. neral trade of the kingdom, fron1 whence the sup... port of the crown principally resulted, should be ut- terlyextinguished with France, as it was ,vith Spain, and interrupted or obstructed with all other places, (as it must be, in a great llleasure, b in a ,val', how prosperously soever carried on,) the effects would be very sad, and involve the king in lllany perplexities; and it could not but fall out accordingly. Upon the return from Cales without success, though all the ships, and, upon the matter, all the 111en ,vere seen, (for though SOlne had so surfeited in the vineyards, and with the wines, that they had Leen left behind, the generosity of the Spaniards had sent thelll all home again;) and though by that fleet's putting in at PlYlllouth, near two hundred llliles fron1 London, there could be but very C imper- fect relations, and the news of yesterday ,vas con- tradicted by d the morrow; besides that e the expe- dition had been undertaken by the advice of the parliament, and with an universal approbation of the people, so that nobody could reasonably speak loudly against it; yet, not\vithstanding all this, tIle ill success \vas heavily borne, and inlputed to in con- duct; the principal officers of the fleet and arulY di... vided anlongst thell1selves, and all united in their 111UrmUrs against the general, the lord viscount \VÏ1u- bledon; who, though an old officer in Holland, ,vas never thought equal to the enterprise f. In a ,vord, there was indisposition enough quickly discovered against the war itself, that it ,vas easily discerned it nOOK J. b in a great measure,] 1\"'ot in .J'1 S. C there could be but very] So thdt there could be \ery d by] Not in MS, e that] Not in iUS. t" enterprise] MS. adds: and had in truth little more of a Holland officer than the pride and forma1it). OF THE R} BEI4LION. 71 \vollld not be pursued \vith the vigour it was en- BOO K tered into, nor carried on by any cheerful contribu- I. tion of nloney frolll the public. But the running into this war with France (frolll ,vhence the queen ,vas so newly and g joyfully re- ceived) ,vithout any colour of reason, or so much as the formality of a declaration from the king, con- taining the ground, and IJrovocation, and end of it, according to custOlll and obligation in the like cases, (for it was observed that the manifesto h which was published was in the duke's own nanle, ,vho went adnliral and general of the expedition,) opened the mouths of all men to inveigh against it ,,"ith all bit- terness, and the sudden ill effects of it, manifested in the return of the fleet to Portsmouth, within such a distance of London, that nothing could be con- cealed of the loss sustained; in \vhich nlost noble falllilies found a son, or a i brother, or near kinsnlan wanting, without such circumstances of their deaths which are usually the consolations and reC0111penSes _ of such catastrophes. rrhe retreat had been a rout ,vithout an enemy, and the French had their re- venge by the disorder and confusion of the English themselves; in ,vhich great nunlbers of noble and ignoble were crowded to death, or drowned ,vithout the help of an ene111Y: and as sOlne k thousands of the COllllllon men ,vere wanting, so few of those principal officers \v ho attained I to a name in war, and by ,vhose courage and experience any ,val' was to he conducted, could he found. The effects of this overthrow did not at first ap- 1628. g and] and so 11 Inanifesto] declaration i a] Not in .IJ-lS. k some] many 1 attained] had attained :F 4 7 THE HISTORY 1628. pear in whispers, murmurs, and invectives, as the retreat m frolll Cales had done; but produced such a general consternation over the face of the whole nation, as if all the armies of France and Spain were united together, and had covered the land: l11utinies in the fleet and army, under pretence of their want of pay, (whereof no doubt there was much due to then1,) but in truth, out of detestation of the service, and the authority of the duke. The counties throughout the kingdonl were so incensed, and t eir affections poisoned, that they refused to suffer the soldiers to be billetted upon them; by ,vhich they often under\vent greater inconveniences and 111ischiefs than they endeavoured to prevent. The endeavour to raise new 111en for the recruit of the army by pressing (the usual n method that had comlllonly () been practised upon such occasions) found opposition in many places; and the autho- rity by which it \vas done not submitted to, as being counted P illegal. This q produced a resolt to martial law, by which lllany were executed; which raised an asperity in the lllinds of Dlore than of the comn10n people. And this distelllper ,vas so uni- versal, that r the least spark still llleeting with C0111- bustible 111atter enough to lllake a flallle, all S wise men looked upon it as the prediction of the destruc- tion and dissolution that would follow. Nor was there a serenity in the countenance of any lllan, \vho had age and experience enough to consider things to COllle; but only in those who wished the ßOOK I. m retreat] retirement n usual] only o commonly] ever P being counted] Not in l11ð. II This] which r that] Not in friS. 5 all] that all OF rfHE REBELLION, destruction of the duke, and thought it could not be purchased at too dear a price, and looked upon this flux of humours as an inevitable way to bring it to pass. And it cannot be denied, that fr01TI these two wars so wretchedly entered into, and the circunl- stances before mentioned, and ,vhich flowed from thence, the duke's ruin took its date; and never left pursuing him, till that execrable act upon his person; the malice whereof was contracted by that sole evil spirit of the time, witl10ut any partner in the conspiracy. And the venom of that season in- creased and got vigour, until, from one licence to another, it proceeded till the nation was corrupted to tllat lllonstrous degree, that it grew satiated, and ,veary ... of the governlnent itself; under \v hich it had enjoyed a greater measure of felicity, than any na... tion was ever possessed of; and which could never be continued to them, but under the same govern- ment t . And as these calalnities originally sprung fron1 the inordinate appetite and passion of this young man, under the too much easiness of two in- dulgent In asters, and the concurrence of a thousand other accidents; so, U if he had lived longer, x the ob- servation and experience he had gained Y , which had very n1uch improved his understanding, with the greatness of his spirit, and jealousy of his In aster's honour, (to whom his fidelity was superior to any tClnptation,) might have repaired many of the incon- veniences which he had introduced, and would have t government] Not in MS. u so,] so that, x longer,] MS. adds: (for he was taken away at the age of thirty-six years) y gained] Not in MS. 73 BOOK I. 1628. 74 ï"IIE HISï"ORY BOO [{ prevented the n1ischiefs which \vere the natural ef- I. fects of those causes. 1628. t There were Dlany stories scattered abroad at that An accoun of a predic- time, of several prophecies and predictions of the tion of the d k ' . I d . I d A dulie's U -e s untune y an VIO ent eath. l110ngst the death. t th I . h b .L': res ere was one, w llC ,vas upon a etter 10lU1- dation of credit than usually such discourses are founded upon. There was an officer in the king's wardrobe in Windsor castle, of a good reputation for honesty and discretion, and then about the age of fifty years, or Inore. This Inan had, in his youth, been bred in a school, in the parish where sir George Villiers, the father of the duke, lived, and had been 111uch cherished and obliged, in that season of his age, by the said sir George, wholn afterwards he never saw. About six l11onth8 before the Iniserable end of the duke of Buckinghanl, about midnight, this man being in his bed at Windsor, where his office was, and in a Z very good health, there ap- peared to hhn, on the side of his bed, a lna11 of a very venerable aspect, who dre\v the curtains of his Lcd, and, fixing his eyes upon hÍ111, asked hil11, if he kne\v him. The poor l11an, half dead \vith fear and apprehension, being asked the second till1C, whether he renlembered hitn; and having in that tÏ1ne called to his Inelnory tIle presence of sir George Villicrs, and the very clothes he used to weal', in \vhich at that tilne he seemed to be habited, he an- s\vered him a, " that he thought him to be that }Jer- "son." He replied, "he was in the right; that he " ,vas the same, and that he expected a service froul 7 a] Þlut i I MS. a hiln] Nut ill ftIS. O:F 'l"HE ItEBELLION. " hinl; which was, that he should go fro111 hin1 to " his son the duke of Buckingham, and tell him, if " he did not b somewhat to ingratiate himself to the " people, or, at least, to abate the extreme nlalice " they had against him, he ,vould be suffered to live " but C a short tilDe." After rl this discourse he dis- a}Jpeared; and the poor l11an, if he had been at all ,vaking, slept very well till nlorning, when he be- lieved all this to be a dream, and considered it no otherwise. The next night, or shortly after, the same person appeared to him again in the san1e place, and about the san1C time of the night, ,vith an aspect a little more severe than before, and asked hinl, whether he had done as he had required bÍIn: and perceiving he had not, gave hÍ111 very severe e reprehensions; told hinl, " he expected more c0111pliance from him; " and that, if he did not perform his conu11allds, he " should enjoy 110 peace of mind, but should be al- " ways pursued by him;" upon which, he promised hin1 to obey him. But the next morning waking out of a good sleep, though he was exceedingly per- plexed with the lively representation of all particu- lars to his menlory, he was "Tilling still to persuade hin1self that he had only dreamed; and considered, that he was a person at such a distance from the duke, that he knew not ho,v to find any adn1ission to his presence, much less had any hope to be be- lieved in what he should say. So f ,vith great trouble and unquietness, he spent some time in thinking b did not] did not do c: but] Nut -in MS. d t\ftcr] And after e severe] sharp f So] And so 7'5 BUOK I. ] 628. 76 TIlE I-IISTORY 1628. what he should do, and in the end resolved to do nothing in the n1atter. The san1e person appeared to him the third tin1c, \vith a teITible countenance, and bitterly reproach- ing him for not performing what he had pro111ised to do. The poor man had by this tÎIne recovered the courage to tell hin1, "That in truth he had de- "ferred the execution of his con1mands, upon con- " sidering, how difficult a thing it ,vould be for hin1 " to get any access to the duke, having acquaintance " ,vith no person about hinl; and if he could obtain " admission to hin1, he should never be able to per- " suade him, that he ,vas sent in such a manner; " but he should at best be thought to be mad, or to " be set on and employed, by his own or the malice " of other men, to abuse the duke; and so he should " be sure to be undone." The person replied, as he had done before, "That he should never find rest, "till he should perform \vhat he required; and " therefore he were better to despatch it: that the " access to his son ,vas known to be very easy; and " that few men waited long for him: and for the " gaining him credit, he would tell him t\VO or three " particulars, ,vhich he charged hin1 never to lnen- " tion to any person living, but to the duke hÜnself; " and he should no sooner hear then1, but he would " believe all the rest he should say;" and so repeat- ing his threats g he left him. In h the morning, the poor man, more confirmed by the last appearance, made his journey to London; where the court then \vas. He ,vas very well known BOOK I. g repeating his threats] rE'peated his threats h In] And in OF THE REBELLION, to sir Ralph Freeman, one of the masters of re- quests, who had married a lady that was nearly al- lied to the duke, and was himself well received by hÍll1. To him this man went; and though he did not acquaint hÍ1n with all particulars, he said enough to him to let him see there was somewhat extraordi- nary in it; and the knowledge he had of the sobriety and discretion of the man made the more impression in him. He desired that "by his means he might be " brought to the duke; to such a place, and in such " a manner, as should be thought fit:" affirming, i " That he had much to say to him; and of such a " nature, as would require much privacy, and some " time and patience in the hearing." Sir Ralph pro- mised " he would speak first with the duke of hinl, " and then he should understand his pleasure:" and accordingly, in the first opportunity, he did inform him of the reputation and honesty of the lnan, and then what he desired, and of all he kne,v of the matter. The duke, according to his usual openness and condescension, told him," That he \vas the next " day early to hunt with the king; that his horses " should attend him at Lambeth-bridge, where he " would land by five of the clock in the morning; " and if the man attended hiln there at that hour, "he would walk, and speak with him, as long as " should be necessary." Sir Ralph carried the man with him the next morning, and presented him to the duke at his landing, who received him courte- ously; and walked aside in conference near an hour, none but his own servants being at that hour in that place; and they and sir Ralph at such a distance, i affirmin ,] No' i17 .J1S. 77 BOOK I. 1628. BOOK I. I (i28. 78 1'IIE I-IISTORY that they could not hear a ,vord, though the duke sometimes spoke, and with great cOffilnotion; ,vhich sir Ralph the more easily observed, and perceived, because he kept his eyes ahvays fixed upon the duke; having procured the conference, upon some- what he kne,v there was of extraordinary. And the man told hin1 in his return over the water, " That when he Inentioned those particulars ,vhich " were to gain him credit, the substance ,vhereof he " said he durst not impart to him, the duke's colour "changed, and he swore he could con1e to that " knowledge only by the Devil; for that those par- " ticulars ,vere known only k to hin1self, and to one " person 1110re, ,vho, he ,vas sure, would never speak " of it." The duke pursued his purpose of hunting; but was ohserved to ride all the morning ,vith great pen- siveness, and in deep thoughts, without any delight in th.e exercise he was upon; and before the morn- ing was spent, left the field, and alighted at his n10- ther's lodgings in Whitehall; \vith ,vhom he ,vas shut up for the space of t\VO or three hours; the nojse of their discourse frequently reaching the ears of those ,vho attended in the next rooms: and \vhen the duke left her, his countenance appeared full of trouble, with a mixture of anger; a countenance that 'vas never before observed in him, in any COll- vel"sation \ ,vith her, to\vards ,vhom he had a pro- found m reverence. And the countess herself (for though she was married to a private gentlenlan, sir Thomas Conlpton, she n had heen created countess k known only] only known I conversation] encounters m towards whom he had a profound] towards her he had ('vel' a lllost profound It f.heJ Not in iV18. OF 'rHE REBELLION. 79 of Buckingha111, shortly after her son had first as- sumed that title) ,vas, at the duke's leaving her, found overl\rhehned in tears, and in the highest agony ilnaginable. 'Vhatever there was of all this, it is a notorious truth, that \vhen the news of the duke's Inurder (\vhich happened \vithin few lllonths after) ,vas brought to his mother, she seenled not in the least degree surprised; but received it as if she had foreseen it; nor did afterwards express such a degree of sorro\v, as ,vas expected frol11 such a nlO- ther, for the loss of such a son. This digression, much longer than it was intended, nlay not be thought altogether improper 0 in this discourse. For as the 111ention of his death ,vas very pertinent, in the place, and upon the occasion, it happened to be made; so upon that occasion it seen led the n10re reasonable to digress P upon the nature, and character, and fortune of the duke; as being the best mirror to discern the temper and spirit of that age, and the wonderful q concurrence of many fatal accidents, to disfigure the government of t\""O excellent kings; under 'Vh0111 their kingdonl in general prospered exceedingly, and enjoyed a IOllger peace, a greater plenty, and in fuller security, than had been in any forIner age. r o improper] unnatural p digress] enlarge (I and the wonderful] and the rather and because all the par- ticulars before set down are to be found in the papers and Inelllorials of the person, whose life is the subject of this dis- course, who was frequently heard to relate the wOllderf\,1 any fonner age.l 1W'S. adds: and who was so far from any acrimony to the n)e ulory o{ that great favourite (whose death he had lamented at that time, and endeavoured to vindicate him frOlu some li- bels and reproaches, which vented after hìs death,) that he took delight in remembering his many virtue , and to nlagnify his aftllhility and most obligin BOOK I. 1628, 80 THE HISTORY BOOK And because there ,vas so total a change of all I. counsels, and in the \vhole face of the court, upon A J 628. t the death of that mi g ht y S favourite; all thou!rhts of prospec '-' of the COU!t war being presently laid aside, (though there ,vas a and the mI- nisters after faint looking to,vards the relief of Rochelle by the the duke's death. fleet, that was ready under the command of the earl of Lindsey,) and the provisions for peace and plenty taken to heart; it will not be unuseful nor unplea- sant to enlarge the digression, before a return to the proper subject of the discourse, by a prospect of the constitution of the court, after that bright star was shot out of the horizon: who were the chief mini- sters, that had the principal management of public affairs in church and state; and how equal their fa- culties and qualifications were for those high trans- actions; in which 111ention shall be only made of those who were then in the highest trust; there being at that time no ladies, who had disposed theln- selves to intern1eddle in business: and hereafter, when that activity begun, t and made any progress, it will be again necessary to take a new survey of the court upon that alteration. Of the lord Sir Thomas Coventry was then lord keeper of the : ;;. Co- great seal of England, and newly Inade a baron. He was a son of the robe, his father having been a judge in the court of the common pleas; ,vho took great care to breed him, u though his first born, in nature; and he kept the Inemo- rial of that prediction, (though no man looked upon relations of that nature with less reve- rence and consideration,) the substance of which (he said) was confirllled to hinl by sir Ralph Freeman, and acknowledged by SOlne servants of the duke's, who had the nearest trust with him, and who were informed of much of it before the lllurder of the duke. s lllighty] omnipotent t begun,] began, II him,] his son, OF THE REBELLION. the study of the cOlnmon law; by which he x hin1- self had heen prolnoted to that degree; and in ,vhich, in the society of the Inner Temple, his son made a notable progress, by an early elninence in practice and learning; insomuch as he ,vas recorder of Lon- don, solicitor general, and king's attorney, before he ,vas forty years of age. A rare ascent! All ,vhich offices he discharged ,vith great abilities, and singu- lar reputation of integrity. In the first year after the death of king J alnes, he "Tas advanced to he keeper of the great seal of England (the usual r ad- vancelnent frolll the office of attorney general) upon the reuloval of the hishop of Lincoln; ,vho, though a man of great wit and good scholastic learning, was generally thought so very unequal to the place, that his remove was the only recolllpense and satisfaction that could be lnade for his promotion. And yet it was enough known, that the disgrace proceeded only from the private displeasure of the duke of Buckinghanl. The lord Coventry enjoyed this place with an universal reputation (and sure justice " as never better adnlinistered) -for the space of about sixteen years, even to his death, somc nlonths before he was sixty years of age; ,vhich ,vas another inl- portant circulnstance of his felicity, that great office being so slippery, that no nlan had died in it Lefore for near the space of forty years. Nor had his suc- cessors, for some tÌIne after hinl, llluch better for- tune. And he hinlsclf had usp of all his strength and skill (as he was an excellent ,vrestler in tJ1ÎS kind Z) to preseryc himself fronl falling, in t,\ () shocks: the one given him by the earl of I)ort and, x he] Not in MS. ) the usual] the natural YOI . 1. 1 in this kind] Not ill MS. G 81 BOOh I. J G 8. 82 'rH.E HIS'rOn\ 1628. lord high treasurer of England; the other by the marquis of Halnilton, who had the greatest powel over the affections of the king of any l11an of that til11e. He \vas a nlan of wonderful gravity and ,visdonl ; and understood not only the whole science and l11YS- tery of the law, at least equally with any In an who had ever sate in that place; but had a clear concep- tion of the whole policy of the governnlent both of church and state, which, by the unskilfulness of some well-nleaning men, justled each the other too much. He knew the temper, disposition, a and genius of the kingdom most exactly; saw their spirits grow every day lnore sturdy, inquisitive, b and impatient; and therefore naturally abhorred all innovations ,vhich he foresa\v would produce ruinous effects. Yet many, who stood at a distance, thought that he was not active and stout enough in opposing C those innovations. For though, by his place, he presided in all public councils, and \vas most sharp-sighted in the consequence of things; yet he was seldom kno\vn to speak in nlatters of state, which, he 'well knew, were for the Dlost part concluded, before they were brought to that public agitation; never in foreign affairs, which the vigour of his judgnlent could \vell have comprehended; d nor indeed freely in any thing, but what inullediately and plainly concerned the jus- tice of the kinga.om; and in that, as nluch as he could, he procured references to the judges. Though in his nature he had not only a firm gravity, but a BOOK I. a disposition,] and disposition, b inquisitive,] and inquisitive, c in opposing] in t.he opposing d could well have compre- hended;] could well comp)'e- hend ; OF THE REBELLION. severity, and even SOlne n10rosity, e yet it ,vas so hap- pily tempered, and his courtesy and affability towards all men so transcendent f andg so much ,vithout affec- tation, that it marvellously recommended him h to all men of all degrees, and he ,vas looked upon as an excellent courtier, ,vithout receding fronl the native siInplicity of his o\vn Inanners. i He had, in the plain way of speaking and delivery, ,vithout much ornanlent of elocution, a strange po,v- er of 111aking hÎ1nself believed, the only justifiable de- sign of eloquence: so that though he used very frank- ly to deny, and would never suffer any n1an to depart from hÎIn ,vith an opinion that he "ra inclined to gratify, ,,,hen in truth he was not, holding that dissi- Inulation to be the ,vorst of lying; yet the Olanner of it was so gentle and obliging, and his condescen- sion such, to inform the persons ,vhoJn he could 110t satisfy, that few departed from hinl \vith ill \vill, and ill ,vishes. But then, this happy ten1per and these good facul- ties rather preserved him froln having many enemies, and supplied hhn with some ,veIl-wishers, than fur- nished him with any fast and unshaken friends; ,vho are ahvays procured in courts by more ardour, and more vehen1ent professions and applications, than he ,vould suffer himself to be entangled with. So th'lt he was a U1an rather exceedingly liked, than passion- ately loved: inson1uch that it never appeared, that he bad anyone friend in the court, of quality enough " elTIorosity,] MS. adds: (which his children and domestics had evidence cnough of,) f so transcendent] was so transcendent g and] Not in MS. h recommended him] rccon- ci 1 ed i manners.] Inanuer. l-i- 2 Sg BOOK l. 1628. 84 THE I-IISTORY BOOK to prevent or divert any disadvantage he might be 1. exposed to. And therefore it is no wonder, nor to I G28. be ÍIl1puted to hhu, that he retired \vithin hilllself as lunch as he could, and stood upon his defence with- out making desperate sallies against gro\ving mis- chiefs; ,vhich, he knew ,yell, he had no po\ver to hinder, and \vhich Blight probably begin in his own ruin. To conclude; his security consisted very nluch in his having but little credit k with the king; and he died in a season most opportune, in \v hich 1 a wise luan would have prayed to have finished his course, and \v hich in truth crowned his other signal prospe- rity in the world. Of the lord Sir Richard 'Veston had been advanced to the treasurer 'Veston, \vhite staff, into m the office of lord high treasurer of : f Port- England, SOllle months before the death of the duke of Buckinghanl; and had, in that short time, so l11uch disobliged hilll, at least disappointed his expec- tation, that lnany, who were privy to the duke's most secret purposes, did believe, that, if he had outlived that voyage in which he \vas engaged, he would have ren10ved hinl, and Inade another treasurer. And it is very true, that great office too had been very slippery, and not fast to those ,vho had trusted theluselves in it: insonluch as there were at that time five noble persons alive, \vho had all succeeded one another inl- mediately in that unsteady charge, \vithout any other person intervening: the earl of Suffolk; the lord vis- count l\lande\"ile, afterwards earl of l\lanchester; the earl of Middlesex; and the earl of l\larlborough, \vho was removed under pretence of his age and disabi- k in his having but little cre- dit] in the little credit he had I in which] and in which m into] to OF THE REBELLION. lity for the work, (which had been a better reason against his promotion, so fe,v years before, that his infirmities were very little increased,) to make room for the present officer; ,vho, though advanced by the duke, may properly be said to be established by his death. He was a gentleman of a very ancient n extraction by father and mother. His education had been very good amongst books and men. After some years study of the law in the Middle Temple, he travelled into foreign parts, and at an age fit to make observa- tions and reflections; out of which, that which is c0111ffionly called experience is constituted. After this he betook himself to the court, and lived there .sOl11e years; at that distance, and ,vith that a\ve, as was agreeable to the modesty of the age, when men were seen SOlne time before they were kno,vn; and well known before they ,vere prefer} ed, or durst pre- tend to it. 0 He spent the best part of his fortune (a fair one, that he inherited from his father) in his attendance at court, and involved his friends in securitie"s with him, 'v ho ,vere ,villing to run his hopeful fortune, before he received the least fruit from it, but the countenance of great men and those in authority, the most natural and lnost certain stairs to ascend by. He ,vas then sent alnbassador to the archdukes, Albert and Isabella, into Flanders; and to the diet in Germany, to treat ahout the restitution of the pa- latinate; in which negotiation he behaved hÎ1nself ,vith great prudence, and with the concurrent testi- n.\Teryancient] very good and 0 dur t pretend to it.] durst anCIent pretend to h(' preferred. G3 85 BOOK I. ] G28. BOOI{ J. ] 628. 86 'rIfE I-IIS'f()It Y Illony of his being a ,vise man,P from all those princes and ambassadors ,vith whonl he treated. q Upon r his return, he s was made a privy-counsel- lor, and chancellor of the exchequer, in the place of the lord Brooke, \vho was either persuaded, or put out of the place; which, being an office of honour and trust, is likewise an excellent stage for men of parts to tread, and expose themselves upon; ,vhere t they have occasions of all kinds u to layout and spread all their faculties and qualifications n10st for their advantage. He behaved hÏInse]f very ,veIl in this function, and appeared equal to it; and car- ried himself so luckily in parliament, that he did his master much service, and preserved himself in the good opinion and acceptation of the house; ,vhich is a blessing not indulged to many by those high po,v- ers. He did swim in those troubled and boisterous waters, in which the duke of Buckingham rode as admiral, with a good grace, when very many who were about him were drowned, or forced on shore with shrewd hurts and bruises: which shewed he knew wèll how and when to use his limbs and strength to the best advantage; sometimes only to avoid sinking, and sometimes to advance and get ground: and by this dexterity he kept his credit with those who could do hÌ111 good, and lost it not ,vith others, \vho desired the destruction of those upon whom he most del)ended. p testimony of his being a wise Inan,] testimony of a wise man, r) princes and am bdssadors with whom he treated.] with whom he treated, princes and am bassadors, r Upon] and upon she] lVOt in iJ1S. t where] and where U occasions of all kinds] oc- casion of all natures OF 'THE REBELLION. He was made lord treasurer in the manner and at the time mentioned before, upon the removal of the earl of Marlborough, and few months before the death of the duke. The former circulnstance, which is often attended hy cOlnpassion to,vards the degraded, and prejudice to\vards the prolnoted, brought hÍ1n no disadvantage: for besides the delight that season had in- changes, there was little reverence towards the person removed; and the extren1e visible poverty of the exchequer sheltered that province from the envy it had frequently created, and opened a door for Inuch applause to be the portion of a wise and provident Ininister. For the other, of the duke's death, though son1e, \vho kne\v the duke's passions and prejudice, (\vhich often produced rather sudden indisposition, than obstinate resolution,) believed he would have been shortly cashiered, as so many had lately been; and so that the death of his founder was a greater confirmation OÞ him in the office, than the delivery of the white staff to hin1 x had been: yet y ll1any other wise men, who knew the treasurer's talent in remov- ing prejudice, and reconciling hÍ111self to wavering and doubtful affections, believed, that the loss of the duke ,vas very unseasonable; and that the a\ve or apprehension of his power and displeasure '\-vas. a very necessary alloy z for the Ï1npetuosity of the ne\v offi- cer's nature, which needed son1e restraint and check, for son1e time, to his in11noderate pretences, and ap- petite of power. He did indeed appear on the sudden \vonderfully elated, and so far thre\v off his old affectation to please son1e very ll1uch, and to displease none, in x to hinI] Not in JUS. Y yet] Not in .1.118. z alloy] allay G4 87 BOOK If 1628. HOOK I. J 628. 88 'I'HE HIS'rORY \vhich art he had excelled, that ill fe\v 1110nths after the duke's death he found himself to succeed him in the public displeasure, and in the malice of his ene- .lllies, \vithou t succeeding him in his credit at court, or in the affection of any considerable dependants. And yet, though he was not superior to all other 111en in the affection, or rather resignation, of the king, so that he might dispense favours and disfa- vours according to his own election, he had a full share in his n1aster's esteenl, who looked upon him as a ,vise and able servant, and \vorthy of the trust he reposed in him, and received no other advice in the large business of his revenue; or was any man o nluch his superior, as to be able to lessen hÌ111 in the king's affection by his power. So that he was in a post, in \vhich he n1Íght have found llluch ease and delight, if he could have contained hilllself \vithin the verge of his o\vn province, ,vhich \vas large enough, and of such extent, a that he nlight, at the saine tinl{ , have dra\vn a great dependence upon hin1 of very considerable Blen, and have appeared b a very useful and profitable 111inister to the king; \vhose re- venue had been very loosely 111anaged during the late years, and Inight, by industry and order, have been casily Ïlnproved: and no Juan better understood what lnethod was necessary to\vards that good hus- bandry, than he. But I know not hy ,vhat frowardness in his stars, he took more pains in examining and inquiring into other men's offices, than in the discharge of his own; and not so much joy in \vhat he had, as trouble and agony for what he had not. The truth is, he had so ,l such extent)] Mlch an extent, b have appeared] appeared OF 'rHE REBELI ION. 89 .vehelnent a desire to be the sole favourite, that he had no relish of the power he had: and in that con- tention he had many rivals, who had credit enough to do him ill offices, though not enough to satisfy their own ambition; the king himself being resolved to hold the reins in his own hands, and to put no further trust in others, than was necessary for the .capacity they served in. 'Vhich resolution in his majesty was no sooner believed, and the treasurer's pretence taken notice of e , than he found the nUluber of his enemies exceedingly increased, and others to be less eager in the pursuit of his friendship; and every day discovered SOlue infirmities in hÜn, which being before known to few, and not taken notice of, did now expose hilll both to public reproach, and to private animosities; and even his vices adlnitted those contradictions in thenl, that he could harùly enjoy the pleasant fruit of any of thenl. That \vhich first exposed him to the public jealousy, which is al- ways attended ,vith public reproach, was the concur- rent suspicion of his religion. His wife and all his daughters were declared of the Roman d religion: .and though he e himself, and his sons, sometimes \\rent to church, he was never thought to have zeal for it; and his domestic conversation and dellen- dants, with whom only he used entire freedom, were all kno\vn papists, f and \vere believed to be agents for the rest. And yet, with all this disadvantage to himself, he never had reputation and credit ,vith that party, who were the only people of the kingdonl who did not believe hilTI to be of their profession. For ( of] Nol in .I.'U8. rI Homan] Romi h C he] Not in lUS. f papist ,] catholic!'" BOOK I. 1628. BOOK I. 1628. 90 'rHE HIS'rORY the penal laws (those only excepted which were san- guinary, and even those sometÏ1nes let loose) were never more rigidly executed, nor had the crown ever so great a revenue fron1 them, as in his time; nor did they ever pay so dear for the favours and indul- gences of his office towards them. No man had greater ambition to make his family great, or stronger designs to leave a great fortune to it. Yet his expenses were so prodigious, g especially in his house, that all the ways he used for supply, which were all that occurred, could not serve his turn; insol11uch that he contracted so great debts, (the anxiety ,vhereof, he pretended, broke his mind, and restrained that attention h and industry, ,vhich was necessary for the due execution of his office,) that the king was pleased twice to pay his debts; at least, towards it, to disburse forty thousand pounds in ready money out of his exchequer. Besides, his majesty gave him a whole forest (Chute forest in Hampshire) and much other land belonging to the crown; which was the more taken notice of, and 111urmul ed against, because, being the chief minister of the revenue, he ,vas particularly obliged, as much as in hin1 lay, to prevent, and even oppose, such dis- inherison; and because, under that obligation, he had, avo,vedly and sourly, crossed the pretences of other men, and restrained the king's bounty from being exercised al1110st to any. And he had that ad- vantage, (if he had tnade the right use of it,) that his credit ,vas anIple enough (seconded by the king's own experience, and observation, and inclination) to retrench very much of the late unlimited expenses, g prodigious,] prodigiowsly great, h attention] intcntne s OF TIlE REBELLION. and especially those of bounties; which from the death of the duke ran in narrower i channels, and k never so much overflowed as towards himself, who stopped the current to other men. He was of an ÌInperious nature, and nothing wary in disobliging and provoking other men, and had too 11luch courage in offending and incensing them: but after having offended and incensed them, he was of so unhappy a feminine temper, that he was always in a terrible fright and apprehension of them. He had not that application, and subn1ission, and reverence for the queen, as n1ight have been expect- ed from his wisdom and breeding, and often crossed her pretences and desires, ,vith more rudeness than was natural to him. Yet he was impertinently soli- citous to kno,v what her majesty said of him in pri- vate, and what resentments she had towards hinl. And when by some confidants, \vho had their ends upon him from those offices, he was informed of some bitter expressions fallen from her majesty, he was so exceedingly afflicted and tormented with the sense of it, that sometimes by passionate complaints and representations to the king; sometimes by 11l0re duti- ful addresses and expostulations with the queen, in bewailing his misfortune; I he frequently exposed hÌInself, and left his condition ,vorse than it ,vas be- fore: and the eclaircissement comnlonly ended in the discovery of the persons from whence m he had re- ceived his 1110st secret intelligence. He quickly lost the character of a bold, stout, and magnanimous man, which he had been long reputed to be in worse times; and, in his most prosperous i narrower] narrow k and] which ) misfortune;J Inisfortuncs; m whence] whonl 91 BOOK I. 1628. BOOK I. 1628. 9 THE HISTORY season, fell under the reproach of being a man of big looks, and of a mean and abject spirit. There was a very ridiculous story at that time in the mouths of many, ,vhich, being a kno\vn truth, may not be unfitly Inentioned in this place, as a kind of illustration of the humour and nature of the man. Sir Julius Cæsar ,vas then master of the rolls, and had, inherent in his office, the indubitable right and disposition of the six clerks' places; all which he had, for many years" upon any vacancy, bestowed to such persons as he thought fit. One of those places was beCOlne void, and designed by the old nlan to his son Robert Cæsar,n a la,vyer of a good nanle, and exceedingly beloved. The lord treasurer O (as he ,vas vigilant in such cases) had notice of the clerk's expiration so soon, that he procured the king to send a message to the master of the rolls, express- ly forbidding him to dispose of that six-clerk's place, till his lllajesty's pleasure should be further Inade known to him. It was the first command of that kind that had been heard of, and ,vas p felt by the old man very sensibly. He was indeed very old, and had outlived most of his friends, so that his age "ras an objection against him; many persons of quality being dead, who had, for reCOlnpense of services, pro- cured the reversion of his office. The treasurer found it no hard lnatter so far to terrify hinl, that (for the ling's service, as was pretended) he admitted for a six-clerk a person recolnnlended hy hinl, (l\lr. Fern, a dependant upon him,) \\?ho paid six thousand pound ready money; ,vhich, poor man! he lived to n Cæsar,] cYlllonr, urer o The lord treasurer] The lrea- l' \, a ] lYa/ in U$. OF 'THE REBELLION. repent in a gaol. This \vork being done at the charge of the poor old man, who had been a privy-counsellor from the entrance of king James, had been chancel- lor of the exchequer, and served in other offices; the depriving hiIn of his right made a great noise: and the condition of his son, (his father being not likely q to live to have the disposal of another office in his power,) ,vho, as ,vas said before, was generally be- loved and esteenled, ,vas argument of great compas- sion, and ,vas lively and successfully represented to the king himself; who was graciously pleased to pro- nlise, that, " if the old man chanced to die before any " other of the six-clerks, that office, ,vhen it should fall, "should be conferred on his son, ,vhosoever should " succeed hin1 as lllaster of the rolls:" ,vhich might ,yell be provided for; and the lord treasurer obliged hinlself (to expiate. the injury r) to procure SOlne de- claration to that purpose, under his Inajesty's sign 11lanual; \vhicb, however easy to be done, he long forgot, or neglected. One day the earl of Tullibardine, who ,vas nearly allied to 1\11'. Cæsar, and 11luch his friend, bèing ,vith the treasurer, passionately asked hÍ1n, " "\Vhether he " had done that business?" To whom he ans,vered with a seen1Ïng trouble, " That he had forgotten it, " for which he ,vas heartily sorry; and if he ,vollld " give him a little notes in ".riting, for a lnenlorial, " he would put it amongst those which he would " despatch with the king that afternoon." The earl presently writ in a little paper, Rel1ze1nber Cæsa'r; and gave it to him; and he put it into that little not likely] not like r the injury] for the injury :t note] Not in JWS. 93 BOOK I. 1 G28. BOOK I. 1628. 94 THE HISTOH.Y pocket, where, he said, he kept all his l11el11orials which were first to be transacted. Many days passed, and Cresar never thought of. At length, "Then he changed his clothes, and he ,vho waited on him in his chamher, according to custom, brought him all the notes and papers ,vhich ,vere left in those he had left off, which he then COIDlnon- ly perused; when he found this little billet, in ,vhich was 0111y written, Re1Jlember Cæsar, and which he had never read before, he was exceedingly con- founded, and knew not what to make or think of it. He sent for his boson1 friends, ,vith WhOlll he Inost confidently consulted, and shewed the paper to thein, the contents whereof he could not conceive; but that it might probably have been put into his hand (because it ,vas found in that enclosure, wherein he put all things of Inoment ,vhich were given hin)) when he ,vas in motion, and in the privy lodgings in the court. After a serious and melancholic deli- beration, it ,vas agreed, that it was the advertise- ment from some friend, who durst not own the dis- covery: that it could signify nothing but that there ,vas a conspiracy against his life, by his n1any and mighty enemies: and they all knew Cæsar's fate, by contelnning or neglecting such anÎInadversions. .i\lld therefore they concluded, that he should pretend to be indisposed, that he might not stir abroad all that day, nor that any might be adlnitted to him, hut persons of undouhted affections; that at night the gates t should be shut early, and the porter enjoined to open them u to nobody, nor to go hÍInself to bed till the morning; and that SOUle servants should t gates] gate u them] it OF THE REBELLION. watch with hinl, lest violence nlight be used at the gate; and that they themselves, and SODle other gentlenlen, \vould sit up all the night, and attend the event. Such houses are always in the Inorning haunted by early suitors; but it was very late be- fore any could no\v get admittance into the house, the porter having quitted SOllIe of that arrear of sleep, \vhich he owed to himself for his night's ,vatching; \vhich he excused to his acquaintance, by whispeling to them, "That his lord should have " been killed that night, \vhich had kept all the " house froln going to bed." And shortly after, the earl of Tullibardine asking hinl, whether he had re- l1len1bered Cresar; the treasurer quickly recollected the ground of his perturbation, and could not for- bear imparting it to his friends, who like,vise af- fected the communication, and so the whole jest came to be discovered. To conclude, all the honours the king conferred upon him (as he Inade hin1 a baron, then an earl, and knight of the garter; and above this, gave a young beautiful lady nearly allied to his majesty, x and to the cro\vn of Scotland, in Inarriage to l1is eldest son) could not make hilTI think hitnself great enough. N or could all the king's bounties, nor his own large accessions, raise a fortune to his heir; but after six or eight years spent in out\vard opu- leney, and inward mUrlTIUr and trouble that it was not greater; Y after vast SUlns of lnoney and great wealth gotten, and rather consulned than enjoyed, without any sense or delight in so great prosperity, with the agony that it \vas no greater; he died nn- x his m je!'ìty,] him, Y not greater;] 110 greater; 95 BOOK I. ] 628. 96 'rI-IE HISTORY BOOK lan1ented by any; bitterly Inentioned by In08t ,vho I. never pretended to love hiIn, and severely censured 1628. and cOlnplained of by tbose who expected l110st frol11 hiIn, and deserved best of hin1; and left a nUl11erous falnily, ,vhich ,vas in a short tin1e ,vorn out, and yet outlived the fortune he left behind hil11. Of the earl The next great Z counsellor of state "ras the lord ;I : :- privy-seal, ,vho was like,vise of a noble extraction, lon ] l privy- and of a fal11ily at that tÏ1ne verv fortunate. His sea . 01 grandfather had been lord chief justice, and left by king Harry the Eighth one of the executors of his last ,viII. He ,vas the younger son of his father, and brought up in the study of the la,,, in the I\liddle Tell1ple; and had passed, a and, as it ,vere, lnade a progress through all the clnincnt degrees of the la,v, and in the state. At the death of queen Elizabeth, or thereabouts, he ,vas recorder of Lon- don; then the king's sergeant at la,v; afterwards chief justice of the king's bench. Before the death of king Jalnes, by the favour of the duke of Buck- ingham, he was raised to the place of lord high treasurer of England; and ,vithin less than a year afterwards, by the ,vithdra,ving of that favour, he 'vas reduced to the aln10st h en1pty title of president of the council; and, to allay the sense of the dis- honour, created viscount l\1an devile. fIe bore the diminution very ,vell, as he "Tas a ,vise luan, and of an excellent telnper, and quickly recovered so n1uch grace, that he "ras Inade earl of l\Ianchester, and lord privy-seal, C and enjoyed that office to his death; z The next great] The next greatest a had passed,] had passeù through, h almostJ Not in /S. c earl of Manchester, and lorù pri\'y-spal,] lord privy-seal, aud earl of l\Ian('hester, OF THE REBELLION. whilst he saw many relnoves and degradations in all the other offices of which he had been possessed. He was a man of great industry and sagacity in business, \vhich he delighted in exceedingly; and preserved so great a vigour of Inind, even to his death, (when he \vas very near eighty years of age,) that sonle, who had known hin) in his younger years, did believe him to have much quicker parts in his age, than before. His honours had gro\vn faster upon hÏ1n than his fortunes; \vhich made him too solicitous to advance the latter, by all the ways which offered themselves; whereby he exposed hi111- self to SOlne inconvenience, and n1any reproaches, and becalne less capable of serving the public by his counsels and authority; \vhich his known wisdonl, long experience, and confessed "gravity and ability, would have enabled him to have done; 1110st Inen considering more the person that speaks, than the things he says. And he was unhappily too lTIuch used as a check upon the lord Coventry; and when the other perplexed their counsels and designs \vith inconvenient objections in la\v, his authority, who had trod the saIne .paths, \vas still called upon; and he did too frequently gratify tbeir unjustifiable de- signs and pretences: a guilt and 111ischief, all men who are obnoxious, or ,vho are thought to be so, are liable to, and can hardly preserve thelTISelves fro 111. But bis virtues so far weighed down his in-' firlnities, that he Inaintained a good general reputa- tion and credit ,vith the whole nation and people; he being always looked upon as full of integTity and zeal to the protestant religion, as it was established by la\v, and of unquestionable loyalty, duty, and fide- lity to the king; which two qualifications ,viII ever VOl... I. II 97 BOOK I. 1628. 98 THE HIS'rORY BOO K gather popular breath enough to fill the sails, if the I. H vessel be cOll1petently provided ,vith ballast. e 1628. died in a lucky tÏ1ne, in the beginning of the rebel- lion, when neither religion, or loyalty, or law, or ,vis- dotu, could have provided for any U1an's security.. Of the earl The earl of Arundel ,vas the next officer of state, d of ArundeJ. h . h ' , h d 1 . d d h w 0, In IS own rIg t an qua Ity, prece e t e rest of the council. He was generally thought to be .a proud man, e who lived always within himsel:t and to himsel4 conversing little with any who were in COll1n10n conversation,; so that he seemed to live as it ,vere in another nation, his house being a place to which all people f resorted, who resorted to no other place; strangers, or such who affected to look like strangers, and dressed themselves accordingly. He resorted s0l11etin1es to the court, because there only was a greater luau than hhnself; and went thither the seldomer, because there ,vas a greater Ulan than h iIn self. He lived towards all favourites, and great officers, without any kind of condescen- sion; and rather suffered himself to be ill treated by their power and authority (for he was often g in dis- grace, and once or twice prisoner in the Tower) than to descend in making any application to theine And upon these occasions he spent a .great inter- val of his time in several journeys into foreign parts, and, with his wife and family, had lived SOlne years in Italy, the humour and nlanners of which nation he seemed most to like and approve, and affected to imitate, He had a good fortune by descent, and a d next officer of state,] next to the officers of state, e He was generally thought to be a proud luau,] he was a n1an supercilious and proud, f people] men g often] always OF THE REBELLION. much greater froll1 his wife, who was the sole daughter upon the matter (for neither of the t\VO sisters left any issue) of the great house of Shrews- bury: but his expenses were \vithout any measure, and ahvays exceeded very much his revenue. He ,vas ,villing to be thought a scholar, and to under- stand the n10st mysterious parts of antiquity, because he made a wonderful and costly purchase of excel- lent statues, whilst he was in I ta]y and in ROl11e, (some whereof he could never obtain perlnission to reillove from ROlne, though he had paid for then1,) and had a rare collection of the 1110st curious llle- daIs. h As to all parts of learning he ,vas almost il- literate, and thought no other part of history so i considerable, as k what related to his o\vn fan1ily; in which, no doubt, there had been SOlne very me- lllorab]e persons. I t cannot be denied that he had in his person, in his aspect, and countenance, the ap- pearance of a great lnan, which he preserved in his gait and motion. He wore and affected a habit very different from that of the tiu1e, such as men had only beheld in the pictures of the most considerable men; all which drew the eyes of most, and the re- verence of many, to"rards hiln, as the image and representative of the prilllitive nobiliry, and native gravity of the nobles, \vhen they had been lTIOst ve- nerable: but this was only his outside, his nature and true hUll10ur being much disposed to levity and delights, 1 which indeed were very despicahle and childish. m He ,vas rather thought not to be luuch 11 Inedals.] JUS. adds: whereas in truth he was only able to buy them, never to understand then1; and i so] Not in lJ-fS. k as] but 1 nluch di 'posed to levity and delights,] so luuch disposed to vulgar delights, III childish.] lJ;lS. adds: lIe H2 99 BOOK I. 1628. 100 'rHE HISTORY BOO K concerned for religion, n than to incline to this or I. that party of any; 0 and had little other P affection 1628. for the nation or the kingdom, than as lie had a great share in it, in which, like the great leviathan, he might sport himself; from \vhich he withdre\v, q as soon as he discerned the repose thereof was like to be disturbed, and died in Italy, under the saUle doubtful character of religion in which he lived. Of , Villi am 'VillialTI earl of Pembroke ,vas next a man of earlofPem- . ' brokel another 1110uld and making, and of another fame and reputation with all men, being the most universally beloved r and esteemed of any man of that age; and, having a great office in the court, he made the court itself better esteemed, and more reverenced in the country. And as he had a great number of friends of the best men, so no man had ever the confidence 5 to avow himself to be his enemy. He was a nlan was never suspected to love any body, nor to have the least propensity to justice, charity, or cOinpassion, so that though he got all he could, and by all the ways he could, and spent much more than he got or had; he was never known to give any thing, nor in all his empJoy- l11ents (for he had employments, of great profit as well as ho- nour, being sent ambassador ex- traordinary into Germany, for the treaty of that general peace, for which he had great appoint- ments, and in which he did no- thing of the least importance, and which is more wonderful, he was afterwards made general of the army raised for Scotland, and received full pay as such; and in his own office of earl marshal. more money was drawn fron1 the people by his avidity and pretence of jurisdiction, than had ever been extorted by all the officers preceding,) yet, I say, in all his offices and em- ployments, never man used or employed by him, ever got any fortune under him, nor did ever any man acknowledge any obli- gation to him. D not to be 111uch concerned for religion,] to be without re- ligion, o party of any;J .z fS. adds: He would have been a proper instrument for any tyranny, ifhe could have a man tyrant enough to have been advised by him, P little other] no other q withdrew,] withdrew hinl- self, r beloved] loved 8 the confidence] wjckedne s OF 'l HE REBELLION. 101 very ,veIl bred, and of excellent parts, and a grace- ful speaker upon any subject, having a good propor- tion of learning, and a ready wit to apply it, and enlarge upon it; of a pleasant and facetious humour, and a disposition affable, generous, and magnificent. He was master of a great fortune frolll his ances- tors, and had a great addition by his ,vife, another daughter, and heir of the earl of Shrewsbury, which he enjoyed during his life, she outliving hiln: but all served not his expense, which was only lin1ited by his great Inind, and occasions to use it nobly. He lived many years about the court, before in it; and never by it; being rather regarded and esteemed by king Jalnes, than loved and favoured. After the foul fall of the earl of Somerset, he was made lord chamberlain of the king's house, more for the court's sake than his own; and the court appeared with the more lustre, because he had the government of that province. As he spent and lived upon his own fortune, so he stood upon his own feet, without any other support than of his proper virtue and Inerit; and lived to,vards the favourites with that decency, as would not suffer them to censure or reproach his master's judgl1lent and election, but as with men of his own rank. He was exceedingly beloved in the court, ùecause he never desired to get that for hh11- self, which others laboured for, but was still ready to promote the pretences of wort11Y men. And he was equally celebrated in the country, for having received no oùligations fr0111 the court ,vhich n1ight corrupt or s,vay his affections and judgll1ent; so that all who were displeased and unsatisfied in the court, or with the court, \vere always inclined to put themselves under his banner, if he ,vould have II 3 BOOK I. 1628. " BOOK I. 1 ô28. 10 THE HIsr.rORY adnlitted then1; and yet he did not so reject them, as to luake thelu choose another shelter, but so far suffered t;hem t to depend on hinl, that he could re- strain then1 froln breaking out beyond private re- sentluents and nlurlnurs. He ,vas a great lover of his country, and of the religion and justice, "rhich he believed could only support it; and his friendships were only ,vith men of those principles. And as his conversation ,vas most \vith men of the most pregnant parts and un- derstanding, so towards any such u , who needed sup- port or encouragement, though unknown, if fairly reco1l1mended to him, he was very liberal. Sure x never man was planted in a court, that was fitter for that soil, or brought better qualities ,vith hhn to purify that air. Yet his lnemory must not be flattered,Y that his virtues and good inclinations Inay be believed; he was not \vithout Z SOlne allay of vice, and ,vithout being clouded with great infirmities, ,vhich he had in too exorbitant a proportion. He indulged to himself the pleasures of aU kinds, aln10st in all ex- cesses. To 'vonlcn, \\rhether out of his natural con- stitution, or for ,vant of his d0111estic content and delight, (in which he was 1110st unhappy, for he paid much too dear for l1is ,vife's fortune, by taking her person into the bargain,) he ,vas imnloderately given up. But therein he likewise retained such a p(nver and jurisdiction over his very appetite, that he "as not so much transported ,vith beauty and out,vard allurelnents, as \vith those advantages of the Blind, t suffered them] lVot in lJJ8. 11 such] Not in JJ;lS. x Sure] And sure Y flattered,] so flatter d, z believed; he \vas not with- out] believed without OF THE REBELLION. 103 as manifested an extraordinary wit, and spirit, and knowledge, and adnlil1istered great pleasure in the conversation. To these he sacrificed himself, his precious time, and much of his fortune. And SOlne, \vho were nearest his trust and friendship, ,vere not \vithout apprehension, that his natural vivacity and vigour of mind begun a to lessen and decline by those excessive indulgences. About the time of the death of king J anles, or presently after, he was made lord" ste,vard of his majesty's house, that the staff of chalnberlain lnight be put into the hands of his brother, the earl of Montgolnery, upon a new contract of friendship ,\\rith the duke of Buckingham; after whose death, he bad like,vise such ()Hìces of his, as he most affected, of honour and cOlnnland; none of profit, which he cared not for; and ,vithin two years after, he died hin1self of an apoplexy, after a full and cheerful supper. A short story Ilia)'" not be unfitly inserted, it being very frequently llientioned by a person of known integrity b, 'v hose character i here undertaken to _ b set do,vn, and who, at that time, being on his way to London, met at laidenhead some person of qua'!" lity, of relation or dependance upon the earl of Penl .broke, sir Charles 1\lorgan, cOIDlllonly called general l\lorgan, ,vho had conlllianded an arnlY in Germany, and defended Stoad; Drl Feild, then bishop of S int David's; and Dr. Chafill, the earl's then chaplain in his house, and llluch in his favour. At supper one of them drank a health to the lord steward: upon ,vhich another of them said, " that he believed his " lord was at that tin1C very merry, for he had no'v a begun] began Ù a person of known integrity,] the person H4 BOOK 1. 1628. BOOK I. 1628. Of Philip ear} of l\Iontgo_ mery . 104 -'HE HISTOlty " outlived the day, \vhich his tutor Sandford had " prognosticated upon his nativity he \vould not out- " live; but he had done it e now, for that was his " birth-day, which had cOlnpleted his age to fifty "years." The next morning, by the tin1e they came to Colebrook, they met with the news of his death. He died exceedingly lamented by men of all qua- lities, f and left many of his servants and dependants o\vners of good estates, raised out of his employ- ments and bounty. Nor had his heir cause to com- plain: for though his expenses had been very mag- nificent, (and it may be the less considered, and his providence the less, because he had no child to in- herit,) inson1uch as he left a great debt charged upon the estate; yet considering the wealth he left in jewels, plate, and furniture, and the estate his bro- ther enjoyed in the right of his wife (who was not fit to manage it herself) during her long life, he nlay be justly said to have inherited as good an estate from him, as he had froin his father, which was one of the best in England. The earl of l\lontgomery, who ,vas then lord chamberlain of the household, and no,v earl of PCln- broke, and the earl of Dorset, \vere Jike\vise of the privy-council; Inen of very different talents and qua- lifications. The forn1er being a young ll1an, scarce of age at the entrance of king J anIes, had the good fortune, by the corneliness of his person, his skill, and indefatigable industry in hunting, to be the first \vho dre\v the king's eyes to,vards him \vith affec- tion; which ,vas quickly so far improved, tha-t he e but he had done it] which f men of all qualities] all he had done qualities of men OF 'rI-IE REBELLION. 105 bad the reputation of a favourite. Before g the end BOO K of the first or second year, he was made gentleman I. of the king's bedchamber, and earl of Montgomery; 1628. which did the king no harm: for besides that he received the king's bounty with more moderation than other men, who succeeded him, he was gene- rally known, and as generally esteemed; being the son of one earl of Pembroke, and younger brother to another, h who liberally supplied his expense, be- yond ,vhat his annuity froln his father would bear. He pretended to no other qualifications, than to understand horses and dogs very well, which his n1aster loved him the better for, (being, at his first coming into England, very jealous of those ,vho had the reputation of great parts,) and to be believed honest and generous, which made hin1 many friends, and left him then i no enemy. He had not sat l11any years in that sunshine, when a new comet appeared in court, Robert Carr, a Scotsn1an, quickly after declared favourite: upon whom the king DO sooner fixed his eyes, hut the earl, ,vithout the least murmur or indisposition, left all doors open for his entrance; (a rare teinper! and it k could proceed frol11 nothing, but his great perfection in loving field-sports;) which tIJe king received as so great an obligation, that he ah\rays after loved hiIn in the second place, and comn1ended him to his son at his death, as a J11an to be relied on in point of honesty and fidelity; though it appeared after\\rards, that lIe was not strongly built, nor had sufficient ballast to f( }{efore] And before h son of--to another,] son and younger brother to the earl of Pembroke, I then] Not in iJJS. k it] Not ill JJ;IS. 106 THE HISTORY BOOK endure a storm; of which more will be said here- I. after. 1628' d The other, the earl of Dorset, ,vas, to all intents, Of Ed war earl of Dor- principles, and purposes, another man; his person set. beautiful, and graceful, and vigorous; his ,vit plea- sant, sparkling, and sublime; and his other parts of learning, and language, of that lustre, that he could not 111iscarry in the ,vorld. The vices he had were- of the age, ,vhich he ,vas not stubborn enough to conten1n or resist. He was a younger brother, grand- child to the great treasurer Buckhurst, created, at the king's first entrance, earl of Dorset, who out... lived his father, and took care and delight in the education of his grandchild, and left hiln a good support for a younger brother, besides a wife, ,vho was heir to a fair fortune. As his person and parts ,vere such as are before mentioned, so he gave them full scope, ,vithout restraint; and indulged to his appetite all the pleasures that season of his life (the fullest of jollity and riot of any that preceded, or succeeded) could tempt or suggest to him. He entered into a fatal quarrel, upon a subject very unwarrantable, with a young noblen1an of Scotland, the lord Bruce; upon ,vhich they both transported thel11selves into Flanders, and attended only by t\VO chirurgeons I placed at a distance, and under an obligation not to stir hut upon the fall of onp of then1, they fought under the ,valls of Ant ,verp, ,vhere the lord Bruce fell dead upon the place; and sir Edward Sackville (for so he ,vas then callcd) being likewise hurt, retired into the 1 chirurgcons] urgeon OF THE REBELLION. 107 next monastery, which was at hand. Nor did this BOOK luiserable accident, ,vhich he always exceedingly la- I. mented,m make that thorough ÏIl1pression upon him, 1628. but that he indulged still too much to those inlpor- tunate and insatiate appetites, even of that indivi- dual person, that had so lately embarked hiIn in that desperate enterprise; being too much tinder not to be inflall1ed with those sparks. His elder brother did not enjoy his grandfather's titles 11 many years, before it descended, for ,vant of ' heirs male, to the younger brother. But in these fe,v years the elder, o by an excess of expense in all the ,vays to ,vhich Inoney can be applied, so P en- tirely consulned ahnost the whole great fortune that descended to him, that, when he ,vas forced to leave the title to his younger brother, he left upon the nlatter nothing to him to support it; ,vhich exposed hin1 to nlany difficulties and inconveniences. Yet his known great parts, and the very good general reputation he had acquired, not\vithstanding his de- fects, q (for as he was eminent in the house of com- mons, whilst he sat there; so he shined in the house of peers, ,vhen he caIne to n10ve in that sphere,) in- clined king Jalnes to call hin1 to his privy-council before his death. And if he had not too 1l1uch che- rished his natural constitution and propensity, and been too nIuch grieved and \vrung by an uneasy and strait fortune, he ,vould have ueen an excellent man of business; for he had a very sharI), discerning spi- rn always exceedingly la- mented] did always exceeding- ly lament n titlcs] title o the dder,] Not in lU . p so] he so q acquired, notwithstandiug his detects,] notwithstanding his defects ac{ptired, 108 THE HISTORY nOOK rit, and was a man of an obliging nature, much ho- I. nour, and great generosity, and of most entire fide- ] 628. lity to the crown. There were two other persons of lnuch authorIty in the council, because of great name in the court; as they deserved to be, being, without doubt, t,vo as accomplished courtiers as ,vere found in the palaces of all the princes in Europe; and the greatest (if not too great) iInprovers of that breeding, and those qualifications, with which courts used s to be adorn- ed; the earl of Carlisle, and earl of Holland: both, (though men of pleasure,) by their long experience in court, ,veIl acquainted .,vith the affairs of the kingdon1, and better versed in those abroad, than any other who sat then at that board. Of the earl The foriner, a younger brother of a noble fanlÏly of Carlisle.. S I d · h k . d · h k . In cot an , came Into t e Ing om 'Vlt lng James, as a gentleman; under no other character, than a person well qualified by his breeding in France, and by study in human learning, in which he bore a good part in the entertainment of the king, ,,-ho much delighted in that exercise; and by these means, and notable gracefulness in his beha- viour, and affability, in which he excelled, he had wrought hinlself into a l)articular interest \vith his 111aster, and into greater affection and esteem with the whole English nation, than any other of that country; by choosing their friendships and conver- sation, and really preferring it to any of his o\vn: insonluch as upon the king's nlaking hÍ1n gcntlenlan of his bedchanlber and viscount Doncaster, by this royal mediation {in which office he ,vas a Jllost pre- . used] u e t by] and by OF THE REBELLION. 109 valent prince) he obtained the sole daughter and heir of the lord Denny to be given him in marriage; by which he had a fair fortune in land provided for any issue he should raise, and which his son by that lady lived long to enjoy. He ascended after\vards, and with the expedition he desired, to the other conveniences of the court. He was groonl of the stole, and an earl, and knight of the garter; and married a beautiful young lady, daughter to the earl of Northumberland, without any other approbation of her father, or concernment in it, than suffering hiIn and her to come into his presence after they were married. He lived rather in a fair intelligence than any friendship with the favourites; having credit enough with his master to provide for his ?wn interest, and he troubled not hÍ1nself for that of other nlen; and had no other consideration of money, than for the support of his lustre; and whilst he could do that, he cared not for Inoney, having no bowels in the point of running in debt, or borrowing all he could. He was surely a nlan of the greatest expense in his own person, of any in the age be lived; and in- troduced 1110re of that expense in the excess of clothes and diet, than any other man; and \vas in- deed the original of all those inventions, from which others did but transcribe copies. He had a great universal understanding, and could have taken as Inuch delight in any other way, if he had thought any other as pleasant, and worth his care. But he found business was attended with nlore rivals and vexations; U and, he thought, with much less plea- sure, and not Inore innocence. BOOK I. ] 628. u vexations;] vexation; 110 TIlE HISTOIlY He left behind hin1 the reputation of a very fine gentlelnan, and a 11IOSt acco111plished courtier; and 1628. after having spent, in a very jovial life, above four hundred thousand pounds, which, upon a strict com- putation, he received froln the cro\vn, he left not a house, nor acre of land, to be relnembered by. And when he had in his prospect (for he was very sharp- sighted, and sa,v as far before him as most nIen) the gathering together of that cloud in Scotland, which shortly after covered both kingdoms, he died with as much tranquillity of mind to all appearance, as used to attend a man of more severe exercise of vir- tue; and with x as little apprehension of death, ,vhich he expected Inany days. Of tbe earl The earl of Holland ,vas a younger son of a noble of Holland. } d e. fì I b d h . h d . . d d lOUSe, an a very lrult u e, ,v IC IVl e a nu- 11lerous issue bet,veen t,vo great fathers; the elùest, many sons and daughters to the lord Rich; the younger, of both sexes, to Mountjoy earl of Devon- shireY. The reputation of his fal11ily gave hÎ1n no great ad vantage in the ,vorld, though his eldest bro- ther was earl of \Varwick, and o\\rner of a great for- tune; and his younger earl of Newport, of a very plentiful revenue like,vise. He, after some time spent in France, betook himself to the ,varin Hol- land, which he intended to have l1lade his profes- sion; ,vhere, after he had made two or three ca111- paigns, according to the CUSt0l11 of the English vo- lunteers, he caIne in the leisure of the winter to visit his friends in England, and the court, that shined then in the plenty and bounty of king James; and about the tÏ1ne of the infancy of the BOOK I. x with] Not in MS. mld.ç: who had been more than Y earl of Devonshire] JIS. once married to the mother. OF THE REBELLION. 111 duke of Buckinghaln's favours, Z to WhOl11 he grew in a short time very acceptable. But his friendship was Inore entire to the earl of Carlisle, who was more of his nature and hUlllour, and had a genero- sity more applicable at that thne to his fortune and his ends. And it was thought by many ,vho stood ,vithin vie,", that for SOlne years he supported him- self upon the fa111iliarity and friendship of the other; \vhich continued mutually between then1 very many years, with little interruption, to their death. He was a very handso111e In an, of a lovely and ,vinning presence, and gentle conversation; by which he got so easy an adlnission into the court, and grace of king J alnes, that he gave over the thought of further intending the life of a soldier. He took all the ways he could to endear himself to the duke, and to his confidence, and wisely declined the re- ceiving any grace or favour, but as his donation; above all, avoided the suspicion that the king had any kindness for him, upon any account but of the duke, whose creature he desired to be esteemed, though the earl of Carlisle's friend. And he pros- pered so well in that pretence, that the king scarce made nlore haste to advance the duke, than the duke did to promote the other. He first preferred him to a wife, the daughter and heir of ( ope, by whom he had a good fortune; and, anlongst other things, the manor and seat of Kensington, of which he ,vas shortly after nladc baron. And he had quickly so entire a confidence in hinl, that the duke a prevailed with the king to put him about his son the prince of 'Vales, and to z favours,] favour, 1\ the duke] he BOOK I. 1628. BOOK I. 1628. IlQ 'fHE HIS "ORY be a gentleulan of his bedchanlber, before the duke himself had reason to prolnise hilnself any propor- tion of his highness's grace and protection. He was then made earl of Holland, captain of the guard, knight of the garter,b and of the privy-council; sent the first ambassador into France to treat the lna1'- riage with the queen, or rather privately to treat about the marriage before he was ambassador. And when the duke went to the Isle of Rhé, he trusted the earl of Holland with the cOll1mand of that arlny with ,vhich he was to be recruited and assisted. In c this confidence, and in this posture, he ,vas left by the duke when he was killed; d and having the advantage of the queen's good opinion and fa- vour, (which the duke neither had, nor cared for,) he nlade all possible approaches towards the obtain- ing his trust, and succeeding hilTI in his power; or rather that the queen D1ight have solely that po\ver, and he only be subservient to her; and upon this account he l11ade a continual war upon the earl of Portland the treasurer, and all others who were not gracious to the queen, or desired not the increase of her authority. And in this state, and under this protection, he received every day new obligations from the king, and great bounties, and continued to flourish above any man in the court, whilst the ,vea- ther ,vas fair: but the storm did no sooner arise, but he changed so much, and declined so fast froB1 the honour he ,vas thought to be lnaster of, that he fell into that conùition, which there will be here- after too lnuch cause to mention, and to enlarge upon. b garter,] order, rl was killed;] died; C In] And in OF rrHE REBELLION. 113 The two secretaries of state (who e were not in BOOK those days officers of that magnitude they have heen I. since, being only to make despatches upon the COTI- o/t ; .o elusion of councils, not to govern, or preside in those secretarie of state, sir councils) were sir John Coke, who, upon the death John Coke . . and sir Dud- of SIr Albert Moreton, was, from beIng master of ley Carle- requests, preferred to be secretary of state; and sir ton. Dudley Carleton, \vho, fr0111 his enlployment in Hol- land, was put into the place of the lord Conway, who, for age and incapacity, was at last relTIoved from the secretary's office, \vhich he had exercised lTIany { years ,vith very notable insufficiency; so th t king James was 'font pleasantly to say, "That Sten- " ny" (the duke of Buckingham) "had given him " two very proper servants; a secretary, who could " neither write nor g read; and a groom of his bed- " chamber, ,vho could not truss his points;" 1\'lr. Clark having but one hand. Of these two secretaries, the former ,vas a man of a very narrow education, and a narrower nature; having continued long in the university of Cam- bridge, '\v here he had gotten Latin learning enough; and after\vards in the country in the condition of a private gentlelnan, till after he was fifty years of age; '\vhen, upon some reputation he had for indus- try and diligence, he was called to some painful em- ployment in the office of the navy, which he dis- charged well; and afterwards to be master of re- quests, and then to be secretary of state, which he enjoyed to a great age: and ,vas a man rather un- adorned ,\ ith parts of vigour and quickness, and un- endo,ved ,vith any notable virtues, than notorious for t> who] which YOI . I. f many] -for many I g nor] or BOOK I. 1628. 114 THE HISTORY any weakness or defect of understanding, or h trans- ported with any vicious inclinations, appetite to 1110- ney only excepted. His cardinal perfection ,vas in- dustry, and his most eminent infirmity covetousness. His long experience had informed him well of the state and affairs of England; but of foreign trans- actions, or the common interest of Christian princes, he was entirely undiscerning and ignorant. i Sir Dudley Carleton was of a quite contrary na- ture, constitution, and education, and understood all that related to foreign employments, k and the con- dition of other princes and nations, very ,veIl: but ,vas unacquainted 1 with the government, laws, and customs of his own country, and the nature of the people. He was a younger son in a good gentle- nlan's falnily, and bred in Christ Church, in. the uni- versity of Oxford, where he was a student of the foundation, and a young lTIan of parts and to,vardly expectation. He went from thence early into France, and was soon after secretary to sir Harry Nevil, the 3ulbassador there. He had been sent ambassador to Venice, where he resided many years with good re- putation; and ,vas no sooner returned from thence into England, than he went alnbassador into Hol- land, to the States General, and resided there ,vhen that synod was assembled at Dort, which hath given the world so much occasion since for uncharitable disputations, which they 'v ere called together to pre- vent. Here the ambassador ,vas not thought so equal a spectator, or assessor, as he ought to have been; but by the infusions he made into king James, and h or] than i undiscerning and ignorant.] ignorant, and undiscerning. k employments,]employment, I unacquainted] utterly un- acquainted OF THE REBELLIONI 115 by his own activity, he did all he could to discoun- BOOK tenance that party that was most learned, and to I. raise the credit and authority of the other; ,vhich 1628. has since proved as inconvenient and troublesolne to their own country, as to their neighbours. He was once nlore ambassador extraordinary in Holland after the death of king James, and ,vas the last ,vho was admitted to be present, and to vote in the general assembly of the States, under that cha- racter; of ,vhich great privilege the crown had been IJossessed from a great part of the reign of queen Elizabeth, and through the time of king James to that moment; which adlninistered fresh matter of murmur for the giving up the towns of the Brill, and Flushing, which had been done some years be- fore by king James; without which men thought those States would not have had the courage so soon to have degraded the crown of England from a place in their councils, which had prospered so eminently under the shadow of that power and sup- port. As soon as he returned from Holland, he was called to the privy-council. Them making hÏ1n se- cretary of state, and a peer of the realm, when his estate was scarce visible, was the last piece of work- manship the duke of Buckingham lived to finish, \vho seldom satisfied hinlself with conferring a single ohligation. The duke had observed and discovered that the The rise of , , archbishop channel, in ,vhich the church promotions had for- Laud's pow- . . er in the merly run, had been liable to some corruptIons, at church. least to many reproaches; and therefore had COln- mitted'the sole representation of those affairs, and the recolnlnending to n the vacancies \vhich should 111 The] And the It the recommending to] Not i11 111 . I 2 BOOK I. 1628. 116 TIlE HISTORY happen, to Dr. Laud, then bishop of Bath and 'VeIls, and sworn of the privy-council. And the king, after the duke's 0 death, continued that trust in the same hands, infinitely to the benefit and honour of the church, though, it may be, no less to the prejudice of the poor bishop; who, too secure in a good con- science, and most sincere worthy intention,p (with which no man was ever more plentifully replenished,) thought he could manage and discharge the place and office of the greatest minister in the court (for he was quickly made archbishop of Canterbury) with- out the least condescension to the arts and strata- gems of the court, and without any other friendship, or support, than what the splendour of a pious life, and his unpolished integrity, would reconcile to him; which was an unskilful 111eaSUre in a licentious age, and Inay deceive a good man in the best tÏ1nes Q that shall succeed; which exposed him to such a torrent of adversity and misery, as we shall have too natural an occasion to lament in the follo\ving discourse, in which it will be more seasonable to enlarge upon his singular abilities, and immense virtue. There were more (too many more) honourable persons in that time of the privy-council, whose fa- culties were not notorious enough to give them any great part in the affairs, nor had their advice much influence upon them. Other very notable men were shortly after added to the council, who will hereafter r be remembered in their proper places and seasons. \Vhat hath been said before contains information enough of the persons in eD?-ployment, and the state of the court and kingdom, when the duke of Buck.. o the duke's] his P intention,] intentions, q times] Not in MS. r hereafter] anon OF THE REBELLION. 117 ingham was taken from it; by which, and the lively BOO K reflections upon the qualities and qualifications of the I. several persons in authority in court and council, no 1628. man could expect that the vigorous designs and en- terprises, undertaken by the duke, would be pur- sued with equal resolution and courage; but that much the greater part of them would be wholly in- tent upon their o,vn accommodations in their for- tunes, (in which they abounded not,) or s in their ease and pleasure, which they most passionately af- fected; having, as hath been said, no other conside- ration of the public, than that no disturbance there- in might interrupt their quiet in their own days: and that the rest, who had larger hearts and more public spirits, would extend their labour, activity, and advice, only to secure the empire at home by all peaceable arts, and advancement of trade, which Inight gratify the people, and fill the- empty coffers of the impoverished crown. To which end the Inost proper expedients were best understood by thenl, not to enlarge it, by continuing and propagating the war; the ,vays and means whereof they knew not how to comprehend; and had all the desperate ima- ginations and jealousies of the end and necessary consequences of it. And so they all concurred (though in nothing else) in their unanimous advice to the king" to put the quickest period he could " possibly to the expensive war against the two " crowns :" and, his majesty following their advice, a peace was made with hoth, upon better terms and A. peace di . · . fì with t.he con tlons, and In less tIme, than, rom the known two croWlJS. hnpatience of the war, could reasonably have been 8 or] and I 3 " 118 THE HISTORY BOO K expected, or hoped for. And after some unquietness t I_ of the people, and unhappy assaults upon the prero- Th i d gativë by the parliament, which produced its disso- parliament lution and thereupon some froward and obstinate dissolved. ' disturbances in trade, there quickly fonowe so excel- lent a composure throughout the whole kingdom, that the like peace, and plenty, and universal tran- quillity for ten years was never enjoyed by any na- tion; and was the more visible and manifest in Eng- land, by the sharp and bloody war suddenly entered into between the two neighbour cro,vns, and the uni- versal conflagration, that, from the invasion U of the Swedes, covered the whole empire of Gerlnany. And so x we shall return to the discourse, to ,vhich this very long digression hath given a greater inter- ruption than was intended. The ill ef- That proclamation, mentioned before, at the feets of the b k . f h I I - d h - b proclama- rea lng up Y 0 t east par Iall1ent, an W IC was ion tl set commonl y understood" to inhibit Z all n1en to S p eak Jor 1 upon breaking up H of another P arliament," P roduced two ver y ill effects of the se- conrl parlia- of different natures. I t afflicted many good l11en ment. (who otherwise were enough scandalized at those distempers which had incensed the king) to that de- gree, that it made them capable of receiving some Ï111- pressions from those who were diligent in ,vhispering and infusing an opinion into men, " that there ,vas " really an intention to alter the form of governlnent, t unquietness] short unquiet- ness u invasion] inundation x And so-intended.] And so we shall return to the discourse, which this very long digression hath interrupted longer than was intended, by which we shall see what progress and by what sta.. tions the person, whose life is set down, was advanced in the world. Y breaking up] break Z was commonly understood " to inhibit] inhibited OF THE REBELLION. 119 "both in church and state; of which, said they, a BOOK . I. " greater instance cannot be gIven, than this public "declaring (as it was interpreted) a that ,ve shall 1628. " have no more parlialnents." Then, this freedom from the danger of such an inquisition did not only encourage ill men to all boldness and licence, but wrought so far upon men less inclined to ill, (though not built for examples,) that they kept not those strict guards upon themselves they used to do; espe- cially if they found then1selves above the reach of ordinary justice, and feared not extraordinary, they by degrees thought that no fault \vhich was like to find no punishment. Supplemental acts of state were Projects of all kinds. made to supply defect of laws; and so tonnage, and 1629. poundage, and other duties upon merchandises, were collected by order of the board, which had been positively b refused to be settled by act of parliament, and ne\v and greater impositions laid upon trade: obsolete laws were revived, and rigorously executed, \vherein the subject n1ight be taught how unthrifty a thing it was, by too strict a detaining of what was his, to put the king as strictly to inquire what was his own. By this c ill husbandry the king received a vast Th.at of f fì II f 1 . · d lmlghthood. sum 0 n10ney rOlTI a persons 0 qua Ity, or In eed 1630. of any reasonable condition throughout the kingdom, upon the law of knighthood; which, though it had a foundation in right, yet, in the circumstances of proceeding, was very grievous. And no less unjust projects of all kinds, many ridiculous, many scanda- lous, all very grievous, were set on foot; the envy a (as it was interpreted)] Not in .J.U S. b positively] penTersely c Uy this] And by this I 4 l O THE HISTORY BOO K and reproach of which came to the king, the profit I. to other Inen: insomuch that, d of t,vo hundred thou- 1630. sand pound drawn from the subject, by these ways, in a year, scarce fifteen hundred caIne to the king's h t of re- use or account. To reconlpense the dan1age the vlvmg fo- rest-laws. crown sustained by the sale of the old lands, and by the grant of ne,v pensions, the old laws of the forest \vere e revived, by which not only great fines \vere f imposed, but great annual rents intended, and like to be settled by way of contract; which burden lighted n10st upon persons of quality and honour, who thought themselves above ordinary oppressions, and were g therefore like to remember it with more T at of sharpness. Lastly, for a spring and magazine that ship-money. I [1634.] should have. no bottom., and for an everlastIng supply of all occaSIons, a wrIt was h framed in a form of law, and directed to the sheriff of every county of England, " to provide a ship of \var for the king's " service, and to send it, alnply provided and fitted, " by such a day, to such a place;" and \vith that writ \vere sent to each sheriff instructions, that, " instead " of a ship, he should levy upon his county such a "sum of money, and return the same to the trea- " surer of the navy for his majesty's use, ,vith direc- " tion, in what nlanner he should proceed against " such as refused :" and fron1 hence that tax had the denoDlination of ship-Inoney; a word of a lasting sound in the memory of this kingdom; by which for SOD1e years really accrued the yearly SUIn of t\VO hun- dred thousand pounds to the king's coffers: and it i d that ] as , , e were] are f were] are g were] Not in MS. h was] is t it] Not ill MS. OF THE REBELLION. 1 1 ,vas in truth the only project that was accounted to BOOK his own service. And, after the continued receipt of it I. for about k four years together, it 1 ,vas at last (upon 1630. the refusal of a private gentleman to pay twenty or m thirty shillings as his share) with great solemnity publicly argued before all the judges of England in the exchequer-chamber, and by much n the ll1ajor part of theI11, the king's right to inlpose asserted, and the tax adjudged lawful; "Thich judgment proved of more advantage and credit to the gentleman con- denlned (Mr. Hambden) than to the king's service. For the better support of these extraordinary The powers d . of the COUll- ,vays, and to protect the agents an lnstrulnents, cil-tabJe who must be employed in theIn, and to discounte- : : : - nance and suppress all bold inquiries 0 and opposers, enlarged. the council-table and star-chamber enlarge their ju- risdictions to a vast extent, "holding" (as Thucydides said of the Athenians) " for honourable that which "pleased, and for just that \vhich profited;" and being the same persons in several rooms, grew both courts of law to deterlnine right, and courts of reve- nue to bring money into the treasury; the council.,. table by procianlations enjoining to the P people whatq was not enjoined by the la\v, and prohibiting that ,vhich ,vas not prohibited; and the star-chaIn her censuring the breach, and disobedience to those pro- clamations, by very great fines and imprisonment; so that any disrespect to any r acts of state', or to the persons of statesmen, \vas in no tin Ie nlore penal, and k about] Not in .lJIS. 1 it] Not in MS. m twenty or] Not in MS. n ll1uch] Not in 1JlS. C} inquiries] inquirers P enjoining to the] enjoining this q what] that r any] Not in ]JIS. 1 THE HISTORY BOO K those foundations of right, by which men valued J. their security, to the apprehension and understand- 1630. ing of wise l11en, never more in danger to be de- stroyed. And here I cannot but again take the liberty to say, that the circumstances and proceedings in those ne\v extraordinary cases, stratagelTIS, and ill1positions, were very unpolitic, and even destructive to the ser- vices intended. And s if the business of ship-money, being an imposition by the state, under the notion of necessity, upon a prospect of danger, which private persons could not modestly think themselves qualifi- ed to discern, had been managed in the same extra- ordinary way as the royal loan (which was the im- posing the five subsidies after the second parliament spoken of before) was, men would nluch easier have submitted to it; as it is notoriously kno,vn, that pressure was borne with much more cheerfulness be- fore the judgment for the king, than ever it was after; men before pleasing thenlselves ,vith doing somewhat for the king's service, as a testimony of their affection, which they were not bound to do; n1any really believing the necessity, and therefore thinking the burden reasonable; others observing, that the advantage t to the king ,vas of iInportance, when the dan1age to thenl was not considerable; and all assuring themselves, that when they should be ,yeary, or unwilling to continue the payment, they nlÏght resort to the ]a\v for relief, and find it. But \vhcn . they heard this demanded in a court of la\v, as a right, and found it, by sworn judges of the law, ad- judged so, upon such grounds and reasons as every 8 And] As t advantage] access OF THE REBELLION. l g stander-by ,vas able to swear was not law, and so had lost the pleasure and delight of being kind and dutiful to the king; and, instead of giving, were re- quired to pay, and by a logic that left no man any thing which he might call his own; they no more looked upon it as the case of one man, but the case of the kingdom, nor as an imposition laid upon thenl by the king, but by the judges; which they thought themselves bound in conscience to the public justice not to submit to. It was an observation long ago by Thucydides, " That men are much more passion- "ate for injustice, than for violence; because (says " he) the one coming as froln an equal, seeins rapine; " when the other, proceeding frOlTI one stronger, is " but the effect of necessity." So, when ship-n10ney was transacted at the council-board, they looked upon it a.s a work of that power they were all U obliged to trust, and an effect of that foresight they were natu- rally to rely upon. Imininent necessity, and public safety, \vere convincing persuasions; and it n1ight not seem of apparent ill consequence to them, that upon an emergent occasion the regal power should fill up an hiatus, or supply an impotency in the law. But when they saw in a court of law (that la\v that gave them title to x and possession of all that they had) reason Y of state urged as elements of la\v, judges as sharp-sighted as secretaries of state, and in the mysteries of state; judgment of law grounded upon n1atter of fact, of which there was neither in- quiry nor Z proof; and no reason given for the pay- ment of the thirty shillings in question, but ,vhat U all] always :It to] Not in MS. Y reason] apothegms Z nor] or nOOK I. 1630. 1 4 THE HISTORY 1630. included a the estates of all the standers-by; they had no reason to hope that b doctrine, or the pro- lTIoters C of it, would be contained ,vithin any bounds ; and it was no wonder that they, \vho had so little reason to be pJeased ,vith their o,vn condition, ,vere not less solicitous for, or apprehensive of, the incon.. veniences that n1ight attend any alteration. And here the dan1age and Inischief cannot be ex- pressed, that the crown and state sustained by the deserved reproach and infamy that attended the judges, by being made use of in this and like d acts of power; there being no possibility to preserve the dignity, reverence, and estimation of the ]a,vs theIl1- selves, but by the integrity and innocency of the judges. And no question, as the exorbitancy of the house of commons, in their next parlian1ent, pro- ceeded e principally from their contempt of the laws, and that conten1pt froln the scandal of that judg- ment; so the concurrence of the house of peers in that fury can be Ílllputed to no one thing In ore, than to the irreverence and scorn the judges were justly in; who had been always. before looked upon there as the oracles of the law, and the best guides to as- sist that house in f their opinions and actions: and the lords g no,v thought themselves excused for s,verving from the rules and customs of their prede- cessors (who in altering and lnaking of laws, in judg- ing of things and persons, had always observed the advice and judgment of those sages) in not asking a included] concluded proceeded] this parliament bath b that doctrine] that that doc- proceeded - trine f to assist that house in] and C pron10tersJ preachers directors of d ] ikeJ the like g the lords] they e in their next parliament, BOOK t. OF THE REBELLION. 1 5 questions of those whom they knew nobody would believe; thinking h it a just reproach upon them, (who out of their courtship i had subnlitted the diffi- culties and Inysteries of the law to be nleasured by the standard of \vhat they called k general reason, and explained by the wisdonl of state,) that they themselves should 1 make use of the licence which the others m ]lad taught thenl n , and deternline that to be law, which they thought to he 0 reasonable, or found to be c nvenient. If these men had preserved the sinlplicity of their ancestors, in severely and strictly defending the laws, other men had observed the 1110desty of theirs, in hunlbly and dutifully obey- ing then}. Upon p this consideration it is very observable, that in the wisdoln of fornler times, ,vhen the pre- rogative went highest, (as very often it ]lat]l been s\voln above any pitch we ]lave seen it at in our times,) never any court of law, very seldom any judge, or lawyer of reputation, was called upon to assist in an act of po\ver; the crown ,veIl knowing the m0111ent of keeping those the objects of reverence and veneration with the people: and that though it might sonletimes make sallies upon them by the pre- rogative, yet the law would keep the people from any invasion of it, and tJlat the king could never suf- fer, whilst the law and the judges wpre looked upon by the subject, as the asyhlln q for their liberties, and security. And therefore you shall find the policy of h thinking] and thinking m which the others] they i courtship] gentilesses n them] Not in MS. k what they called) Not in 0 to be] Not in ..118. JUS. P Upon] And upon 1 that they themselves should] q asylum] asyla to see those meu BOOK I. 1630. BOOK J. 1630. 126 THE HISTORY Inany princes hath endured as sharp animadversions and reprehensions from the judges of the law, as their piety hath from the bishops of the church; as hav- ing no less influence r upon the people, under the re- putation of justice, by the one, than under the ties s of conscience and religion, by the other. To extend this consideration of the forlll and cir- cunlstance of proceeding in cases of an unusual na- ture a little farther; as it may be nlost hehoveful for princes in nlatters of grace and honour, and in conferring of favours upon their people, to transact the same as publicly as may be, and by themselves, or their ministers, to dilate upon it, and improve the lustre by any addition, or eloquence of speech; (where, it may be, every kind word, especially frolll the prince himself, is looked upon as a new bounty;) so it is as requisite in nlatters of judgment, punish.. ment, and censure upon things, or persons, (especial- ly when the case, in the nature of it, is unusual, and the rules in judging as extraordinary,) that the sanle be transacted as privately, and with as littJe noise and pomp of words, as nlay be. For (as damage is luuch easier borne and submitted to by generous minds, than disgrace) in the business oft ship-lTIoney, and U many other cases in the star-chamber, and at .council-board, there were many impertinencies, in- congruities, and insolencies, in the speeches and ora- tions of the judges, nluch more offensive, and much In ore scandalous than the judgments and sentences thelnselves. Besides that men's nlinds and under- r as having no Jess influence] imposing no Jess S under the ties] Not in MS. t of] of the \1 and] and in OF THE REBELLION. lQ7 standings were more instructed to discern the con- sequence of things, ,vhich before they considered not. And x undoubtedly, my lord Finch's speech in the exchequer-chalnber made ship-money much more abhorred and forlnidable, than all the con1n1itn1ents by the council-table, and all the distresses taken by the sheriffs in England; the ll1ajor part of n1en (be- sides the COlDIDon unconcernedness in other men's sufferings) looking upon those proceedings \vith Y a kind of applause to thelDselves, to see other n1en pu- nished for not doing as they had done; which de- light ,vas quickly determined, when they found their own interest, by the unnecessary logic of that argu- ment, no less concluded than Mr. Han1bden's. He z hath been but an ill observer of the' passages of those times we speak of, who hath not seen nlany sober men, who have been clearly satisfied with tJ1e conveniency, necessity, and justice of many sentences, depart notwithstanding extren1ely offended, and scan- dalized with the grounds, reasons, and expressions of those ,vho inflicted those censures; when they found then1selves, thinking to be only spectaJors of other men's sufferings, by some unnecessary inference or declaration, in probable danger to become the next delinquents. They who look back upon the council-books of queen Elizabeth, and the acts of the star-chamber then, shall find as high instances of po\ver and sove- reignty upon the liberty and property of the Sl1 bject, as can be since given, But tJ1e art, order, and gra- vity of those proceedings (where short, severe, con- stant rules ,vere set, and snlartly pursued, and the x And] As y with] a z I-Ic] And he BOOK I. ] 630. BOOK I. 1630. 128 THE HISTORY party felt only a the weight of the judglnent, not. the passion of his judges) Inade them less taken no- tice of, and so less grievous to the puhlic, though as intolerable to the person: whereas, since those excel- lent rules of the council-board \vere less observed, and debates (\vhich ought to be in private, and in the absence of the party concerned, and thereupon the judglnent of the table to be pronounced by one, without the interposition of others, or reply of the party) suffered to be public, questions to be asked, passions discovered, and opinions to be pron1iscu- ously delivered; all advice, directions, reprehensions, and censures of those places grew to be in less re- verence and esteem; so that, besides the delay and interruption in despatch, the justice and prudence of the counsels did not Inany times weigh down the infirmity and passion of the counsellors; and both suitors and offenders returned into their country, with such exceptions and arguments against per- sons, as brought and prepared much prejudice to whatsoever should proceed fron1 thence; and W]lat- ever excuses shall be made, or arguments given, that upon such extraordinary occasions there was a ne- cessity of SOIne pains and care to convince nlen's un- derstandings Ofb the reasons and grounds of their proceeding, (which, if ,vhat was done had been only flll iI1JoT1nan(!run cOlu/ciential1l without reproach, or penalty, might have been reasonable,) it is certain the inconvenience and prejudice, that grew thereby, was greater than the benefit: and the reasons of the judges being many tilnes not the reasons of the judgment, those C might more satisfactorily and JllOre a felt only] only felt b TIlen 'g understandings of] the understandings of men with c those] that OF THE REBELLION. 129 shortly have d been put in the sentence itselt than noo [( spread in the discourses of the censurers. I. Tbese errors (for errors they were in view, and 1630. errors they are proved by the success) are not to be imputed to the court, but to the spirit and over- activity of tbe lawyers themselves; who should Ulore carefully have preserved their profession, and its e professors, from being profaned by those services, which have rendered both so obnoxious to reproach. There were two persons of that profession, and of that time, by ,vhose several and distinct constitu- tions (the one kno,ving nothing of nor caring for the court; the other knowing or caring for nothing else) those mischiefs were introduced; Mr. Noy, the attorney general; and sir John Finch, first, lord chief justice of the COlllmon pleas, and then lord keeper of the great seal of England. The first, upon the great fame of his ability and Of at.tofltt'Y learning, (and he ,vas very able and learned, f) was, ral by great industry and importunity from court, per- suaded to accept that place, _ for which all other l11en laboured, (being the best, for profit, that profession is capable of,) and so he suffered hinlself to be nlade the king's attorney general. The court Illade no inlpression upon his manners; upon his mind it did: an(l though he ,yore about hiln an affected ßlorosity, which made hiln unapt to flatter other men, yet even that morosity and l)ride rendered hÍtn the ßl0st liable to he grossly flattered himseJf, that can be imagined. And by this ßleans the great persons, who steered the public affairs, by adn1iring his parts, and extol- ù have] Not in .iJ1S. e its] the f and he was v{\ry able and YO I.. I. learned,)] and very able and learned he was,) h. nOOK I. 1630. Of sir John Finch. 130 THE HISTORY ling his judgment as ,veIl to his face' as behind his back, wrought upon hiln by degrees, for the en1i- nellcy of the service, to be an instrulnent in all their designs; thinking that he could not give a clearer testin10ny, that his kno,vledge in the la\v \vas greater than all other luen's, than by 111aking that la,v,Y}1Ích all other lnen believed not to be so. So he 111oulded, fralned, and pursued the odious and crying project of soap; and with his own hand drew and prepared the writ for ship-money; both ,vhich \vill be the lasting monUlllents of his fame. In a word, he ,vas an unanswerable instance, how necessary a good edu- cation and kno\vledge of In en is to lllake a ,vise lnan, at least a man fit for business. .. Sir John Finch had lnuch that the other ,vanted, but nothing that the other had. Ha'Ting led a free g life in a restrained fortune, and having set up upon the stock of a good ,vit, and natural parts, ,vithont the superstructure of much kno\vledge in the profession by ,vhich he ,vas to grow; he b was ,villing to use those weapons in which he had most skill, and so (being not unseen in the affections of the court, but not having reputation enough to guide or reforu1 them) he took up ship-money ,vhere 1\11'. Noy left it; and, being a judge, carried it up to that pin- nacle, frool ,vhence he alolost broke his O\Vl1 neck; having, in his journey thither, had too nluch influ- ence on his brethren to induce thelll i to concur in a judginent they had all cause to repent. 'ro \vhich, his declaration, after he was keeper of the great seal of Eng]and, lllUst be adòeò, upon a delTIUrrer put in g free] licentious h hel Not in JIS. I had too Illnch influence on his brethren to induce them] too mm.:h a !'\olicitor to inrtucp his brethren OF THE REBELLION. 131 to a bill before him, ,vhich had no other equity in BOOK it, than an order of the lords of the council; "that I. " \vhilst he was keeper, no ll1an should be so saucy 1630. " as k to dispute those orders, but that the \visdo111 " of that board should be al,vays ground enough for " hilTI to Blake a decree in chancery;" ,vhich ,vas so great an aggravation of the excess of that taL Ie, that it received In ore prejudice froB} that act of unrea- sonable coùntenance and respect, than fronl all the contelnpt could possibly 1 have been offered to it. But of this no lllore. Now after all this (and I hope I cannot be ac- T!te feli.city of the times cused of lTIuch flattery in this inquisition) I must be before th . . . long parha- SO Just as to say, that, durIng the whole tlnle that ment, Bot- ] I d d th d withstand- t lese pressures were exercIse, an ose new an ing some extraordinar y ,va y s were run that is from the dis- invasions " on the sub- solution of the parlian1ent in the fourth year, to theject; beginning of this parlian1ent, which ,vas above twelve yeal s, this kingdonl, and all his majesty's dominions, (of the interruption in Scotland somewhat shall be said in its due tÍ1ne and place,) enjoyed the greatest caltn, and the fullest Ineasure of felicity, that any people in any age, for so long tilne together, have heen blessed with; to the wonder and envy of all the other m parts of Christendom. In n this conlparison I aID neither unnlindful of, C?mpared Ii I .L' h h · f Eli with the nor ungrate U lor, t e appy tunes 0 queen za- times of 1 th d o k . J B .L' . 1 .L' h queen Eli- )e , an ?lng an1es. ut lor t Ie lorlner, t e zaheth ; douhts, hazards, and perplexities, upón a total change and alteration of religion, and SOllle confi- dent attcll1pts upon a farther alteration by those ,vho k as] Not in J.118. I possibly] po siblc an nthl'r] 'f-lot in lS. n In] And in o and] or tor those more happy under K2 BOOK I. 1630. And with the times of king James. 13 THE HISTORY thought the reforn1ation not carried far enough; P the charge, trouble, and anxiety of a long continued war (how prosperous and successful soever) even during that queen's whole reign; and (besides some domestic ruptures into rebellion, frequently into treason; and besides the blemish of an unparalleled act of blood upon the life of a crowned neighbour queen and ally) the fear and apprehension of what ,vas to come (which is one of the most unpleasant kinds of melancholy) from an unknown, at least an unackno\vledged, successor to the crown, clouded llluch of that prosperity then, which now shines ,vith so much splendour before our eyes in chro- nicle. And for the other under king James, (which in- deed \vere excellent times, bona si sua '/lorint,) the mingling with a stranger nation, formerly not very gracious ,vith this, 'v hich was like to have more in- terest of favour: the subjection to a stranger prince, whose nature and disposition they knew not: the discovery of a treason, q the most prodigious that had ever been attempted, upon his first entrance into the kingdom: the wants of the cro\vn not in- ferior to what it hath since felt, (I l11ean \vhilst it sat right on the head of the king,) and the pressures upon the subject of the sallIe nature, and no less cOlllplained of: the absence of the prince in Spain, and the solicitude that his highness should r not be disposed in marriage to the daughter of that king- dom, rendered the cahn and tranquillity of that time less equal and pleasant. To ,vhich may be added P thought the reformation not carried far enough;] thought not the reformation enough ; q the discovery of a treason,] the noise of treason, r should] might OF THE REBELLION. 133 the prosperity and happiness of the neighbour king- doms not much inferior to that of this, which, ac- cording to the pulse of states, is a great diIninution of their health; at least their prosperity is llluch improved, and more visible, by the misery and mis- fortunes of their neighbours. . .. The happiness of the tiInes I now Inention ,vas invidiously set off by this distinction,s that every other kingdom, every other state were entangled, t and some almost destroyed, by the rage and fury of arms; those who ,vere engaged in an ambitious con- tention U with their neighbours, having the view and apprehensions of the miseries and desolation, which they saw other states suffer by a civil war; w'hilst the kingdoms we now lament were alone looked upon as the garden of the world; Scotland (which was but the wilderness of that garden) in a fun, en- tire, and v undisturbed peace, which tJley had never seen; the rage and barbaris111 W of their private feuds being composed to the reverence, or to the awe, of public justice; in a competency, if not in an excess of plenty, hich they had never hopes x to see, and in a temper (which was the utmost that in those days was desired or hoped for Y) free from rebellion: Ireland, ,vhich had been a sponge to dra,v, and a gulph to s,vallow all that could be spared, and all that could be got fron1 England, merely to keep the 5 now mention was invidi- ously set off by this distinc- tion,] mentioned was enviously set off by this, t state were entangled,] pro- vince, were engaged, some en- tangled, n who were ,engaged in an ambitious contention] which were ambitiously in contention v and] Not in MS. W barbarism] MS. adds: (that s the blood, for of the charity we speak not,) x hopes] hope Y that in those days was de- sired or hoped for)] we desired and hoped to ee) K3 BOOK I. ] G30. BOOK I. 1630. 134 THE HISTOItY reputation of a kingdom, reduced to that good de': gree of husbandry and government, that it not only subsisted of itself and gave this kingdom all that it Inight have expected frolll it; but really increased the revenue of the cro\vn forty or fifty thousand pounds a year, besides a consideraLle advantage to the people by z the traffick and trade from thence; arts and sciences fruitfully planted there; and the whole nation beginning to be so civilized, that it was a je\vel of great lustre in the royal diadeul. 'Vhen these out\vorks were thus fortified and adorned, it was no wonder if England "' as gene- rally thought secure, with the advantages of its o\vn clinlate; the court in great plenty, or rather (\vhich is the discredit of plenty) excess, and luxury; the country rich, and, which is nlore, fully enjoyÏ11g the pleasure of its o\vn \vealth, anù so the easier cor- rupted with the pride and \vantonness of it; the church flourishing \vith learned and extraordinary men, and (,vhich other good times had in sonle de- gree a wanted) supplied with oil to feed those lanlps; and the protestant religion 1110re advanced against the church of ROlne by writing, (\vithout prejudice to other useful and godly labours,) especially hy those two books of the late lord archbishop of Canterbury his grace, and of Mr. Chilling"Torth, than it had b en from the refornlation; trade increased to that de- gree, that we were the exchange of Christendol11, (the revenue froin thence b to the cro"Tn being al- most double to \vhat it had been in the best times,) Z a considerable ad\1antage to the people by] nluch more to the people in a had in somc degree] Nut in J18. b from thence] thereof OF 1. HE REBELLION. 135 and the bullion of neighbour C kingdoms brought to receive a st.amp frOlTI the Inint of England; foreign d merchants looking upon nothing so much their own, as e what they had laid up in the warehouses of this kingdom; the royal navy, in number and equipage _ ll1uch above forlner tin1es, very formidable at sea; and the reputation of the greatness and po,ver of the king lnuch lnore ,vith foreign princes than any of his progenitors: for those rough courses, which made hÜn perhaps f less loved at home, n1ade hiIn more feared abroad; by how much the power of kingdoms is more reverenced than their justice by their neighbours: and it may be, this consideration might not be the least motive, and n1ay not be the worst excuse for those counsels. Lastly, for a con1- plement of all these blessings, they were enjoyed by, and under the protection of, a king, of the nlost harn1less disposition, the n10st g exen1plary piety, the greatest sobriety,h chastity, and mercy, that any prince hath been endowed with, (God i forgive those that have not been sensible of, and thankful for, those endo,vn1ents,) and who Inight have said, that ,vhich Pericles ,vas proud of, upon his death-bed, concerning his citizens, k "that no Englishman had " ever worn a mourning I go\vn through his occa- "sion." In a word, many wise men thought it a time, wherein those t,vo adjuncts, m which N erva was deified for uniting, i1Jl}Jeriurn et libertas, were as well reconciled as is possible. C neighbour] aU other briety, d foreign] all foreign i God] and God e so much their own, as] as k concerning his citizen ,] their own, but Not in JUS. f perhaps] happily I a mourning] bhu:k g the most] and the most In two adjuncts,] two misera- h sobriety,] example of o- bIe adjuncts, K4 BOOK I. 1 630. BOOK I. 1630. 136 TI-IE HISTORY But aU these blessings could but enable, not cOin... pel us to be happy: ,ve ,vanted that sense, acknow- led nlent, and value of our o,vn happiness, which all but we had; and took pains to make, ,vhen we could not find, ourselves lniserable. There was in truth a strange absence of understanding in most, and a strange perverseness of understanding in the rest: the court full of excess, idleness, and luxury; the n country full of pride, mutiny, and discontent; every lllan more troubled and perplexed at that they called the violation of one la,v, than delighted or pleased with tbe observation of all the rest of the charter: never Ï1nputing the increase of their receipts, re- venue, and plenty, to the wisdom, virtue, anù luerit of the crown, but objecting every small Ï1nposition to the exorbitancy and tyranny of the governUlent; the growth of knowledge and learning being dis- )'elished, for the infirmities of some learned l11en, and the increase of grace and tàvour upon the church 1110re repined and murmured at, than the increase of piety and devotion in it,o which ,vas as visible, ackno\vledged, or taken notice of; ,vhilst th<.:1 indiscretion and folly of one scrnlon at 'Vhitehall was more bruited abroad, and cOlnmented upon, than the wisdom, sobriety, and devotion of a hundred. It cannot be denied but there was sometimes preached there matter very unfit for the place, and very scandalous for the persons, 'v ho presunled often to deterlnine things out of the verge of their o\vn profession, and, in ordine ad sjJÏ1-itualia, gave unto Cæsar what Cæsar refused to receive, as not belong- ing to him. But it is as true (as was once saiù hy n the] and the o in it,] in the church, OF 'fl-IE REBELLION. 137 · a man fitter to be believed in that point than I, and BOOK one not suspected for flattering of the clergy) " that I. " if the sermons of those times preached in court 1630. " were collected together, and published, the wor]d " would receive the best bulk of orthodox divinity, " profound learning, convincing reason, natural pow- " erful eloquence, and adn1irable devotion, that hath " been C0111111unicated in any age since the apostles "time." And I cannot but say, for the honour of the king, and of those who were trusted by him in his ecclesiastical collations (who have received but sad rewards for their uprightness) in those reproach- ed, condelnned tÍ1nes, there ,vas not one churchman, in any degree of favour or acceptance, (and this the inquisition, that hath been since made upon them, a stricter never was in any age, must confess,) of a scandalous insufficiency in learning, or of a more scandalous condition ofp life; but, on the contrary, 1110St of theln of confessed eminent parts in know- ledge, and of virtuous and q unb]emished lives. And therefore ,vise men knew, that that, which looked like pride in SOlne, and like petulance in others, ,vould, by experience in affairs, and conversation an10ngst Dlen, both of which most of theln ,vanted, be in tilne wrought off, or, in a new succession, re- forllled, and so thought the vast advantage froln their learning and integrity, an ample reconlpense for any inconvenience from their passion; and yet, by the prodigious inlpiety of those tÍInes, the latter 'vas only looked on with malice and revenge, with- out any reverence or gratitude for the former. \Vhen the king r found himself possessed of all The king's first jour- r '''"hen the king] This ac- COllnt of the king's first journey I' of] in (1 and] or 19B THE HISTORY BOOK that tranquillity n1entioned before, that he had no I. reason to apprehend any enenlies frolll abroad, and 1 33. Jess any insurrections at hOlne, against which no Hey mto Scotland to kingdo111 in Christendom, in the constitution of its be crowneù there. government, in the solidity S of the laws, and in the nature and disposition of the peopJe, was more se- cure than England; that he might take a nearer vie\v of those great blessings which God had poured upon hinl, he resolved to make a progress into the northern parts of his kingdom, and to be solemnly crowned in his kingdom of Scotland, which he had neyer seen fron1 the time he had t first left it, when he was about t,vo years old. 11 In order to this jour- ney, which ,vas nlade with great splendour, and pro- portionable expense, he added to the train of his court n1any of the greatest nobility, who increased x the ponlp of the court at their o,vn charge, (for so they \vere required to do,) and seelned \vith alacrity to submit y to the king's pleasure, as soon as they kne\v his desire; and so his attendance in all re- spects ,vas proportionable to the glory of the greatest king. 'rhis \vhole progress ,vas luade, fronl the first setting out to the end of it, ,vith the greatest mag- nificence ill1aginable; and the highest excess of feast- ing ,vas then introduced, or, at least, feasting \\Tas into Scotland i.s taken from the MS. of lord Clarendon's Life. The relation qf it in MS. C. and which immediately follou:s the IJreceding part (if this /listory, will be found in the Appendix, A. s so]idityJ solidity and exc- cution t hadJ ;..-r ot in .118. 11 about two years old.J of the age of two year , and no more. x increasedJ cared not to add to Y for so they ,,"cl.e required to do,) and seemed wi th ala- critv to submit J "hich tlwy we;e obligell to do, and did with all vi it.:lc alacrity submit OF THE REBELLION. 139 then Z carried to a height it never had attained a be- fore; from b whence it hardly declined afterwards, to the great dal11age and mischief of the nation in their estates and Inanners. All persons of quality and condition, \vho lived within distance of the northern road, received the great persons of the no- bility ",-ith that hospitality ,vhich becanle them; in ,vhich all cost ,vas elnployed to l11ake their enter- tainments splendid, and their houses capable of e those entertainments. The king d hÎlnself DIet with 111any entertainments e of that nature, at the charge of particular men, ,vho desired the honour of his presence, which had been rarely practised till then by the persons of the best condition, though it hath since grown into a very inconvenient cust0111. But \vhen he passed through Nottinghamshire, both king and court were received and entertained by the t'arI of Newcastle, and at his o\vn proper expense, in such a ,vonderful Inanner, and in such an excess of feasting, as had scarce ever f before been kno\yn in England; and would he still thought very prodi- gious, if the same noble person had not, within a year or two afterwards, made the king and queen a lllore stupendous entcrtaÎ1llnent; which, (God be thanked,) though possibly it 111ight too Dluch ,vhet the appetite of others to excess, no nlan ever after in those days g Îlnitated. The great office of the court, and principal places of attendance upon the king's person, ,vere then upon the lnatter equally divided between the Eng- z fea ting was then] Not in )18. a nc\"er had attained] had never been h from] and from C of] for d The king] And the king e entertainments] treatments f searce c\'er] never t! in those days] IÚJt in ill.'. BOOK I. J 633, 140 THE HISTORY BOOK lish and the Scots; the marquis of Hamilton nIastel" I. of the horse, and the earl of Carlisle first gentleman ) 633. of the bedchaulber, and almost all the second rank of servants h in that place, being of that kingdolTI; so that there ,vas as it were an emulation between the two nations, ,vhich should appear in the greatest lustre, in clothes, horses, and attendance: and as there ,,,ere (as is said before) nIany of the principal nobility of England, who attended upon the king, and who were not of the court; so the court ""as never without many Scots volunteers, and their number ,vas well increased upon this occasion in nobility and gentry, who ,vere resolved to confute i all those who had believed their country to he very poor. The ing's The king no sooner entered Scotland, but all his magmficent .. reception English ser,-ants and officers YIelded up theIr at- there. tendance to those of the Scots nation, ,vho were ad- mitted into the same offices in Scotland, k or had sonle titles to those enlployments I by the constitution of that kingdoI11; as nIost of the great offices are held by inheritance; as the duke of Richn10nd and Lenox ,vas then high ste,vard, and high admiral of Scot- land by descent, as others had the like possession of other places; so that all the tables of the house, \vhich had been kept by the English officers, ,vere laid do,vn, and taken up again by the Scots, ,vho kept then1 up \vith the saIne order, and equal splen- dour, and treated the English ,vith all the freedom and courtesy ilnaginable; as all the nobility of that nation did, at their own expense, ,vhere their offices did not entitle them to tables at the charge of the h rank of servants] relation j confute] convince k Scotland,] England, 1 employments] relations OF THE REBELLION. 141 cro\vn, keep very noble houses to entertain their ne,v guests ; who had so often and so ,veIl entertained thell1: and it cannot be denied, the whole behaviour of that nation to\vards the English 'vas as generous and obliging as could be expected; and the king appeared with no less lustre at Edinburgh, than at Whitehall; and in this pomp his coronation passed ,vith all the solemnity and evidence of public joy that could be expected, or that can be imagined; m and the parliament, then held, ,vith no less demon- stration of duty, passed and presented those acts which were prepared for theln to the royal sceptre; in which were SOlne laws restraining n the extrava.. gant power of the nobility, which, in many cases, they had long exercised, and the dhninution whereof they took very heavily, though at that time they took little notice of it; the king being absolutely ad vised in all the affairs of that kingdom then, and long before, and after, by the sole counsel of the marquis of Hall1ilton, ,vho was, or at least was O then believed to be, of the greatest interest of any subject in that kingdo111, of 'v horn Inore ,vill be said here- after. The king ,vas very ,veIl pleased ,vith his recep- tion, and \vith all the transactions there; nor indeed was there any thing to be blamed, but the luxury and vast expense, which abounded in all respects of feasting and clothes with too much licence: which being in1puted to the commendable zeal of the peo- ple, of all conditions, to see their king an10ngst them, w hOll1 they were not like to see there again, and so m could be expected, or that can be imagined;J can be ima- gined. or could be expected; n restraining] whicl. re train('d o was] Not in ft-18. BOOK I. ] 633. 14Q '"rI-IE HIS1.'OR Y ß 0 0 K their expense ""as to be but once l11ade, P no nlan I. had cause to suspect any nlischief froBl it: and yet ) G33. the debts contracted at that tilne by the nobility and gentry, and the ,vants and telnptations they Yet the found thel11selves exposed to, fronl that unlÍll1ited seeds of the d ' d h . b . h k . dl . succeeding expense, 1 very fiUC contrl ute to t e In lng c?mmo l - that fire, \v hich shortl y after broke out in so terriblp tlons t len sown. a combustion: nor were the sparks of nlurnlur and sedition then so ,yell covered, but that many dis- cerni ng men discovered very pernicious designs to lurk in their breasts, who seenlcd to have the 1110st cheerful countenances, q and ,, ho acted great parts in the pomp and triul1lph. And it evidently ap- peared, that they of that nation, ,vho shined nlost in the court of England, had the least influence in their o\vn country, except only the marquis of Ha- 111ilton, ,vhose affection to his l11aster was even then suspected by the ,visest men in hoth kingdoms; and that the inul1ense bounties the king and his father had scattered amongst those of that nation, out of the wealth of England, besides that he had sacri- ficed the ,vhole revenue r of that kingdonl to thenl- selves, were not looked upon as any benefit to that nation, s but as obligations cast away upon particular nlcn; 111any of Wh0111 had ,vith it wasted their own patrÏIl10ny in their country. The king himself observed nlany of the nobility to endeavour to l11ake thenlselves popular hy speak- ing in parlialnent against those things ,vhich "crp 1110st grateful to his Inajcsty, and ,vhich still passed, Ponce nladc,] MS. adds: and to the natural pride and vanity of that people, who will bear anv inconveniences in it or from it,' than confes the poverty of their country, q countenances,] C0l1lltcnanc(', r re\'cnue] revcnue and bene- fit S nal ion,] pcople, OF THE REBELLION. 143 notwithstanding their contradiction; and he thought a little discountenance upon those persons would either suppress that spirit within thenlselves, or 111ake the poison of it less operative upon others. But as those acts of discountenance were too often believed to proceed from the displeasure of the 111ar- quis of Hall1ilton, and by that 111eans t rather ad- vanced than depressed them,11 so they had x an ad- Inirable dexterity in sheltering themselves from any of those acts of discountenance, ,vhich they had no lllind to o,vn; y when it hath been visible, Z and was a then notorious, that lnany of the persons then, as the earl of Rothes, and others, of whom the king had the ,vorst opinion, and frOln whon1 he purpose- ly b ,vithheld any grace by never speaking to them, or taking notice of then1 in the court, yet c when the king was abroad in the fields, or passing through villages, when the greatest crowds of people flocked to see hilll, those 111en ,vould still be next hinl, and entertain hin1 \vith sonle discourse, and pleasant re- lations, which the king's gentle disposition could not avoid, and \v hich 11lade those persons to be gene- rally believed to be nlost acceptable to his majesty; upon "rhich the lord Falkland was ,vont to say, " that keeping of state ,vas like comlnitting adul- " tery, there nlllst go t\VO to it :" for let the proud- est or 1110st forrnallnan resolve to keep what dis- tance he ,vill to\vards others, a bold and confident t by that means] so \1 them,] the ol jcct, x they had] that people have naturall V Y to. own;] ß'lS. adds: (as they are equal promotcl"s and promulgators of it, thongh not intended when they ('an mal c benefit by it;) Z visibie,] notoriously visible, a was] it was b purposely] most purposely (' yet] Not in .'JJS. BOOK I. I G33. BOOK I. 1633. 144 THE HISTORY man instantly delnolishes that ,vhole nlachinc, and gets \vithin him, and even obliges him to his O\VU laws of conversation. The king ,vas always the most punctual observer of all decency in his devotion, and the strictest pro- moter of the ceremonies of the church, as believing in his soul the church of England to be instituted the nearest to the practice of the apostles, and the best for the propagation and advancenlent of Chris- tian religion, of any church in the ,vorld: and on the other side, though no man was' lTIOre averse fron1 the ROlllish church than he ,vas, nor better under- stood the lllotives of their separation frol11 us, and animosity against us, he had the highest dislike and prejudice to that part of his o\vn subjects, who were against the government established, and did al\vays look upon thelTI as a very dangerous and seditious people; ,vho \vould, under pretence of conscience, which kept them from subnlitting to the spiritual jurisdiction, take the first opportunity they could find, or make, to withdraw d thelllseives fron1 their temporal subjection; and therefore he had, ,vith tlu} utmost vigilance, caused that temper and disposition to be watched and provided against in England; and if it ,vere then in truth there, it lurked \vit.h wonderful secrecy. In Scotland indeed it covered the ,vhole nation, so that though there ,vere hishops in name, the ,vhole jurisdiction, and they thelTIselvcs were, upon the matter, subject to an asselnh]y, ,vhich ,vas purely presbyterian; no fornl of religion in prac- tice, no liturgy, nor the least appearance of any beauty of holiness: the clergy, for the lTIOst part, d to withdraw] to disturb and witl)(lra\\ OF THE REBELLION. corrupted in their principles; at least, e none coun- tenanced by the great lnen, or favoured by the peo- ple, but such; though it m!1st be owned their uni- versities, especially Aberdeen, flourished under n1any excellent scholars, and very learned men. Yet, though all the cathedral churches ,vere totally neglected \vith reference to those administrations over the \vhole kingdom, the king's f o\vn chapel at Holy- I'ood-house had still been ll1aintained \vith the C0111e- liness g of the cathedral service, and all other de- cencies used in h the royal chapel; and the \vhole nation seemed, in the time of king J alnes, well in- clined to receive the liturgy of the church of Eng- land, which that i king exceedingly desired, and was so confident of, that they ,vho were privy to his counsels k in that tÎll1e did believe, the bringing I that work to pass ,vas the principal end of his pro- gress thither some years before his death; though he ,vas not so well satisfied at his being there, tV10 or three of ,the principal persons trusted by him in the government of that kingdom, dying in or about that very time: but though III he returned ,vithout making any visible attempt in that affair, yet he re- tained still the purpose and resolution to his death to bring it to pass. Ho,vever, his two or three last years having been U less pleasant to hin1, by the e at least,] Thus in lus.: at least, (for it cannot be denied but that their uni\1ersities, espe- cially Aberdeen, flourished un- der many excellent scholars and very lear"ned men,) none coun- tenanced by the great m n, or favoureù by the people, but such; f the king's] yet the king's g comelines ] deceucy and YOL. I. splendour h decencies used in] forma- lities incident to i that] the k his counsels] the counsels of that king . J the bringing] that the hring- Ing m though] that n having been] were L 145 BOOK I. 1633. 146 'l"HE HISTORY BOO K prince's voyage into Spain, the jealousies which, I. about. that time, begun 0 in England, and the high P 1633. proceedings in pariiainent there, he thought q it ne- cessary to suspend any prosecution of that design, until a more favourable conjuncture, which he lived not to see. r Transac- The king his son, who, \vith his father's other tions about . . h . d h 1 } ". d t introduc- vIrtues, S In erite t at zea lor re IgIon, propose g; lii to nothing more to hhnself, than to unite his three Scotland. kingdoins in one forin of God's worship, and public devotions; u and there being now so great a serenity in all his dominions as is mentioned before, there is great reason to believe, that in this journey into Scotland to be crowned, he carried with him the re- solution x to finish that important business in the church at the saIne tin1e. To that end,Y the then bishop of London, Dr. Laud, attended on his ma- jesty throughout that \vhole journey, which, as he was dean of the chapel, he ,vas not obliged to do, and no doubt would have been excused from, if that design had not been in view; to accon1plish \vhich he was no less Z solicitous than the king himse nor the king the less solicitous for his advice. He preached in the royal chapel at Edinburgh a , (\vhich scarce any Englishman had ever done before in the o begun] began P high] imperious q he thought] so that he thought r which he lived not to see.] and he lived not to see that conjuncture. S who, with his f.'lther's other virtues,] with his kingdoms, and other virtues, t proposed] and proposed U and public devotions;] and in a uniformity in their public devotions; x carried with hi m the reso- lution] carried the resolution with him Y To that end,] And to that end, z no less] not less a at Edinburgh] Not in M81 OF TI-IE REBELLION. 147 king's presence,) and principally upon the benefit of conformity, and the reverend b cerenlonies of the church, with all the marks of approbation and ap- plause imaginable; the great civility of that people being so notorious and universal, that they \vould not appear unconfornlable to his lnajesty's wish in any particular. And nlany wise men \vere then and still are of opinioiI, that if the king had then pro- posed the liturgy of the church of England to have been received and practised by that nation, it would have bèen sublnitted to ,vithout C opposition: but, upon maturé consideration, the king concluded that it was not a good season to proillote that business. He had passed two or three acts of parlialnent, which had much lessened the authority and depend- ence of the nobility and great lllen, and incensed and disposed them proportionably to cross and op:' pose any proposition, which would be most grateful; and that overthwart d humour was enough disco- vered to rule in the breasts of lnany, who lllade the greatest professions. Yet this ,vas not the obstruc- tion \vhich diverted the king: the party that ,vas averse from the thing, and abhorred any thought of conformity, could not have been po,verful enough to have stopped the progress of it; the lllischief ,,-as, that they who nlost desired it, and ,vere 1110st con- cerned to pronlote it, were the In en \vho used all their credit to divert the present attenlpting it; and the bishops themseh-es, 'v hose interest was to be nlost advanced thereby, applied all their counsels se- cretly to have the matter more maturely considered; and the whole design was never consulted but pri- h reverend] reverent C without] against all d overthwart] tlmrteous L2 BOOh. I. 1633. BOOK I. 1633. 148 THE HIS'fOR'-9" vately, and only SOlne few of the great men of that nation, and sonle of the bishops, advised with by the king, and the bishop of London; it being nlanifest enough, that as the finishing that great affair nlust be very grateful to England, so the English nlust not appear to have a hand in the contriving and promoting it. The same Inen t:', who did not only pretend, but really and heartily wish, that they might have a li- turgy to order and regulate the worship of God in their churches, and did very well approve the cere- monies established in the church of England, and desired to submit to f and practise the sanle there, had no nlind that the very liturgy of the church of England should be proposed to, or accepted by them; for which they offered two prudential reasons, as their observations upon the nature and humour of the nation, and upon the conferences they had often had with the best men upon that subject, \vhich \vas often agitated in discourse, upon ,vhat had been for- merly projected by king James, and upon \vhat fre- quently occurred to ,vise In en in discourses upon the thing itself, and the desirableness of it. The first was, that the English liturgy, ho\v pi- ously and \\Tisely soever framed and instituted, had found great opposition: and though the matter of the cerenlonies had ,vrought for the 1110St part only upon light-headed, weak men, ,vhose satisfaction ,vas not to be laboured for g; yet there were many grave and learned IHen, who excepted against SOlne particulars, \vhich would not be so easily answered; " That the reading Psalnls being of the old transla- e men] Not in ftIS f to] Not in 1J18. g for] Nnl in 1118, OF THE REBELLIONI 149 "tion were in many particulars so different from "the new and better translation, that many in- " stances Inight be given of Ï1nportance to the sense " and truth of scripture." They said some,vhat of the same nature concerning the translation of the Epistles and Gospels, and S0111e other exceptions against reading the Apocrypha, and sonle other par- ticulars of less moment; and desired, " that, in form- "ing a liturgy for their church, they might, by re- " forming those several instances, give satisfaction " to good men, \vho would thereupon be easily in- " duced to submit to it." The other reason h, 'v hich nü doubt was the prin- cipal, i and k took this in the ,yay to give it the bet- ter introduction, was, "that the kingdom of Scot- " laI?d generally had been long jealous, that, by the "king's continued absence fron1 theIn, they should " by degrees be reduced to be but as a province to "England, and subject to their Ia,vs and govern- " TI1ent, ,vhich they I \vould never submit to; nor " would any man of honou:ç, who loved the king " best, and respected England n10st, ever consent to "bring that dishonour upon his country. If the " very liturgy, in the terms it is constituted and "practised in England, should be offered to them, " it ,vould kindle and inflan1e that jealousy, as the "prologue and introduction to that design, and as " the first range of that ladder, 1)1 \\?hich should serve " to mount over all their customs and privileges, "and be opposed and detested accordingly: where- " as, if his majesty ,vould give order for the prep ar- h reason] Not in .1.118. i was thepriucipal,] l\Totin MS. k and] but . I they] it rn range of that ladder,] rung of the ladder, I, 3 BOOK I. 1633. 150 THE HISTORY 1633. " ing a liturgy, \vith those few desirable alterations, "it would easily be done; and in the mean time " they would so dispose the minds of the people for "the reception of it, that they should even desire "it." This n expedient ,vas so passionately and ve- hemently urged even by the bishops, that, however they deferred 0 to the minds and humours of other men, it ,vas manifest enough, that the exception and advice proceeded from the pride of their o,vn hearts. The bishop of London, who was always present with the king at these debates, was exceedingly troubled at this delay,P and to find those men the instrull1ents in it, ,vho seemed q to hin1 as solicitous for the expedition, as zealous for the thing itself, and who could not but suffer by the deferring it. r He knew well ho\v far any enemies to conformity would be from being satisfied with those small al- terations, which being consented to, they ,vould \vith more confidence, though less reason, frame other ex- ceptions, and insist upon theln with more obstinacy. He foresa,v the difficulties which would arise in re- jecting, or altering, or adding to the liturgy, ,vhich had so great authority, and had, by the practice of near fourscore years, obtained great veneration fron1 all sober S protestants; and how much easier it ,vould be to make objections against any thing that should be ne,v, th'ln against the old; and ,vould therefore have been very glad that the forn1er resolution n1ight be pursued; there having never been any thoughts t BOOK I. n This] And this o deferred] referred P delay,] interjection, q who seemed] who had seemed r deferring it.] delay. 8 sober] Not in .1.118. t thoughts] thought O}i' .'l"HE REBELLION. 151 in the time of king James, or the present king, but of the English liturgy; besides that any variation fr0111 it, in how small matters soever, would make the uniformity the less, the manifestation whereof was that ,vhich was most aÎ1ned at and desired. The king had exceedingly set his heart upon the lnatter, and ,vas as much scandalized as any man at the disorder and indecency in the exercise of reli- gion in that church: yet he was affected with what was offered for a little delay in the execution, and knew more of the ill humour and practices amongst the greatest men of the kingdom at that season, than the bishop did, and believed he could better compose and reduce them in a little tÎIne, and at a distance, than at the present, and ,vhilst he was amongst them. Besides he was in his nature n1uch U inclined to the Scots nation, having heen born amongst them, and as jealous as anyone of them could be of x their liberties and privileges, and as careful they Y might not be invaded by the English, who, he knew, had no great Z reverence for them: and therefore the objection, "that it ,vould look like an imposi- " tion froIn England, if a form, settled in parliament " at 'Vestminster, should without any alteration be " tendered (though by hin1self) to be submitted to, " and observed in Scotland," n1ade a deep impression in his majesty. In a word, he committed the franling and, C0I11- 110sing such a liturgy as would most probably be ac- ceptable to that people, to a select number of the bishops there, who were very able and willing to BOOK I. 1633. 11 IllUc11] too luuch x of] that Y and as careful they] Not in MS. z great] Not in JUS. L4 BOOK I. I 633 I The king during bis stay there erects the bishopric of Edin- burgh. 15 "rI-IE HIS'rOR Y undertake it: and so his majesty returned into Eng- land, at the tilne he had designed, $1 without having ever proposed, or Inade the least approach in public towards any alteration in the church. It had been yery happy, if there had been then nothing done indeed, that had any reference to that affair, and that, since it ,vas not ready, b nothing had been transacted to promote it, \vhich accidentally alienated the affections of the people frol11 it; and ,vhat was done C ,vas imputed to the bishop of Lon- don, ,vho ,vas like enough to be guilty of it, since he did really d believe, that nothing n10re contri- buted to the benefit and advancen1ent of the church, than the promotion of churchl11en to places of the greatest honour, and offices of the highest trust: this e opinion and the prosecution of it (though his integrity was unquestionable, and his zeal as great for the good and honour of the state, as for the ad- vancement and security of the church) ,vas the un- happy foundation of his o\vn ruin, and of the preju- dice f towards the church, the Inalice against it, and almost the destruction of it. During the king's stay in Scotland, ,vhen he found the conjuncture not yet ripe for perfecting that good order ,vhich he intended in the church, he resolved to leave a 1110nUl11ent behind him of his o\vn affec- tion and esteen1 of it. Edinburgh, though the lne- tropolis of the kingdom, and the chief seat of the king's own residence, and the place ,vhere the COUll- . a he had designed,] proposed to himself, b not ready,] Thus in ftlS.: not ready to. prOlllote it, no. thing had been transacted, which C what was done] this ù really] naturally e this 1 and this f prejudice] TItUs in j1J S.: prejudice towards, and nlalice against, and almost destruction of the church. OF " rHE REBELLION. 153 cil of state and the courts of justice still remained, ,vas but a borough to\vn ,vithin the diocese of the archbishop of saint Andrew's, and governed in all church affairs by the preachers of the town; ,vhQ, being chosen by the citizens fron1 the time of 1\11". Knox, (,vho had a principal hand in the suppression of popery, with circun1stances not very comnlend- able to this day,) had been the 1nost turbulent and seditious ministers of confusion that could be found in the kingdom; of \vhich king James had so sad experience, after he came to age, as well as in his minority, that he would often say, "that his access " to the cro\vn of England was the more valuable " to him, as it redeemed him from the subjection to " the g ill manners and insolent pråctices of those "preachers h , which he could never shake off be- "fore." The king, before his return from thence, with the full consent and approbation of the arch- bishop of saint Andre\v's, erected Edinburgh into a bishopric, assigned it a good and convenient juris- diction out of the nearest lilllits of the diocese of saint Andrew's, appointed the fairest church in the town to be the cathedral, settled a competent reve- nue upon the hishop out of lands purchased by his n1ajesty hin1self from the duke of Lenox, who sold it 111uch the cheaper, that it Inight be consecrated to so pious an end; and placed a very elninent scholar of a good falnily in the kingdoln, \vho had been edu- cated in the university of Cambridge, to be the first bishop in that his ne,v city; and Inade another per- son, of good fanle and learning, the i first dean of his new cathedral, upon whom like,vise he settled a g the] their h of those preachers] Not in MS, i the] his BOOK I. 1633. 15 'I'HE I-IIS'rOR Y BOO K proper maintenance; hoping by this l11eans the bet- I. tel' to prepare the people of the place, ,vho were the 1633, nlost nUlllerous and richest of the kingdom, to have a due reverence to order and government, and at least to discountenance, if not suppress, the factious spirit of presbytery, ,yhich had so long ruled tllere. But this application little contributed thereunto: the people k generally thought, that they had too many bishops before, and so the increasing the num- ber was not like to be very gratefuJ to theIne The bishops had indeed very little interest in the affections I of that nation, and less authority over it; they had not po\ver to reform or regulate their o,vn cathedrals, and very rarely shewed them elves in the habit and robes of bishops; and dnrst not con- test with the general assembly in matters of juris- diction: so that there ,vas little more than the name His majesty of episcopacy preserved in that church. To redee1l1 prefers some bishops in them fro1l1 that contempt, and to she\v that they Scotland to h Id 1 · d bi . h h li I secular of- S OU Je consl era e In testate, O\v tt e au- fices b u l osea- thority soever they ,vere permitted to have in the sona y. church, the king Inade the archbishop of saint An- drew's, a learned, wise, and pious man, and of long experience, chancellor of the kingdoln, (the greatest office, and which had never been in the hands of a churchman since the reformation of religion, and suppressing the pope's authority,) and four or five other bishops of the privy-council, or lords of the session; which his majesty presunled, by their power in the ci viI government, and in the judicatories of the kingdom, "rouid render them so much the more reverenced, and the better enable them to settle the k the people] and the people J affections] affection OF THE REBELLION. ,.155 affairs of the church: '\vhich fell out other\vise too; and it had been better that envious proll10tion had been suspended, till by their grave and pious de- portment they had '\vrought upon their clergy to be better disposed to obey them, and upon the people to like order and discipline; and till by these means the liturgy had been settled, and received amongst them; and then the advancing SOlne of them to greater honour might have done well. But this unseasonable accumulation of so Inany honours upon them, to which their functions did not entitle thenl, (no bishop having been so luuch as a privy-counsellor in very many years,) exposed them to the universal envy of the ,vhole nobility, many whereof wished them well, as to their III ecclesiasti- cal qualifications, but could not endure to see them possessed of those offices and elnployments, '\vhich they looked upon as naturally belonging to them- selves; n and then t-he number of them was thought too great, so that they overbalanced many debates; and son1e of thenl, by,vant of temper, or want of breeding, did not behave themselves with that de- cency in their debates, towards the greatest men of the kingdoln, as in discretion they ought to have done, and as the others reasonably expected from them: so that, instead of bringing any advantage to the church, or facilitating the good in ten tions of the king in settling order and government, it produced a more general prejudice to it; though for the pre- sent there appeared no sign of discontent, or ill-will to them; and the king left Scotland, as he believed, full of affection and duty to him, and well inclined BOOK I. 1633. rn their] all their 11 thcmselves;] thelU; 156 THE HISTORY BOO K to receive a liturgy, when he should think it season- I. able to cOlnlllend it to them. Th I6 k 3., It \vas about the end of Au g ust in the year 1633, e -mg s return, and when the kin g returned from Scotland to Green\vich, the death of archbishop where the queen kept her court; and the first acci- Abbot, d f h h d .c h . · 1633: his ent 0 moment, t at appene alter IS comIng character. thither, ,vas the death of Abbot, archbishop of Can- terbury; who had sat too many years in that see, and had too great a jurisdiction over the church, though he was ,vithout any credit in the court from the death of king J an1es, and had not much in Illany years before. He had been head or master of one of the poorest colleges in Oxford, and had learning sufficient for that province. He ,vas a man of very morose nlanners, and a very sour aspect, which, in that tÍIl1e, was called gravity; and under the opinion of that virtue, and by the recon11nendation of the earl of Dunbar, the king's first Scotch favourite, he was preferred by king James to the bishopric of Co- ventry and Litchfield, and presently after to Lon- don, before he had been parson, vicar, or curate of any parish-church in England, or dean or prebend of any cathedral church; and ,vas in truth totally ignorant of the true constitution of the church of England, and the state and interest of the clergy; as sufficiently appeared throughout the ,vhole course of his life after\vardl He had scarce perforlned any part of the office of a bishop in the diocese of London, ,vhen }le \vas snatched frolll thence, and proilloted to Canterbury, upon the never enough lalnented death of Dr. Ban- croft, that metropolitan, "Tho understood the church excellently, and had aln10st rescued it out of the hands of the Calvinian party, and very luuch sub- OF THE REBELLION. 157 dued the unruly spirit of the nonconformists, by and after the conference at Hampton-court; counte- nanced In en of the greatest parts in learning, and disposed the clergy to a more solid course of study, than they had been accustolned to; and, if he had lived, would quickly have extinguished all that fire in England, which had been kindled at Geneva; or if he had been succeeded by bishop Andrews, bishop Overal, or any man who understood and loved the church, that infection would easily have been kept out, which could not afterwards be so easily ex- pelled. But Abbot brought none of this antidote with him, and considered Christian religion no otherwise, than as it abhorred and reviled popery, and valued those men 1110st, who did that n10st furiously. For the strict observation of the discipline of the church, or the conformity to the articles or canons esta- blished, he made little inquiry, and took less care; and having himself Inade a very little progress in the ancient and solid study of divinity, he adhered only 0 tu the doctrine of Calvin, and, for his sake, did not think so ill of the discipline as he ought to have done. But if l11en prudently forbore a public reviling and railing at the hierarchy and ecclesiasti- cal government, let their opinions and private prac- tice be \vhat it \vould, they were not only secure' from any inquisition of his, but acceptable to him, and at least equally preferred by hin1. And though nlanyother bishops plainly discerned the mischiefs, which daily broke in to the prejudice of religion, by his defects and relnissness, and prevented it in their BOOK I. 1633. o only] wholly 158 THE HISTORY B ?K own dioceses as ll1uch as they could, and gave all their countenance to I1len of other parts and other 1633. principles; and though the bishop of London, Dr. Laud, from the time of his authority and credit ,vith the king, had applied all the relnedies he could to those defections, and, from the time of his being chancellor of Oxford, had much discountenanced and al1nost suppressed that spirit, by encouraging another kind of learning and practice in that uni- versity, which ,vas indeed according to the doctrine of the church of England; yet that temper in the archbishop, whose house ,vas a sanctuary to the n10st eminent of that factious party, and 'v ho licensed their most pernicious ,vritings, left his successor a very difficult \vork to do, to refOrll1 and reduce a church into order, that had been so long neglected, and that was so ill filled P by many ,veak, and In ore wilful churchn1en. Bishop I t was within one week after the king's return Laud made ..... archbishop: from Scotland, that Abbot dIed at hIS house at Lam- his charac- b h TJ k . k I . I . . d ter. et. Ie q Ing too very Itt e tIme to consl er \vho should be his successor, but the very next tin1e the bishop of London (who \vas longer on r his way home than the king had been) can1C to hÌ111, his Inajesty entertained hin1 very cheerfully ,vith tIns cOlnpellation, lJIy lortZ's g'race if Canterbl{,}.Y, YOll are very welcouze; and gave order the san1e day for the despatch of all the necessary forn1s for the translation: so that \vithin a Inonth or thereabouts after the death of the other archbishop, he \\raS COIn- pletely invested in that high dignity, and scttled in his palace at Larl1beth. This great prelate had been P filled] inhabited q The] And the r on] upon OF TI-IE REBELLION. 159 before in great favour \vith the duke of Bucking- BOOK barn, whose chiefs confidant he ,vas, and by him re- I. cornlnended to the king, as fittest to be trusted in 1633. the conferring all ecclesiastical preferments, when he ,vas but bishop of 8tl David's, or newly preferred to Bath and Wells; and from that time he entirely governed that province without a rival: so that his promotion to Canterbury was long foreseen and ex- pected; nor was it attended with any increase of envy or dislike. He was a 111an of great parts, and very exelllplary virtues, allayed and discredited by SOlne unpopular natural infir111ities; the greatest of ,vhich was, (be- sides a hasty, sharp ,yay of expressing himself,) that he believed innocence of heart, and integrity of man- ners, was a guard strong enough to secure any man in his voyage through this world, in \vhat company soever he travelled, and through ,,,hat \vays soever he was to pass: and sure never any 111an was better supplied with that provision. He was born of ho- nest parents, ,vho \vere ,veIl able to provide for his education in the schools of learning, from whence they sent hin1 to St. John's college in Oxford, the worst endo\ved at that time of any in that famous university. From a scholar he be caIne a fellow, and then the president of that college, after he had re- ceived all the graces and degrees (the proctorship and the doctorship) could be obtained there. He \vas always l11aligned and persecuted by those \vho were of the Calvinian faction, \vhich was then very powerful, and ,vho, according to their usual t maxin} and practice, call every man they do not love, pa- s chief] grea t usual] useful 160 THE HISTORY 1633. pist; and under this senseless appellation they cre- ated hiln nlany troubles and vexations; and so far suppressed hÏ1u, that though he was the king's chap- lain, aud taken notice of for an excellent preacher, and a scholar of the most subliIne parts, he had not any preferlnent to invite him to leave his poor col- lege, which only gave hÏ1n bread, till the vigour of his age ,vas past: and ,vhen he was promoted by king J alnes, it was but to a poor bishopric in \Vales, which was not so good a support for a bishop, as his college was for a private scholar, though a doctor. Parlianlents in that tilne were frequent, and grew very busy; and the party under ,vhich he had suf- fered a continual persecution, appeared very power- ful, and full of design, and they \vho had the cou- rage to oppose thenl, begun u to be taken notice of with approbation and countenance: under x this style he canle to be first cherished by the duke of Buck- inghaln, ,yho had Y made sonle experinlents of the tenlper and spirit of the other people, nothing to his satisfaction. Froln this time he prospered at the rate of his o,vn wishes, and being transplanted out of his cold barren diocese of St. David's, into a warlner cliInate, he was left, as was said before, by that great Z favourite in that great trust ,vith the king, who was sufficiently indisposed to,vards the persons or the principles of Calvin's a disciples. \Vhen he came into great authority, it nlay be, he retained too keen a memory of those ,vho had so unjustly and uncharitably persecuted hin1 before; and, I doubt, was so far transported \vith the sallIe BOOK I. u begun] began x under] and under Y who had] after he had Z great] omnipotent a Calvin's] l\Ir. Calvin's OF THE REBELLION. ]61 passions he had reason to complain of in his adver- saries, that, as they accused him of popery, because he had SOlne doctrinal opinions \vhich they liked not, though they \vere nothing allied to popery; so he entertained too Inuch prej udice to son1e persons, as if they were enemies to the discipline of the church, because they concurred with Calvin in some doctrinal points; when they abhorred his discipline, and reverenced the governn1ent of the church, and prayed for the peace of it \vith as 111uch zeal and fervency as any in the kingdolTI; as they made ma- nifest in their lives, and in their sufferings with it, and for it. He had, from his first entrance into the world, \vithout any disguise or dissimulation, de- clared his o\vn opinion of that classis of men; and, as soon as it was in his power, he did all he could to hinder the growth and increase of that faction, and to restrain those who were inclined to it, from doing the mischief they desired to do. But his power at court could not enough qualify him to go through with that difficult reformation, whilst he had a superior in t]1e church, who, having the reins in his hand, could slacken thelll according to his own humour and indiscretion; and was thougl1t to be the more remiss, to irritate his choleric disposi- tion. But when he had now the prin1acy in his own hand, the king being inspired with the saBle zeal, he thought he should be to blame, and have much to ans\ver forb, if he did not make haste to apply remedies to those diseases, which he saw would grow apace. In the end of Septell1ber of the year 1633, he ,vas YOI... 1. b for] Not in MS. :1\1 BOOK I. 1633. 16Q TIlE HISTORY 1633. invested in the title, power, and jurisdiction of arcll- bishop of Canterbury, and entirely in possession of the revenue thereof, without a rival in church or state; that is, no man professed to oppose his great- ness; and he had never interposed or appeared in ll1atters C of state to this tÎllle. His first care ,vas, that the place he was ren10ved from might be sup- plied with a man who would be vigilant to pull up those ,veeds, which the London soil ,vas too apt to nourish, and so drew his old friend and con1panion Dr. Juxon as near to hiln as he could. They had heen fellows together in one college in Oxford, and, ,vhen he was first made bishop of saint David's, he made hin1 president of that college: ,vhen he could no longer keep the deanery of the chapel royal, he nlade hÜn his successor in that near attendance upon the king: and now he was raised to be archbishop, he easily prevailed with the king to make the other, bishop of London, before, or very soon after, he had been consecrated bishop of Hereford, if he were more than elect of that church I I t ,vas now a time of great ease and tranquillity; the king (as hath been said before) had ll1ade him- self superior to all those difficulties and straits he had to contend with the four first years he can1e to the crown at hOlne; and ,vas now reverenced by all his neighbours, who d needed his friendship, and de- sired to have it; the ,vealth of the kingdom noto- rious to all the world, and the general telnper and humour of it little inclined to the papist, e and less to the puritan. There ,vere sonle late taxes and hnpositions introduced, ,vhich rather angered than BOOK I. Dr. Juxon made bi- shop of London. t matters] matter d who needed] who all needed e papist,] papists, OF '.rI-IE REBELLION. lûS grieved the people, who were more than repaired BOOK by the quiet, peace, and prosperity they enjoyed; I. and the murmur and discontent that was, appeared 1633. to be against the excess of po\ver exercised by the crown, and supported by the judges in 'Vestminster- hall. The church was not repined at, nor the least inclination to alter the governlnent and discipline thereof, or to change the doctrine. N or ,vas there at that time any considerable nUlnher of persons of any valuable condition throughout the kingdom, ,vho did wish either; and the cause of so prodigious a change in so fe,v years after was too visible from the effects. The archbishop's heart was set upon the advancelnent of the church, in which he well knew he had the king's full concurrence, which he thought would be too powerful for any opposition; and that he should need no other assistance. Though the nation generally, as was said before, was without any ill talent to the church, either in the point of the doctrine, or the discipline, yet they were not without a jealousy that popery was not enough discountenanced, and were very averse from admitting any thing they had not been used to, which they called innovation, and were easily per- suaded, that any thing of that kind was hut to please the papists. Some doctrinal points in con- \Varm con- t h d b · h I . d . h tcntious roversy a een, In t e ate years, agItate In t e concerning- P ul p its with more warmth and reflections than had those cal ed , the Arnu- used to be; and thence the heat and aninlosity in- nian l)oints. creased in books pro and con upon the sanIe argu- ments: Inost of the popular preachers, who had not looked into the ancient learning, took Calvin's word for it, and did all they could to propagate 11is opi- nions in those points: they ,vho had studied nlorc, .i\I 2 164 THE HISTORY 1633. and \vere better versed in the antiquities of the church, the fathers, the councils, and the ecclesias- tical histories, with the same heat and passion in preaching and ,vriting defended the contrary. But because, in the late dispute in the Dutch churches, those opinions ,vere supported by Jacobus Arminius, the divinity professor in the university of Leyden in Holland, the latter men, we mentioned, were called Arminians; though many of then1 had never read a word written by Arn1inius. Either side defended and Inaintained the f different opinions as the doctrine of the church of England, as the two great orders in the church of Rome, the Dominicans and Franciscans, did at the same time, and had Inany hundred years before, with more vehemence and uncharitableness, Inaintained the same opinions one against the other; either party professing to adhere to the doctrine of the catholic church, which had been ever wiser than to determine the contro- versy. And yet that party here, which could least support then1selves \vith reason, were very solicitous, according to the ingenuity they always practise to advance any of their pretences, to have the people believe, that they,vho held with Arminius did in- tend to introduce popery; and truly the other side was no less willing to have it thought, that all, ,vho adhered to Calvin in those controversies, did in their hearts 1ikewise adhere to him with reference to the discipline, and desired to change the government of the church, destroy the bishops, and to g set up the discipline that he had established at Geneva; and so both sides found such reception generally ,vith BOOK I. f the] their g to] so OF THE REBELLION. 165 the people, as they were inclined to the persons; BOO K whereas, in truth, none of the one side were at all I. inclined to popery, and very many of the other were 1633. most affectionate to the peace and prosperity of the church, and very pious and learned men. The archbishop had, all his life, eminently op- Areh ishop d C . d .. h . b .L'. Laud s cha- pose alvIn's octrJne In t ose controversIes, elore raeter con- the nanle of Arminius was taken notice of, or his tinued. opinions heard of; and thereupon, for want of an- other name, they had called him a papist, which no- body believed him to be, and he had more mani- fested the cOlltrary in his disputations and writings, than most men had done; and it may be the other found the more severe and rigorous usage from him, for their propagating that calulnny against him. He was a man of great courage and resolution, and being lnost assured within himself, that he proposed no end in all his actions and h designs, but i what was pious and just, (as sure no man had ever a heart nlore entire to the king, the church, or his country,) he never studied the easiest k ways to those ends; he thought, it may be, that any art or industry that ,yay would discredit, at least make the integrity of the end suspected, let the cause be what it will. He did court persons too little; nor cared to make his designs and purposes appear as candid as they were, by shewing them in any other dress than their own natural beauty, though perhaps in too rough a man- ner ; 1 and did not consider enough what men said, or were like to say of hinl. If the faults and vices were fit to be looked into, and discovered, let the II and] or i but] than k easiest] best I tbough perhaps in too rough a manner;] and roughness; 1\1 3 BOOK I. I 633. T'ryn, Bur- tOil, and Bastwick. 166 THE HISTORY persons be who they ,vould that were guilty of them, they were sure to find no connivance of m favour froln him. He intended the discipline of the church should be felt, as ,yell as spoken of, and that it should be applied to the greatest and n10st splendid transgressors, as well as to the punishment of smaller offences, and meaner offenders; and thereupon called for or cherished the discovery of those who were not careful to cover their o\vn iniquities, thinking they ,vcre above the reach of other men,D or their power or ,vill to chastise. Persons of honour and great quality, of the court, and of the country, were every day cited into the high-commission court, upon the fame of their incontinence, or other scandal in their lives, and were there prosecuted to their shame and punishment: and as the shame (\vhich they called an insolent triumph upon their degree and quality, and levelling them ,vith the comnion people) ,vas never forgotten, but watched for revenge; so the fines ilnposed there were the more questioned, and repined against, because they ,vere assigned to the rebuilding and repairing St. Paul's church; and thought therefore to be the more sev'erely Î1nposed, and the less compassionately reduced and excused; ,vhich likewise made the jurisdiction and rigour of the star-chan1ber 1110re felt, and n1urmured against, and 0 sharpened many Inen's humours against the bishops, before they had any ill intention towards the church. There were three persons most notorious for their declared malice against the government of the church by bishops, in their several books and writings, m of] or n men,] ll1en's, o and] which OF THE REBELLION. 167 which they had published to corrupt the people, with circumstances very scandalous, and in lan- guage very scurrilous, and impudent; ,vhich alllnen thought deserved very exemplary punishlnent: they '\vere of the p three several professions which had the Inost influence upon the people, a divine, a C01l1- mon Jawyer, and a doctor of physic; none of them of interest, or any esteem with the ,vorthy part of their several professions, having been formerly all looked upon under characters of reproach: yet \vhen they were all sentenced, and for the execution of that sentence brought out to be punished as com- mon and signal rogues, exposed upon scaffolds to have their ears cut off, and their faces and foreheads branded with hot irons, (as the poorest and most mechanic malefactors used to be, when they were not able to redeem thelnselves by any fine for their trespasses, or to satisfy any damages for the scan.. daIs they had raised against the good name and re- putation of others,) men begun q no more to con- sider their lnanners, but the men; and each r pro- fession, ,vith anger and indignation enough, thought their education, and. degrees, and quality, would have secured theln fron1 such infanious judgments, and treasured up ,vrath for the tin1e to come. The remissness of Abbot, and of other bishops by his example, had introduced, or at least connived at, a negligence, that gave great scandal to the church, and no doubt offended very many pious men. The people took so little care of the churches, and the l)arsons as little of the chancels, that, instead of beautifying or adorning theln in any degree, they BOOK I. 1633. P the] Not in 1118. q begull] began 1\1 4 reach] every 168 THE HISTORY J 635. rarely provided against the falling of many of their churches; s and suffered them at least to be kept so indecently and slovenly, that they would not have endured it in the ordinary offices of their o,vn houses; the rain and the ,vind to infest them, and the sacraments themselves to be administered where the people had most mind to receive them. This profane liberty and uncleanliness the archbishop re- solved to reform with all expedition, requiring the other bishops to concur with him in so pious a work; and the work sure ,vas very grateful to all men of devotion: yet, I know not how, the prose- cution of it with too much affectation of expense, it Dlay be, or with too much passion between the mi- nisters and the parishioners, raised an evil spirit to- wards the church, which the enemies of it took n1uch advantage of, as soon as they had the t oppor- tunity to make the ,vorst use of it. The rellloving the communion tablc out of the body of the church, ,vhere it had used to stand, and u to be applied to all uses, and fixing it to one place in the upper end of the chancel, which fre- quently lllade the buying a new table to be neces... sary; the inclosing it ,vith a rail of joiner's ,york, and thereby fencing it from the approach of dogs, and all servile uses; the obliging all persons to come up to those rails to receive the sacrament, how acceptable soever to grave and intelligent persons, who loved order and decency, (for acceptable it was to such,) yet introduced first llluflllurings alTIOngst BOOK I. S provided against the faning of many of their churches;] provided for their stability and against the very falling of very many of their churches; t the] Not in ftl S. U and] and used OF THE REBELLION. 169 tbe people, upon the very charge and expense of it ; and if the minister were not a man of discretion and reputation to compose and reconcile those indis- positions, (as too frequently he was not, and rather inflamed and increased the distemper,) it begot x suits and appeals at law. The opinion that there was no necessity of doing any thing, and the com- plaint that there was too much done, brought the power and jurisdiction, that imposed y the doing 9f it, to be called in question, contradicted, and op- posed. Then the manner, and gesture, and posture, in the celebration of it, brought in new disputes, and admi istered new subjects of offence, according to the custom of the place, and humour of the peo- pIe; and those disputes brought in new words and tern1S ( altar, adoration, Z and genuflexion, and other expressions) for the more perspicuous carrying on those disputations. New books were ,vritten for and against this new practice, with the same earn- estness and contention for victory, as if the life of Christianity had been at stake. Besides, a there was not an equal concurrence, in the prosecution of this matter, amongst the bishops themselves; some of then] proceeding more remissly in it, and some not only neglecting to direct any thing to be done towards it, but restraining those ,vho had a n1ind to it, frOlll meddling in it. And this again produced as inconvenient disputes, when the subordinate clergy would take upon them, not only without the direc- tion of, but expressly against the diocesan's injunc- tions, to make those alterations and reformations themselves, and by their own authority. x begot] begat }' that imposed] to impose Z adoration,] and adoration, a Besides,] Not in MS. BOOK I. 1635. BOOK I. 1635. 170 THE HISTORY The archbishop, guided purely by his zeal, and reverence for the place of God's service, and by the canons and injunctions of the church, ,vith the cus- tOlll observed in the king's chapel, and in lTIOst ca- thedral churches, ,,-ithout considering the long in- termission and discontinuance in many other places, prosecuted this affair n10re passionately than was fit for the season; and had prejudice against those, ,vho, out of fear or foresight, or not understanding the thing, had not the same warmth to promote it. The bishops who had been preferred by his favour, or hoped to be so, were at least as solicitous to bring it to pass in their several dioceses; and some of them with more passion and less circumspection, than they had his example for, or than he approved; prosecuting those who opposed thenl very fiercely, and sOlnetimes unwarrantably, ,vhich was kept in remenlbrance. 'Vhilst other bishops, not so many in nunlber, or so valuable in weight, ,vho had not been beholding to hin1, b nor had hope of being so, were enough contented to give perfunctory orders for the doing it, and to see the execution of those orders not minded; c and not the less pleased to find, that the prejudice of that whole transaction reflected solely upon the archbishop. The bishop of Lincoln ('Villiams) who had here- tofore been d lord keeper of the great seal of Eng- land, and generally unacceptable ,vhilst he held that office,c was, since his disgrace at court, and prosecu- tion from thence, becolne very popular; and having b him,] them, c minded ;] intended; ù heretofore been] been here- tofore e generallyunacceptable whilst he held that office,] the most generally abon1Ìnated whilst he had been so, OF 'l HE REBELLION. 171 several faults objected to him, f the punishment \vhereof threatened him every day, he was very \villing to change the scene, and to be brought upon the stage for opposing these innovations (as he called them) in religion. It \vas an unlucky word, and cozened very many honest men into apprehensions very prejudicial to the king and to the church. He .published a discourse and treatise against the matter and manner of the prosecution of that business; g a book so full of good learning, and that learning so close and solidly applied, (though it abounded with too lTIany light expressions,) that it gained him re- putation enough to be able to do hurt; and shewed that, in his retirement, he had spent his time with bis books very profitably. He used all the wit and all the malice he could, to awaken the people to a jealousy of these agitations and innovations in the exercise of religion; not without insinuations that it ain1ed at greater alterations, for \vhich he knew the people would quickly find a nan1e; and he was ambitious to have it believed that the archbishop was his greatest enemy, for his having constantly opposed his }"ising to any government in the churcb, as a man whose hot and hasty s!)irit he had long known. Though there \vere other books ,vritten with good learning, and which sufficiently ans,vered the bishop's book, and to men of equal and dispassionate incli- nations fully vindicated the proceedings which had been, and were still, very fervently carried on; yet it ,vas done by men whose names were not ll1uch f having several f..'lults ob- jected to him,] having faults enough to be ashamed of, g business;] matter BOOK I. 1635. 17 THE HISTORY 1635. reverenced, h and who were taken notice of, with great insolence and asperity to undertake the de- fence of all things ,vhich the people generally ,yere displeased ,vith, and ,vho did not affect to be much cared for by those of their o,vn order. So that from this unhappy subject, not in itself of that Ï1nportant value to be either entered upon with that resolu- tion, or to be carried on with that passion, proceeded upon the matter a schism amongst the bishops them- selves, and a great deal i of uncharitableness in the learned and moderate clergy, to,vards one another: which, though it could not increase the malice, added very much to the ability and power of the enemies of the church to do it hurt, and also k to the number of them. For without doubt, many who loved the established government of the church, and the exercise of religion as it was used, and de- sired not a change in either, nor did dislike the or- der and decency, which they saw mended, yet they liked not any novelties, and so ,vere liable to en- tertain jealousies that more was intended than "as hitherto proposed; especially 'v hen those infusions proceeded from Inen unsuspected to have any incli- nations to change, and were 1 kno\vn assertors of the governlnent both in church and state. They did observe the inferior clergy took more upon then1 than they ,vere ont, m and did not live towards their neighbours of quality, ór their patrons then1- selves, with that civility and condescension they had used to do; which disposed them like\vise to a ,vith- BOOK. I. h reverenced,] reverenced by many men, i a great deal] a world k also] added 1 and were] and frOln m were wont,] had used to do, OF THE REBELLION. 178 dra\ving their good countenance and good neigh- BOOK bourhood from them. .. The archbishop had not been long in that post, n ] 635. \vhen there Vias another great alteration in the court by the death of the earl of Portland, high treasurer of England; a lnan so jealous of the archbishop's credit with the king, that he ahvays endeavoured to lessen it by all the arts and ways he could; 'v hich he was so far from effecting, that, as it usually falls out, when passion and malice make accusation, by suggesting many particulars which the king knew to be untrue, or believed to be no faults, he rather confirmed his Inajesty's judgment of hin1, and pre... judiced his own reputation. His death caused no Upon the . . , h h . d earl of grIef In the archbIs op; \V 0 \vas upon It ma e one Portland's f h .. f th t d death, the o t e COmmISSIOnerS 0 e reasury an revenue, archbishup \vhich he had reason to be sorr y for, because it en- m f :\ t d } e one o Ie com- g a g ed him in civil business and matters of state, missioners of the trea- wherein 0 he had little experience, and ,vhich he sury. had hitherto avoided. But being obliged to it now by his trust, he entered upon it with his natural earnestness and warn1th, making it his principal care to advance and improve the king's revenue by all the ways \vhich were offered, and so hearkened to all inforlnations and propositions of that kind; and having not had experience of that tribe of peo... pIe who deal in that traffick, (a confident, senseless, and for the most part a naughty people,) he was sOlnetin1es n1isled by them to think better of some projects than they deserved: but then he was so entirely devoted to ,vhat would be beneficial to the king, that all propositions and designs, ,vhicb were 11 in that post,] at Canterbury, o wherein] in which BOOK I. 1635. 174 THE HISTORY fOl the profit (only or principally) of particular per- sons how great soever, were opposed and crossed, and very often totally suppressed and stifled in their birth, by his power and authority; ,vhich created hinl enen1Íes enough in the court, and many of ability to do Inischief, ,vho knew ,veIl ho,v to re... C0111penSe discourtesies, which they always called in... . . JurIes. The P revenue of too many of the court consisted principally in enclosures, and in1provelnents of that nature, which he still opposed passionately, except they were founded upon law; and then, if it would bring profit to the king, how old and obsolete soever the law was, he thought he might justly advise the prosecution. And so he did a little too much coun- tenance the comlnission concerning q depopulation, which brought much charge and trouble upon the people, and r was likewise cast upon his account. He had observed, and knew it 111ust be so, that the principal officers of the revenue, who governed the affairs of 1110ney, had always access to the king, and spent more tilne with him in private than any of his servants or counsellors, and had thereby fre... quent opportunities to do good or ill offices to Inany men; of which he had had experience, when the earl of Portland was treasurer, and the lord Cot- tington chancellor of the exchequer; neither of them being his friends; and the latter still enjoying his s place, and having his former access, and so con.. tinuing a joint cOlnlnissioner of the treasury with hiIn, and understanding that province much better, P The] And the t] concerning] for r and] which S his] that OF THE REBELI..ION. 175 still t opposed, and commonly carried every thing BOO K against him: so that he ,vas weary of the toil and I. 1636" vexation of that business; as all other lllen 'v ere, and still are of the delays which are in all despatches in that office, w hUst it is U executed by comlnission. The treasurer's is the greatest office of benefit in Bisltop the kingdom, and the chief in precedence next the :;:n]ord archbishop's, and the great seal: so that the eyes of treasurer. all men were at gaze ,vho should have this great office; and the greatest of the nobility, who were in the chiefest enlployments, looked upon it as the , prize of one of them; such offices commonly making "vay for more removes and preferlnents: when on a sudden the staff was put into the hands of the bishop of London, a nlan so unknown, that his nalne was scarce heard of in the kingdom., who had been within two years before but a private chaplain to tIle king, and the president of a poor college in Oxford. This inflalned more men than were angry before, and no doubt did not only sharpen the edge of envy and nlalice against the archbishop, (who was the kno,vn architect of this ne\v fabric,) but most unjustly in- disposed ll1any towards the church itself; which they looked upon as the gulph ready to swallow all the great offices, there being others in vie,v, of that robe, who were ambitious enough to expect the rest. In the luean time the archbishop hinlself was in- finitely pleased with what was done, and unhappily believed he had provided a stronger SUPPOl't for the church; and never abated any thing of his severity and rigour to,vards In en of all conditions, or in the t still] he still whilst that oHiec is U in that office, whilst it is] 176 THE HISTORY BOOK sharpness of his language and expressions, which I. was so natural to him, that he could not debate 1636. any thing without some comn10tion, when the ar- gun1ent ,vas not of ll10111ent, nor hear contradiction in debate, even in the council, where all ll1en are equal1y free, \vith that patience and ten1per that was necessary; of which they ,vho wished him not ,veIl took many advantages, and would therefore contradict him, that he might be transported with some indecent passion; which, upon a short recol- lection, he was always sorry for, and most readily and heartily would make ackno\vledgnlent. No man so w illingly made unkind use of all those occa- sions, as the lord Cottington, ,vho being a master of temper, and of the ll10st profound dissimulation, kne\v too well how to lead him into a mistake, and then drive him into choler, and then expose hÎIn upon the matter, and the manner, to the judgment of the company; and he chose to do this most when the king was present; and then he would dine with him the next day. The king, who was excessively affected to hunt- ing and the sports of the field, had a great desire to make a great park for red as w ell as fallow deer, bet\veen Richmond and Hampton-court, where he had large wastes of his own, and great parcels of wood, which made it very fit for the use he de... signed it to: but as sonle parishes had COffiJnOnS x in those wastes, so many gentlemen and farnlers had good houses and good farnls intermingled \vith tbose wastes of their own inheritance, or for their Y lives, or years; and without taking of z them into x comnlons] common y their] Not in MS. z taking of] taking in of OF THE REBELLION, 177 the park, it would not be of the largeness or for the use proposed. His majesty desired to purchase those lands, and was very willing to buy then1 a upon higher tern1S than the people could sell them b at to any body else, if they had occasion to part with them; and thought it no unreasonable thing, upon those tern1s, to expect this C from his subjects; and so he employed his own surveyor, and other of his . officers, to treat with the o,vners, many whereof were his own tenants, whose farms d would at last expire. The Inajor part of the people were in a short time prevailed with, but l11any very obstinately refused; and a gentleman, who had the best estate, with a convenient house and gardens, would by no means })31't with it; and the king being as earnest to com- pass it, it n1ade a great noise, as if the king \vould take away men's estates at his own pleasure. The bishop of London, who was treasurer, and the lord Cottington, chancellor of the exchequer, were, froln the first entering upon it, very averse frolll the de- sign, not only for the murnlur of the people, but because the purchase of the land, and the Iuaking a brick-wall about so large a parcel of ground, (for it is near ten e l11iles about,) ,vonld co t a greater SUIn of money than they could easily provide, or than they thought ought to be sacrificed to such an occa- sion: and the lord Cottington (who was more so- licited by the country people, and heard 1110st of their murl11urs) took the business most to heart, and endeavoured by all the ,vays he could, and by fre- quent Ï111portunities, to divert his majesty froD1 pur- a them] it b them] it c this] Not in MS. VOL. I. d farn1s] terms e near ten] not ]e s than ten or twelve N BOOk I. 163(;.. 178 THE HISTORY 163 û. suing it, and put all delays he could well do in the bargains which ,vcre to bc made; till the king gre\v very angry with hÏln, and told him, " he ,vas rc- " solved to go through ,vith it, and had ah'cady " caused brick to he burned, and 111uch of the wall " to be built upon his o\vn land:" upon ,vhich Cot- tington thought fit to acquiesce. The building the wall before people consented to part ,vith their land, or their cominon, looked to them as if by degrees they should be shut out fr0111 both, and increased the 111UrmUr and noise of the people who were not concerned, as well as of thelll who were: and it ,vas too near London not to be the COlnmon discourse. The f archbishop (who de- sired exceedingly that the king should be possessed as much of the hearts of the people as was possi- ble, at least that they should have no just cause to complain) Ineeting with it, resolved to speak \vith the king of it; which he did, and received such an answer froill hiln, that he thought his lnajesty rather not inforlned enough of the inconveniences and ll1ischiefs of the thing, than positively resolved not to desist from it. '''hereupon one day he took the lord Cottington aside, (being informed that he disliked it, and, according to his natural custOlll, spake with great warlnth against it,) and told hir\l, " he should do very 'v ell to give the king good coun- " sel, and to \vithdra,v hin! fr0111 a resolution, in " \vhich his honour and justice g was so llluch called " in question." Cotting ton answered him very grave- ly, " that the thing designed was very la,vful, and " he thought the king resolved very well, since 11 the f The] And the h since] and since g justice] his justice BOOK J. OF THE REBELLION. 179 " place lay so conveniently for his winter exercise, " and that he should by it not be compelled to make " so long journeys as he used to do, in that season of "the year, for his sport, and that nobody ought to " dissuade him from it." The archbishop, instead of finding a concurrence from hhn, as he expected, seeing hÍ1llself reproached upon the matter for his opinion, gre\v into 111uch passion, telling him, "such lnen as he \vould ruin " the king, and Inake hin1 lose the affections of his " subjects; that for his own part, as he had begun, " so he would go on to dissuade the king fronl pro- " ceeding in so ill a counsel, and that he hoped it " would appear ,vho had been his counsellor." Cot- tington, glad to see hiln so soon hot, and resolved to inflame hÍ111 lllore, very cahnly replied to hinl, " that "he thought a man could not, with a good con- " science, hinder the king from pursuing his resolu- " tions, and that it could not but proceed from want " of affection to his person, and he was not sure that " it might not be high treason." The other, upon tIle \vildness of his discourse, in great anger asked him, "'Vhy? fron1 "Thence he had received that " doctrine?" He said, \vith the san1e temper, " They, " who did not ,vish the king's health, could not love " hitn; and they, \vho went about to hinder his taking " recreation, \vhich preserved his health, nlight be " thought, for aught he kne,v, guilty of the highest "crÏ111es." Upon which the archbishop in great rage, and with many reproaches, left hiIn, and either pre- sently, or upon the next opportunit.y, told the king, " that he no\v knew who was his great counsellor " for making his park, and that he did not wonder "that lnen durst not represent any arguments to N2 BOOK I. 1636. 180 THE HISTORY 1636. " the contrary, or let his n1ajesty know ho,v n1uch " he suffered in it, \vhen such principles in divinity " and law \vere laid do,vn to terrify thelll;" and so recounted to hinl the conference he had with the lord Cottington, bitterly inveighing against him and his doctrine, mentioning him \vith all the sharp re- proaches imaginable, and beseeching his In ajesty, " that his counsel might not }1revail with hin1," tak- ing some pains to make his conclusions appear very false and ridiculous. The king said no more, but, " My lord, you are " deceived; Cottington is too hard for you: upon " Iny ,vord, he hath not only dissuaded me more, " and given more reasons against this business, than " all the Inen in England have done, but hath really "obstructed the work by not doing his duty, as I " commanded him, for which I have been very n1uch " displeased with hin1: you see how unjustly your "passion hath transported you." By ,vhich repre- hension he found ho,v much he had been abused, and resented it accordingly. 'Vhatsoever was thp cause of it, this excellent man, who stood not upon the advantage ground be- fore, from the time of his promotion to the arch- bishopric, or rather from that of his being commis- sioner of the treasury, exceedingly provoked, or un- derwent the envy, and reproach, and malice of lnen of all qualities and conditions; who agreed in nothing else: all \vhich, though well enough kno\vn to hinl, were not enough considered by hiln, ,vho helieved, as most D1en did,i the government to be so firl111y settled. that it could neither be shaken froln within BOOK I. i as most men did,) Not in MS. OF THE REBELLION. 181 nor without k, and that less than a general confusion of law and gospel could not hurt him; which \vas true too: but he did not foresee how easily that con- fusion might be brought to pass, as it l)roved shortly to be. And with this general observation of the out- ward visible prosperity, and the inward reserved dis- position of the people to murmur and unquietness, ,ve conclude this first book. BOOK I. ] 636. k without,] without as most men did TIlE END OF TIlE }'IRST ßOOl . xS THE HISTORY O}' THE REBELLION, .&c. BOOI\: II. PSAL. Iii. 2, 4. 'I'lty ton{!, ue deviseth '1nisehiifs, like a Snarl) razor, zCJorki'llg deee i tfully. Tlw'lt lovcst all devouring 'words, 0 tholt deceitful tongue. PSAL. Iv. 21. The 'le'ords gf !tis '1llollth were smoother tItan butter, but rear u'as in his !teart: his words 'Were sqflcr tlul'Jt oil, yet tC'ere they drawn swords. a . IT was to\vards the cnd of tIle year 1633, ,vl1en 1637. the kin g returned froln Scotland hayin g left it to ffairs in , Scotland thc care of some of the lJishops thcl e to provide such after the hin."'s re- a liturgy, and such a book of canons, as lnight best tur . thence, SUIt the nature and hUlllour of the better sort of that relating I h . h h ld . 1 1.' d chiefly to pCOp e; to 'V IC t e rest \VOU casl Y SUumlt: an the COlll- that, as fast as they made them ready, they should G i :oo canons. B PSAL. Iii. &c.-clrawn swords.] Not in MS. N4 184 THE HISTOR \- 1637. transmit them to the archbishop of Canterbury, to \vhose assistance the king joined the bishop of Lon- don, and doctor 'Vren, who, by that time, was be.. come bishop of Norwich; a man of a severe, sour nature, but very learned, and particularly versed in the old liturgies of the Greek and Latin churches. And after his Inajesty should be this \vay certified of ,vhat \vas so sent, he would recolnlnend and enjoin the practice and use of both to that his native king- don1. The bishops there had somewhat to do, before they ,vent about the preparing the canons and the liturgy; what had passed at the king's being there in parlialnent had left bi4-ter inclinations and unruly spirits in Inany of the most popular nobility; who watched only for an opportunity to inflame the peo- ple, and were well enough contented to see cOlllbus- tible matter every day gathered together to contri- bute to that fire. The pronloting so many bishops to be of the privy- council, and to sit in the courts of justice, seen led at first ,vonderfully to facilitate all that was in design, and to create an affection and reverence towards the church, at least an application to and dependence upon the greatest churchnlen. So that there seemed to be not only a good preparation made with the people, but a general expectation, and even a desire that they might have a liturgy, and more decency observed in the church. And this temper ,vas be- lieved to be the more uni versal, because neither fron1 any of the nobility, nor of the clergy, who were thought 1110st averse from it, there appeared any sign of contradiction, nor that licence of language against it, as was natural to that nation; but an entire acquiescenêe in all the bishops thought fit to BOOK II. O ' THE REBELLION. 185 do; which ,vas interpreted to proceed from a con- BOOK version in their judgment, at least to a submission II. to b authority: whereas in truth, it appeared after- 1637. wards to be from the observation they made of e the temper and indiscretion of those bishops in the great- est authority, that they ,vere like to have more ad- vantages administered to them by their ill managery, than they could raise by any contrivance of their own. I t ,vas now two years, or very near so much, be- Touching fore the bishops in Scotland had prepared any thing :: ) : t- to offer to the king towards their intended reforma- nODS. tion; and then they inverted the proper method, and first presented a body of canons to precede the liturgy, ,vhich was not yet ready, they choosing to finish the shorter work first. The king referred the consideration of the canons, as he had before re- solved to do, to the archbishop, and the other two bi- shops formerly named, the bishop of London, and the bishop of Norwich; who, after their perusal of them, and some alterations made ,vith the consent of those bishops who brought them from Scotland, returned then1 to the king; and his Inajesty, in1paticnt to see the good work entered upon ,vithout any other cerc- mony, (after having given his royal approbation,) issued out his proclalnation for the due observation of then1 ,vithin his kingdom of Scotland. I t ,vas a fatal inadvertency that these canons, d neither Lefore nor after they were sent to the king, had been ever seen d by the assembly, or any convo- b to] to the C of] fronl ct that these canons, - been ever seen] Thu in 1JlS: that neither before nor after these canons were sent to the king they were never seen BOOK , II. I G3 7 . 186 THE HISTORY cation of the clergy, which was so strictly obliged to the observation of thenI; nor so nIuch as conul1uni- cated to the lords of the council of that kingdonl; it being ahnost impossible that any ne\V discipline could be introduced into the church, ,vhich ,vould not much concern the governll1ent of the state, and even trench upon or refer to the municipal laws of the kingdom. And, in this consideration, the arch- bishop of Canterbury had always declared to the bi- shops of Scotland, "that it was their part to be sure, "that nothing they should propose to the king in " the business of the church, should be contrary to " the laws of the land, ,vhich he could not be thought " to undel stand; and that they should never pu t any " thing in execution, ,vithout the consent and ap- "probation of the privy-council." But it was the unhappy craft of those bishops to get it believed by the king, that the work would be grateful to the Inost considerable of the nobility, the clergy, and the people, (which they could hardly believe,) in order to the obtaining his majesty's approbation and authority for the execution of that, which they did reaHy believe would not find opposition from the no- bility, clergy, or people, against his 11lajesty's express po\ver and ,viII, \vhich without doubt was then in great veneration in that kingdom; and so they did not in truth dare to subuIit those canons to any other exanIination, than \vhat the king should direct in England. I t was, in the next place, as strange, that canons e should be published before the liturgy ,vas prepared, (which was not ready in a year after, or thereabouts,) e that canons] that tho c canOl1S OF ".rHE REBELLION. 187 ,vhen three or four of the canons were principally BOOK for the observation and punctual compliance with II. tIle liturgy; which all the clergy were to be sworn 1637. to submit to, and to pay all obedience to \vhat was enjoined by it, before they knew what it contained. 'Vhereas, if the liturgy had been first published with all due circumstances, it is possible that it n1ight have found a better reception, and the canons have been f less examined. The Scottishg nation, ho\v capable soever it was of being led by some great men, and misled by the clergy, would have been corrupted by neither into a barefaced rebellion against their king, ,vhose person they loved, and reverenced his government; nor could they have been wrought upon towards the lessening the one, or the other, by any other sugges- tions or infusions, than such as should make them jealous or apprehensive of a design to introduce po- - pery; a great part of their religion 11 consisting in an entire detestation of popery, in believing the pope to be Antichrist, and hating perfectly the persons of all papists i . The canons now published, besides (as hath been touched before) that they had passed no approbation of the clergy, or been communicated to the council, appeared to be so many new la,vs imposed upon the whole kingdom by the king's sole authority, and con- trived by a few private n1en, of whom they had no good opinion, and who ,vere strangers to the nation; so that it was thought k no other than a subjection f have been] f.lot in 1US. g Scottish] Scotch h a great part of their reli- glOn] thcir whole religion i papists] 1J1S. adds: and I doubt all others, who did not hate them. k thought] Not in M . BOOK . 11. I G3i. 188 THE HIS .rORY to England, by receiving laws from thence, of which they were 11108t jealous, and which they most pas- sionately abhorred. Then they were so far from being confined to the church, and the matters of l e- ligion, that they believed there was no part of their civil government uninvaded by them, and no per- sons of what quality soever unconcerned, and, as they thought, unhurt in them. And there were some things in some particular canons, how rational soever in themselves, and how distant soever in the words and expressions from inclining to popery, which yet gave too much advantage to those who maliciously watched the occasion to persuade weak Inen, that it was an approach and introduction to that religion, the very imagination whereof intoxi- cated all men, and deprived them of all faculties to examine and judge. Some of the said canons I defined and determined such an unlimited " power and prerogative to be in " the king, according to the pattern" (in express terms) "of the kings of Israel, and such a full su- " pren1acy in all cases m ecclesiastical, as hath never "heen pretended to by their former kings, or sub- " ll1itted to by the clergy and laity of that nation;" "Thich n nlade iUlpression upon l11en of all tempers, humours, and inclinations. "And 0 that no eccle. " siastical person should become surety, or bound " for any man; that national or general assemblies " should he called only by the king's authority; that "all bishops, and other ecclesiastical persons, who " die without children, should be obliged to give a 1 Sonte ot' the said canons] The first canon m ca es] causes II which] and which o And] Not in MS. OF THE REBELLION. 189 "good part of their estates to the church, and, "though they should have children, yet to leave "somewhat to the church, and for advancement of " learning;" which seelned rather to be matter of state, and policy, than of religion; thwarted their laws and customs, which had been observed by them; lessened, if not took away the credit of churchulen; and prohibited theln from that liberty of COffilnerce in civil affairs, which the laws per- mitted to them; and reflected upon the interests of those who had, or Inight have, a right to inherit from clergymen. "That none should receive the " sacrament but upon their knees; that the clergy "should have no private Ineetings for expounding " scripture, or for consulting upon nlatters ecclesi- " astical; that no man should cover his head in the "time of divine ser ice; and that no clergyman " should conceive prayers ex te1JlpOre, but be bound " to pray only by the form prescribed in the liturgy," (which, by the way, was not seen nor frauled,) "and " that no man should teach a public school, or in a "private house, without a licence first obtained " froln the archbishop of the province, or the bishop " of the diocese." AU these were new, and things with which they had not been acquainted; and though they might be fit p to be cOl1lmended to a regular and orderly people, piously disposed, yet it was too strong Bleat for infants in discipline, and too much nourishlnent to he adnlinistered at once to weak and queasy 8tO- nlachs, and q too much inclined to nauseate ,vhat was most wholesolne. But then, to apply the old terlns of the church, to ßlention " the quatllor te1Jl- P might be fit] were all q and] Not in lS. BOOK II. 1637. nOOK II. 1637. 190 THE IIISTORY "pl>ra, and restrain all ordinations to those four " seasons of the year; to enjoin a font to be pre- " pared in every church for baptism, and a decent " table for the COffilTIUnion; and to direct and ap- " point the places \vhere both font and table should " stand, and decent ornaments for either; to restrain " any excolnlnunication froln being pronounced, or " absolution fronl being given, without the approba- " tion of the bishop; to mention any practice of con- " fession," (which they looked upon as the strongest and most inseparable limb of Antichrist,) and to en- join, "that no presbyter should reveal any thing he " should receive in confession, except in such cases, " where, by the Ia\v of the land, his o\vn life should " be forfeited;" \vere all such matters of innovation, and in their nature so suspicious, that they thought they had reason to he jealous of the \vorst that could foJ]ow; and the last canon of all provided, " that no "person should be received into r holy orders, or " suffered to preach or administer the sacralnents, " without first subscribing to those S canons." It was now easy for theln who had those inclina- tions, to suggest to lnen of all conditions, that here was an entire new model of government in church and state; the king might do what he \vould upon then1 all, and the church was nothing but what the bishops ,vould have it be: which they every day in- fused into the minds of the people, \vith all the arti. fices t \vhich adlninister jealousies of all kinds to those \vho are U liable to be disquieted \vith thenl: yet they ","ould not suffer (\vhich she,ved ,vondcrful rintoJ in s those] these t the artifices] the art and arti fices \1 are] were . OF THE REBELLION. 191 power and wonderful dexterity) any disorder to BOOK break out upon all this occasion, but all was quiet, II. except spreading of libels against the bishops, and 1 G37. propagating that spirit as D1uch as they could, by their correspondence in England; where they found too many every day transported by the same infu- sions, in expectation that these seeds of jealousy from the canons would grow apace, and produce such a reception for the liturgy as they wished for. x It ,vas about the month of July, in the year 1637, Touching , ( f I d b f S the Scottish that the liturgy a tel' It ha een sent out 0 cot-liturgy. land, and perused by the three bishops in England, and then approved and confirmed by the king) was published, and appointed to be read in all the churches. And in this particular there was the same affected and premeditated omission, as had been in the preparation and publication of the canons; the clergy not at all consulted in it, and, ,vhich ,vas more strange, not all the bishops ac- quainted with it; ,vhich was less censured after- ,vards, when some of them renounced t]}eir func- tion, and became ordinary presbyters, as soon as they saw the current of the time. The privy-coun- cil had no other notice of it, than aU the kingdoln had, the Sunday before, \vhen it was declared, " that " the next Sunday the liturgy should be read;" by which they were the less concerned to foresee or prevent any obstructions \vhich might happen. The proclal11ation had appointed it be read the Easter before; but the earl of Traquaire, high trea- surer of Scotland, (who ,vas the only counsellor or layman relied upon by the archbishop of Canterbury x such a reception for the liturgy as they wished for.] a proper reception for the liturgy. BOOK II. 1637. 192 THE HISTORY in that business,) persuaded the king to defer it till July, that some good preparation 111ight be Inade for the III ore cheerful reception of it. And as this pause gave the discontented party more heart, and more time for their seditious negociations, so the ill con- sequences of it, or the actions which \vere subse- quent to it, made him suspected to be privy to all the conspiracy, and y to be an enen1Y to the church; though, in truth, there neither appeared then, nor in all the very unfortunate part of his life after- wards, any just ground for that accusation and sus- picion: but as he was exceedingly obliged to the archbishop, so he was a man of great parts, and well affected to the ,vork in hand in his own judgll1el1t; and if he had been as n1uch depended upon, to haye advised the bishops in the prosecution and for the conduct of it, as he ,vas to assist thelTI in the carry- ing on lVhatsoever they proposed, it is very proha- hIe, that either so n1uch would not have been under- taken together, or that it would have succeeded bet- tel'; for he was ,vithout doubt not inferior to any of that nation in wisdoln and dexterity. And though he ,vas often provoked, by the insolence of Z some of the bishops, to a dislike of their overlTIuch fervour, and too little discretion, his integrity to the king was without hlen1ish, and his affection to tIle church so notorious, that he never deserted it, till both it and he \vere overrun, and trod under foot; and tbey ,vho were the most notorious persecutors of it never left persecuting him to the death. Nor was any thing done which he had proposed, for the better adjusting things in the ti l1(\ a of that Y and to be] and in truth to be insolence of] insolence and petulance of a the time] that time OF 'rHE REBELLION. 193 suspension, but every thing left in the same state of BOOK unconcernedness as it was b before; not so much as II. the council's C being better inforilled of it; as if they ] 637. had been sure that all men would have submitted to it for conscience sake. On the Sunday l110rning appointed for the work, The man- I ner how the chancellor of Scotland and others of the councIl that litur- being present in the cathedral church, the dean be- ::; s e- gun d to read the liturgy, which he had no sooner Edinburgh. entered upon, but a noise and clamour ,vas raised throughout the church, that no words e could be heard distinctly, and then a shower of stones, and sticks, and cudgels were thrown at the dean's head. The bishop ,vent up into the pulpit, and from thence put them in mind of the sacredness of the place, of their duty to God and the king: but he found no more reverence, nor was the clam our and f disorder less than before. The chancellor, from his seat, cOlTIn1anded the provost and magistrates of the city to descend from the gallery in which they sat, and by their authority to suppress the riot; which at last with great difficulty they did, by driving the rudest of those who made the disturbance out of the church, and shutting the doors, which gave the dean opportunity g to proceed in the reading of the liturgy, that h was not at all attended or hearkened to by those who remained within the church; and if it had, they who were turned out continued their barbarous noise, broke the windows, and endea- voured to break do,vn the doors; so that it ,vas not possible for any to follow their devotions. b was] had been f and] or C council's] council g opportunity] occasion d begun] began h that] which e words] voice VOL. I. 0 BOOK II. 1637 I 191 THE HIS'rORY "Then all was done that at that time could be done there, and the council and Inagistrates went out of the church to their houses, the rabble foIlo,ved the bishops ,vith all the opprobrious language they could invent, of bringing in superstition and popery into the kingdolll'1 and lnaking the people slaves; and ,vere not content to use their tongues, but em.. ployed their hands too in thro,ving dirt and stones at thelTI; and treated the bishop of Edinburgh, ,vhom they looked upon as most active that way, i so rudely, that ,vith difficulty he got into a house, after they had torn his habit, and ,vas from thence removed to his own, with great hazard of his life. As this was the reception it had in the cathedral, so it fared not better in the other churches of the city, hut was entertained with the same hollowing and outcries, and threatening the nlen, whose office it was to read it, with the same bitter execrations against bishops and popery. Hitherto no person of condition or name ap- peared, or seemed to countenance this seditious con- fusion; it was the rabble, of ,vhich nobody was named, and, which is lTIOre strange, not one appre- hended: and it seenlS the bishops thought it not of moment enough to desire or require any help or protection from the council; but ,vithout conferring with them, or applying theulselves to them, they de- spatched away an express to the king, ,vith a full and particular infornlation of all that had passed, and a desire that he would take that course he thought best for the can ying on his service. Until this advertisement arrived from Scotland, there were very few in England who had heard of i way,] day, OF THE REBELLION. 195 any disorders there, or of any thing done there, which luight produce any. The king himself had been al \vays so jealous of the privileges of that his native kingdolu, (as hath been touched before,) and that it l11ight not be dishonoured by a suspicion of having any dependence upon England, that he never suffered any thing relating to that to be debated, or so lunch as comlllunicated to his )Jrivy-council in this, (though III any of that nation were, ,vithout dis- tinction, counsellors of England,) but handled all those affairs hitnself with two or three Scotsluen, who al\vays attended in the court for the business of that kingdon1, ,vhich ,vas upon the matter still despatched by the sole advice and direction of the 11larquis of I-Ialuilton. And the trut.h is, there was so little curiosity either in the court, or the country, to know any thing of Scotland, or what was done there, that when the whole nation was solicitous to know what passed ,veekly in Germany and Poland, and all other l)arts of Europe, no man ever inquired what was doing in Scotland, nor had that kingdom a place or mention in one page of any gazette k; and even after t.he advertisen1cnt of this prean1ble to rebel- lion, no n1ention ,vas l11ade of it at the council- board, but such a despatch J11ade into Scotland upon it, as expressed the king's dislike and dislJleasure, and ob1iged the lords of the council there to appear more vigorously in the vindication of his authority, antI suppression of those tumults. But all was too little. That people, after they had once begun, pòr.. sued the business vigorously, and with all iInagin- k gazette;] lJ-l1::;. adds: so little the world hearù or thought of that people; 02 BOOK II. 1637. 196 THE HISTORY 1637. ahle contempt of the government; and though in the hubbub of the first day there appeared nobody of name or reckoning, but the actors \vere really of the dregs of the people; yet they discovered by the countenance of that day, that few men of rank were forward to engage themselves in the quarrel on the behalf of the bishops; whereupon n10re considerable persons every day appeared against them, and (as heretofore in the case of St. Paul, Acts xiii. 50, the Jews stirre(lllp the devout and honourable wOl1zen) the won1en and ladies of the best quality declared thelnselves of the party, and, with all the reproaches hnaginable, made ,var upon the bishops, as intro... ducers of popery and superstition, against which they avowed themselves to be irreconcileable ene... Inies: and their husbands did not long defer the o,vning the same spirit; insomuch as within fe,v days the bishops durst not appear in the streets, nor in any courts or houses, but were in danger of their lives; and such of the lords as durst be in their company, or seemed to desire to rescue them from violence, had their coaches torn in pieces, and their persons assaulted, insomuch as they were glad to send for some of those great men, who did indeed govern the rabble, though they appeared not in it, who readily came and redeemed them out of their hands: so that by the tin1e new orders came from England, there was scarce a bishop left in Edin- burgh, and not a minister who durst read the liturgy in any church. All the kingdom flocked to Edinburgh, as in a general cause that concerned their salvation, and resolved then1selves into a method of governnlent, erected several tables, in which deputies sat for the BOOK II. OF THE REBELLION. 197 nobility, the gentlemen, the clergy, and the bur- BOOK gesses; out of either of which tables a council was n. elected to conduct their affairs, and a petition dra,vn ] 638. up in the names of the nobility, lairds, clergy, and burgesses, to the king, complaining of the introdu - tion of popery, and many other grievances. And if the lords of the council issued out any order against them, or if the king himself sent a proclamation for their repair to their houses, and for the preservation of the peace, presently some nobleman deputed by the tables published a protestation against those or- ders and proclamations, with the same confidence, and with as much formality, as if the government were regularly in their hands. They called a general assembly, whither they The Scot- d h b . b i!. h d tish cove- summone t e lshops to appear elore t em, an nant. for not appearing, excommunicated them; and then they united themselves by subscribing a covenant, which they pretended, \vith their usual confidence, to be no other than had been subscribed in the reign of king James, and that his majesty himself had sub- scribed it; by which imposition people of all degrees, supposing it might be a means to extinguish the present fire, with all alacrity engaged themselves in it; whereas in truth, they had inserted a clause never heard of, and quite contrary to the end of that covenant, whereby they obliged themselves to pursue the extirpation of bishops, and had the con- fidence I to demand the same in express terms of the king, in answer to a very gracious message the king had sent to them. They published bitter invectives against the bishops and the whole government of 1 confidence] in1pudence 03 198 THE HISTORY BOOK the church, which they were not contented to send II. only into England to kindle the same fire there, but, 1638. with their letters, sent then1 to all the reformed churches, by which they raised so great a prejudice to the king, that too many of them believed, that the king had a real design to change religion, and m introduce popery. I t is very true, there were very Inany of the no- bility, and persons of principal quality of that na- tion, and in Edinburgh at that time, who did not appear yet, and concur in this seditious behaviour, or own their being yet of their party; but on the contrary seemed very much to dislike their proceed- ings: but it is as true, that very few had the cou- rage to do any thing in opposition to thenl, n or to concur in the prosecution of any regal act against them; \vhich 0 did in some respects more advance their designs, than if they had luanifestly joined with theine For these tuen, many of \vhom were of the council, by all their letters into England, ex- . ceedingly undervalued the disorder, as being" very " easy to be suppressed in a short tinle, ,vhen the " people's eyes should be opened; and that the re- " 1110ving the courts to some other place, and a gra- " cious condescension in the king in offering pardon " for what was past, \vould suddenly subdue them, " and every body \vould return to his duty:" and the city of Edinburgh itself writ an humble letter to the archbishop of Canterbury, excusing the dis- orders which had been raised by the ignorance and rudeness of the meanest of the people, and beseech- ing P him "to intercede with his majesty for the sus- m and] and to n to them,] of them, o which] and P and beseeching] besought OF THE REBELLION. 199 " pension of his prejudice to them, till they should "manifest their duty to hinl, by inflicting exem- "plary punishment upon the chief offenders, and " causing the liturgy to be received and submitted " to in all their churches;" ,vhich they professed they would in a short time bring to pass. So that by this means, and the interposition of all those of that nation who attended upon his majesty in his bedchamber, and in several offices at court, who all undertook to know by their intelligences that all was quiet, or would speedily be so; his majesty (who well knew that they who appeared Inost ac- tive in this confederacy were much inferior to those who did not appear, and who professed great zeal for his service) hardly prevailed with hinlself to be- lieve that he could receive any disturbance fton1 thence, till he found all his condescensions had }'aised their insolence, all his offers rejected, and his proclal11ation of pardon slighted ånd contell1ned; and that they were listing nlen to\vards the raising an army, under the obligation of their covenant, and had already chosen colonel Lesley, a soldier of that nation of long experience and enlinent COH1- mand under the king of S\veden in Gernlany, to be their general; who being lately disobliged (as they called it) by the king, that is, denied somew hat he had a l11ind to have, q had accepted of the coml11and. Then at last the king thought it titne to resort to other counsels, and to provide forcc to chastise thenl 'V}lO had so HIuch despised all his r gentler renlcdies. He could no,v no longer defer the acquainting q mind to have,] MS. adds: which to that people was al- ways the highest injury, r his] the 04 BOOK n. 1638. 200 THE HISTORY 1638. the council-board, I and the whole kingdom of Eng- land, with the indignities he had sustained in Scot- land; which he did by proclamations and declara- tions at large, setting out the whole proceedings which had been; and in the end of the year 1638 declared his resolution to raise an army to suppress their rebellion, for which he gave present order. And this was the first alarm England received towards any trouble, after it had enjoyed for so many years the most uninterrupted prosperity, in a full and plentiful peace, that any nation could be blessed with: and as there was no apprehension of trouble from within, so it was secured from without by a stronger fleet at sea than the nation had ever been acquainted with, which drew reverence froll1 all the neighbour princes, The revenue had been so well iInproved, and so warily nlanaged, that there ,vas money in the exchequer proportionable for the undertaking any noble enterprise: nor did this first noise of war and approach towards action seem to l11ake any impression upon the minds of lnen, the Scots being in no degree either loved or feared by the people; and 1110st Inen hoped, that this would free the court fron1 being henceforth troubled with those men; t and so they u seellled to enlbrace the occasion with notable alacrity: and there is no doubt, but if all of that nation who were x united in the rebellion (some of which stayed yet in the court) had marchedY in their army, and publicly BOOK II. 5 the council-board,] hiscoun- cil-board, t luen;] vermin; u they] Nut in MS. x all of that nation who were] that whole nation had been en- tirely Y (some of which stayed yet - in the court) had marched] and all who stayed in the court had Inarched OF THE REBELLION. Ol o,vned the covenant,. "W hich in their hearts they BOO K adored, neither the Z king, nor the a kingdom, could II. have sustained any great b damage by them; but 1638. the monument of their presumption and their shame would have been raised together, and no other me- mory preserved of their rebellion but in their memo- · rable overthrow. C God Alnlighty would not suffer this discerning spirit of wisdom to govern at this time: the king thought it unjust to condemn a nation for the trans- gression of a part of it, and still hoped to redeem it fronl the infamy of a general defection, by the ex- enlplary fidelity of a superior party, and therefore withdrew not his confidence from any of those who attended his person, ,vho, d in truth, lay leiger for the covenant, and kept up the spirits of their coun- trynIen by their intelligence. The king hastened the raising an arn1Y, which T }e king . . raises an was not long In dOIng. He chose to luake the earl army a- f A d I h . I h h h gainst tbe o run e IS genera, a Iuan w 0 was t oug t e to Scots; be made choice of for his negative qualities: he did 1639. not love the Scots; he did not love the puritans; which f qualifications were allayed by another nega- tive, he did not much love any body else: g but he was fit to keep the state of it; and his rank ,vas such, that no man would decline the serving under hÏ1n. The earl of Essex was made lieutenant-general z the] Not in MS. a the] Not in MS. b great] Not in .iUS. C overthrow.] and infamous defeat. d who,] and who, e a man who was thought] a man who had nothing Inartial about him but his presence and his looks, and therefore was thought f which] which good g he did not much love any body else:] he did love nobody else : o THE HISTORY BOO K of the army, the 1110st }10pular nlan of the kingdom, II. and the darling of the s,vord-lnen; ,vho, between a 1639. hatred and a contempt of the Scots, had nothing like an affection for any man of that nation; hand therefore was so ,veIl pleased ,vith his l)romotion, that he begun to love the king the better for con- ferring it upon hinl, and entered upon the province with great fidelity and alacrity, and was capahle from that hour of any hnpression the king would have fixed upon him. The earl of Holland was general of the horse; who, besides the obligations he had to the queen, (who vouchsafed to o\vn a particular trust in hinl,) was not then i liable to the least suspicion of ,vant of affection and zeal for the king's service. In the beginning of the spring, which was in the year 1639, an army was drawn together of near six thousand horse, and about that nU111ber in foot, all very well disciplined men, under as good and ex- perienced officers, as were to be found at that tinle k in Christendoln. ,\\7ith I this art ny, abundantly sup- plied with a train of artillery, and all other provi- sions necessary, the king advanced in the beginning of the summer towards the borders of Scotland. And a fleet. This was not all the strength that was provided for the suppressing that rebellion, but the king had likewise provided a good fleet, lD and bad caused a body of three thousand foot to be embarked on those ships; all which were put under the c0l111nand of the marquis of Hamilton, \vho "ras to infest the n . b any man of that nation;] anyone man of the nation; I then] Not in JUS. k at that time] in any army I 'VitlI] And with m fleet,] fleet for the sea, n the] his OF THE REBELLION. 03 country by sea to hinder their trade, and to make a BOO K descent upon the land, and join with such forces as II. the loyal party of that nation should draw together 1639. to assist the king's, which his own interest (as was believed) would give great life to, his family being numerous in the nobility, and united in an entire dependence upon him. Upon the first march of the army north\vards, the The earl of . Essex pos- earl of Essex was sent wIth a party of horse andsesses Ber- foot, to use all possible expedition to possess himse]fwick. of Berwick, which the king had been advertised the Scots would speedily be masters of. The earl lost no time, but marched day and night with great order and diligence; and every day met several Scotsmen of quality \vell known to hin1, and sent expressly to the king, who all 0 severally made him very particular relations of the strength of the Scots army, the excellent discipline that was observed in it, and p the goodness of the 111en, and that they were by that time possessed of Berwick; and when he \vas within one day's Inarch of it, a person of prin- cipal condition, of very near relation to the king's service, (who pretended to be sent upon matter of high importance to his majesty from tJ10se who most intended his service there,) met him, and advised him very earnestly "not to advance farther with his " party, which," he said, q "was so much inferior in " number to those of the enemy, that it would infal- " libly be cut off: that himself overtook the day be- " fore a strong party of the arn1Y, consisting of three "thousand horse and foot, with a train of artillery, " all which he left at such a place," (\vhich he o who all] all who P and] Not in lJtIS. q he said,] Not in lJIS. 004 THE HISTORY 1639. named,) "within three hours march of Ber,vick, " where they resolved to be the night before, so that "his proceeding farther must be fruitless, and ex- "pose hhn to inevitablé ruin." These advertise- Inents wrought no otherwise upon the earl, than to hasten his nlarches, insonluch that he came to Ber- wick sooner than he proposed to have done, entered the place without the least opposition, and by all the inquiry he could make by sending out parties, and other advertisements, he could not discover that any of the enemies' forces had been dra,vn that way, nor indeed that they had any considerable forces to- gether nearer than Edinburgh. The earl being thus possessed of his post, lost no time in advertising the king of it, and sent him a very particular account of the informations he had received from so many ear and eye witnesses, who were all at that time in the court, and very fit to be suspected after the pubUshing of so lTIany falsehoods; and these very men r had been constant in the saIne reports and as confident in reporting the defeat of the earl of Essex, and cutting off his party, as they had been to himself of the Scots march, and their being masters of Berwick. The joy was not con- cealed \vith which his majesty received the ne\vs of the earl's being in Berwick, the contrary ,vhcreof those s men made him apprehend \vith much per- plexity; but they underwent no other reproach for their intelligence, than that their fears had multi- plied their sight, and that they had been frighted with other men's relations; which remissness, to call it no worse, was an ill omen of the discipline that was like to be observed. BOOK n. r these very men] the Inen 8 those] these OF THE REBELLION. 5 If the war had been now vigorously pursued, it BOOK had been as soon ended as begun; for at this time II. they had not dra,vn three thousand men together in 1639. the ,vhole kingdom of Scotland, nor had in truth arms complete for such a number, though they had the possession of all the king's forts and magazines there t , nor had they ammunition to supply their few firearms; horses they had, and officers they had, ,vhich made all their show. But it was the fatal misfortune of the king, which proceeded from the excellency of his nature, and his tenderness of blood, that he deferred so long his resolution of using his arn1S; and after he had taken that resolution, that it ,vas not prosecuted with more vigour. He more intended the pomp of his preparations than the strength of them, and did stiU believe, that the one ,vould save the labour of the other. At the same time that he resolved to raise an army, he caused inquiry to be made, what obligations lay upon his subjects to assist him, both as he went himself in person, and as it was an expedition against the Scots; ,vhich, in the ancient enmity between the two nations, had been provided for by some laws; and in the tenure which many men held their estates by, he found u that the kings had usu- ally, when they went to make war in their own per- sons, called as n1any of the nobility to attend upon them, as they thought fit. Thereupon x he summoned most of the nobility ofTht' king th k " d . h t " d I f h . L' summons e lng om, 'VIt ou any consl eration 0 t elr al- the Englisb fections how the y stood dis p osed to that service, to n t O t hili l t y . o a elu 1ID1. attend upon him by a day appointed, and through- t there] Not in MS. by. He fonnd U estates by, he found] estates x Thereupon] And thereupon BOOK II. 1639. 06 THE I-IISTORY out that expedition; presuming, that the glory of such a visible appearance of the ,vhole nobility would look like such an union in the quarrel, as would at once terrify and reduce the Scots; not considering, that such kinds of uniting do often Y produce the greatest confusions, ,vhen more and greater men are called together than can be united in affections and interests; Z and in the necessary differences 'v hich arise frolll thence, they quickly COllle to know each other so well, as they rather break into a several divisions, than join b in anyone public interest; and from hence have always risen the most dangerous factions, C ,vhich have threatened and ruined the peace of nations: and it fell out no better here. If there had been none in the march but soldiers, it is most probable that a noble peace would have quickly ensued, even without fighting: but the progress was 'more illustrious than the march, and the soldiers ,vere the least part of the army, and least consulted ,vith. In this pomp the king continued his journey to York, where he had a full court, those noblen1en of the northern parts, and l11any others ,vho overtook not the king till then, joining all in that city; where his n1ajesty found it necessary to stay some days; and there the fruit, that ,vas to be gathered from such a conflux, quickly budded out. Some rules ,vere to be set do,vn for the governn1ent of the army; the court d ,vas too numerous to be Y kinds of uniting do often] kind of unitings do naturally Z and interests ;] or interests; a rather break into] easily unite in b than join] though never C have always risen the most dangerous factions,] the most dangerous factions have always arose, d the court] and the court OF THE REBELLION. 007 wholly left to its own licence; and the multitude of the Scots in it administered matter of offence and jealousy to people of all conditions, who had too nluch cause to fear that the king was every day betrayed; the co III III on discourse by all the Scots being either to magnifye the good intentions of their countrYlnen, and that they had all duty for the ing, or to undervalue f the power and interest of those who discovered theillseives against the church. It ,vas therefore thought fit by the whole body of the council, that a short protestation should be drawn, in \vhich all men should" profess their loy- " alty and obedience to his majesty, and disclaim " and renounce the having any intelligence, or hold- " ing any correspondence \vith the rebels." No man in1agined it possible that any of the English \vould refuse to make that protestation; and they who thought worst of the Scots did not think they would Inake any scruple of doing the same, and conse- quently that there would be no fruit or discovery from that test; but they were deceived. The Scots indeed took it to a man, without grieving their con- science, or reforming their mannersl But amongst the English nobility the lord Say, and the lord Brook, (two popular men, and most un devoted to the church, and, in truth, to the whole govern- lnent,) positi vely refused, in the king's own pre- sence, to n1ake any such protestation. They said, " If the king suspected their loyalty, he Illight pro- " ceed against them as he thought fit; but that it " was against the la,v to impose any oaths or pro- " testations g upon them which \vere not enjoined e tu magnify] magnifying f to undervalue] undervaluing- g oat.hs or protestations] oatb or protestation BOOK II. 1639. 208 THE HISTORY 1639. " by the law; and, in that respect, that they might "not betray the comnlon liberty, they \yould not " sublnit to it." This administered matter of new dispute in a very unseasonable tinle; and though there did not then appear more of the same mind, and h they two were cOlnmitted, at least restrained of their liberty; yet this discovered too much the humour and spirit of the court in their daily dis- courses upon that subject; so that the king thought it best to dismiss those two lords, and require them to return to their houses: and if all the rest who were not officers of the army, or of absolute neces- sity about the king's person, had been likewise dis- missed and sent home, the business had been better prosecuted. Indeed, if the king himself had stayed at London, or, which had been the next best, kept his court and resided at York, and sent the army on their proper errand, and left the nlatter of the war wholly to them, in all hUlllan reason, his enemies had been speedily subdued, and that kingdom reduced to their obedience i. Before the king left York, letters and addresses were sent from the Scots, "lalnenting their ill for- " tune, that their enemies had so great credit with " the king, as to persuade him to believe, that they " were or could be disobedient to him, a thing that " could never enter into their loyal hearts; that they " desired nothing but to be admitted into the pre- "sence of their gracious sovereign, to lay their " grievances at his royal feet, and leave the deter- , mination of them entirely to his own wisdoln and h and] Not in MS. it would not have been easy for I obedience] MS. add$ : which them to have shaken off. BOOK II. OF 'fHE REBELLION. 09 "pleasure." And though the hUlnility of the style BOO I\. gained them lnany fì iends, who thought it great II. pity that any blood should be spilt in a contention ] 639. which his n1ajesty lnight put an end to by his own ,vord, as soon as he \vould hear their cOlllplaints; yet hitherto the king preserved himself from being \\Tfought upon, and n1arched with convenient expe- dition to the very borders of Scotland, and encalnp- The king ed with his arn1Y in an open field, called the Berltes, ; e l:e on the further side of Ber\vick and lod o'ed in his S otla d , b with his tent ,vith the arn1Y, though every day's lnarch army. "Tought very n1uch upon the constitution if not the courage of the court, and too lnany ,vished aloud, " that the business ,vere brought to a fair treaty." Upon advertisement that a party of the Scots Sends the h h k h I f H II d earl of Hol- arn1Y was upon t e marc, t e ear 0 0 an was ]and as far sent with a body of three thousand horse, and two as Dunce. thousand foot, ,vith a fit train of artillery, to meet fI it, and engage with it; ,vho l11arched accordingly into Scotland early in a n10rning as far as a place called Dunce, ten or twelve n1Ïles into that king- dom. It was in the beginning of August, 'v hen the nights are very short, and, as soon as the sun rises, the days for tbe most part hotter than is reasonably expected fronl the clin1ate, and,1 by the testin10ny of all men, that day was the hottest that had been kno,vn. '''hen the earl came ,vith his horse to Dunce, he found the Scots drawn up on the side of a hill, where the front could only be in view, and 'v here, he ,vas inforlned, the general Lesley and the \vhole army ,vas; and it was very true, they were all there indeed; but it ,vas as true, that all did not k the lnarch,] their march, VOL. I. P ) and,] Not in IJ1S. QI0 'fHE HISTORY BOOK exceed the nunlber of three thousand men, very ill II. armed, and most country fello\vs, who \vere on the 1639. sudden got together to make that show: and Lesley had placed thenl by the advantage of that hill so speciously, that they had the appearance of a good body of men, there being all the selnblance of great bodies behind on the other side of the hill; the faLse- hood of which would have been manifest as soon as they should move froln the place where they were, and froll1 \vhence they were therefore not to stir. The horse had outnlarched the foot, ,vhich, by reason of the excessive heat, was not able to use great expedition: besides, there was some error in the orders, and some accidents of the night that had retarded them; so that when the enelny appeared first in view, the foot and the artillery was three or four miles behind. The earl's Nothing can be said in the excuse of the counsel retreat from f h d .. d . I Dunce. 0 t at ay, whIch mIght have ma e the kIng a g 0- rious king indeed. The earl of Holland ,vas a man of courage, and at that tin1e not at all suspected to be corrupted in his affections; and though he III hiul- self had not seen more of war n than t,vo or three campaigns in Holland before his c0111ing to the court, he had with hinl 11lany as good officers as the ,val' of that age, ,vhich ,vas very active, had made, and men of unquestionable courage and nlilitary kno,v- ledge. As he Inight very safely have nlade a halt at Dunce, till his foot and artillery canle up to him, so he might securely enough have engaged his body of horse against their \vhole inconsiderable 0 arlny, there being neither tree nor bush to interrupt his m he] Not in IJJS. 0 inconsiderable] pitiful n of war] of the war OF THE REBELLION. Ql1 charge; but it was thought otherwise; and no ques- BOOK II. tion it was generally believed, by the placing and · 1 639. drawing out their front in so conspIcuoUS a place, by the appearance of other troops behind them, and by the shewing great herds of cattle at a distance upon the hills on either side, that their army ,vas very much superior in number. And therefore, as soon as the earl came in view, he despatched mes- sengers one after another to the king, ,vith an ac- count of what he heard and saw, or believed he saw, and yet thought not fit to stay for an ans\ver; but with the joint consent of all his chiefp officers (for it was never after pretended that anyone officer of name dissuaded it, though they were still ashamed of it) retired to,vards his foot, to whom he had like- wise sent orders not to advance; and so wearied and tired by the length of the march, and nlore by the heat of the weather, which was intolerable, they returned to the can1p where t.he king was; and the Scots dre\v a little back to a more convenient post for their residence. The covenanters, ,vho very well understood the weaknesses of the court, as well as their o\vn want of strength, \vere v ry reasonably exalted with this success, and scattered their letters abroad amongst the noblemen at court, according to the hUlTIOUrS of the men to ,vhorn they writ; there being upon the matter an unrestrained intercourse bet,veen the king's camp and Edinburgh. They writ three several letters to the three gene- The co,.e- nanters 1'a18, the earl of Arundel, the earl of Essex, and the write to the 1 f H . three gene- ear 0 olland. That to the earl of Essex ,vas In ral officers. 1> chief] superior r2 BOOK II. 1 G39. 1 rrI-IE I-II STO}{ Y a dialect n10re sublniss than to the others; they said 11luch to hil11 of " his o\vn fame and reputation, " \v hich added to their affliction that he should be " in arl11S against them; that they had not the least " iUlagination of entering into a war against Eng- " land; their only thought and hope ,vas to defend " their own rights and liberties, ,vhich ,vere due to " then1 by the la,v q of the land, until they l11ight " have access to his lllajesty, to expose their C0I11- " plaints to hÏ111, fr0l11 ,vhich they ,vere hindered by "the po,ver and greatness of some of their own " countrymen;" being desirous the earl should un- derstand that their principal grievance \vas the in- terest of the marquis of Halnilton, who, they knew, ,vas not in any degree acceptable to the earl; and therefore desired hin1 " to he ready to do then1 good " offices to the king, that they might be adnlitted to " his presence." The earl of Essex, who ,vas a punc- tual nlan in point of honour, received this address superciliously enough, sent it to the king without re- turning any answer, or holding any conference, or performing the least cerel11ony, \vith or towards the Jl1eSsengers. The earls of Arundel and Holland gave another kind of reception to the letters they received. To the former, after many professions of high esteem of his person, they enlarged upon" their great affection " to the English nation, and how they abhorred the " thought of a war bet\veen the t,vo nàtions ;" they besought him" to present their supplication" (which they enclosed) " to the king, and to procure their de- " puties adnlission to his nlajesty." The earl used f( law) laws O F THE ItEHELLION. !213 then1 ,vith more respect than ,vas suitable to the office of a general, and Inade many professions of " his desire to interpose, and mediate a good peace "between the nations:" and it \vas confidently re- ported and believed, that he had frequently made those professions by several messages he had sent before into Scotland; and he had given passes to many obscure persons, to go into and return out of that kingdom. Their letter to the earl of Holland \vas in a nlore confident style, as to a man from whOln they ex- pected all good offices. They sent hin1 likewise a copy of their supplication to the king, and desired hiln " to use his credit that a treaty might be en- "tered into, and that his majesty \vould appoint "men of religion and of public hearts to Inanage " the treaty." From r this time that earl ,vas found at least enough inclined to that interest; and the king's readiness to hear discourses of a pacification, and that messengers \vould be shortly sent to hinl with propositions worthy of his acceptation, abated those animosities, and appetite to ,val', \vhich had made all the noise in the 11larch. Indeed the nlarquis of Hamilton's neighbourly re- sidence with his fleet and foot soldiers before Leith, without any show of hostility, or any care taken to draw his friends and followers together for the king's service; on the otIier side, the visits his Inother nlade hin1 on board his ship, \vho was a lady of great au- thority anlongst the covenanters, and most addicted to them and their covenant,s her daughters being r }"rom] Anù from Ii to them and their covenant,] to it anù them, p3 HOOK II. J 639. BOOK JI. J 639. li THE HIS'rORY likewise married to those noblelnen ,vho most furi- ously persecuted the church, and presided in those councils; the king's refusing to give leave to SOlne officers of horse, who had offered to make inroads into the country, and destroy the stock thereo ,vhereby they would be presently obliged to make submission, and to ask pardon; and lastly, the re- ception of the earl of Holland after his shalneful retreat, with so much satisfaction and joy as his ma- jesty had manifested upon his return, (having after the first messenger's arrival from Dunce, 'v hen the enemy was in vie,v, sent him orders not t.o engage,) n1ade it then suspected, as it was afterwards helieved by those \vho stood nearest, that his majesty had in truth never any purpose to make the ,varin blood, but believed that by shewing an army to theIn, that was able to force them to any conditions, theJ would have begged pardon for the contest t they had madc", and so he should have settled the church, and all things else, according to his pleasure: and sure he nlight have done so, if he had hut sat still, and been constant to his own interest, U and positive in deny- ing their insolent demands. But the Scots in the court had made impression upon so many of the English lords, that though at that time there were very fe\v of then1 ,vho had entered into an unla,vful combination against the king, yet there ,vas ahnost a general dislike of the ,val', both by the lords of the court and of the country; and they took this opportunity to cOlnmunicate their murmurs to each other; none of the persons who \vere most maligned for their })ower and interest with the king being t contest] contests u interest,] honour, OF THE REBELLION. 15 upon the place; and all men believing, that nothing BOOK could be asked of the king, but what ll1ust be satis- II. fled at their charge, whose danlage they considered, 1639. though it was to be procured at the expense of the king's honour. 'Vhen the covenanters understood by their intelligence, that the season ,vas ripe, they sent their supplication (of ,vhich they had scattered so many copies) to the king, and found thenlselves so welcome to all persons, that their modesty ,vas not like to suffer any violence in offering the condi- tions. The Scots had from the beginning practised a new They ad- dress to the sturdy style of address, in ,vhich, under the licence king. of accusing the counsel and carriage of others, whom yet they never named, they bitterly and insolently reproached the most ilTIlnediate actions and direc- tions of his ITIajesty himself; and then made the greatest professions of duty to his lTIajesty's person that could be invented. The king had not, at that time, one person about hiIn of his council, who had the least consideration of his own x honour, or friend- ship for those ,vho sat at the heln1 of affairs; the duke of Lenox only excepted; ,vho ,vas a young IDan of sn1all experience in affairs, though a ITIan of great honour, and very good parts, and under the dis- advantage of being looked upon as a Scotsnlan; which he was not in his affections at all, being born in England, of an English mother, and having had his education there; and had indeed the Blanners and affections Y of an Englishlnan, and a duty and l'everence Z for the king and thc a church accordingly; x own] Not in lJIIS. y affections] nature and heart Z reverence] reverence and af- fection a theJNot in J.118. p4 16 'rHE IlI8TOltY ] 639. and "rould never trust hÏ1nself in those intrigues, as too n1ysterious for him. The rest \vho were about the king in any offices of attendance, \vere the earl of Holland, whOln we have had occasion to mention before in the first en- trance upon this discourse, and \vhom we shall have often occasion hereafter to speak of; and therefore shall say no lnore of him now, than that he neither loved the marquis of Hamilton, whom he believed the Scots intended to revenge themselves upon; nor 'Ventworth the deputy of Ireland; nor the arch- bishop of Canterbury; nor ahnost any thing that was then done in church or state. Secretary Coke, ,vho had all the despatches upon his hand, was near eighty years of age; a man of gravity, who never had quickness fron1 his cradle; ,vho loved the church well enough as it was twenty years before; and un- derstood nothing that had been done in Scotland, and thought that nothing that was or could be done there ,vas b worth such a journey as the king had put hin1self to. Sir Harry Vane was cOlnptroller of the house, and a busy and a bustling man; who had credit" enough to do his business in all places, and cared for no Iuan other,,,ise than as he found it very convenient for hilllself. There was no other of hi council of nan1e but the gencral, the earl of Arundel, \vho ,vas al,vays true to the character under \vhich he has ueen C delivered, and thought he had been ge- neral long enough. All the lustre of the court was in that part of the nobility \vhich attended upon conunand, and at thcir own charge; and therefore the Inore ,yeary of it. The earl of PeI11broke hath BOOK II. h was] lVOt in lU S. C has been] was heretofore OF' TI-IE ItEßELLION. 17 been forgotten, \vho abhorred the \var as obstinately BOOK as he loved hunting and hawking, and so was like to II. promote aU overtures towards accon1modation with ] 639. great Ï1nportunity: so the Scots found persons to treat \vith d according to their o\vn wish. The earl of Essex still preserving his grandeur and punctu- ality, positively refused to meddle in the treaty, or to be con1municated \vith, or so much as to be present, or receive any visits from the Scottish comlnissioners till after the pacification \vas concluded. The covenanters ,vere firln, and adhered still to their old natural principle, even in this their ad- dress; justified all they had done to be " according " to their native rights, and for the better advance- " Inent of his lnajesty's service, \vhich they had al- "ways before their eyes;" and desired "to have "those receive exemplary punishn1ent, ,vho had " done them ill offices, and misrepresented their car- " riage to the king; and that SOITIe noble lords lnight " be appointed to treat upon all particulars." And A t!eaty. of pacIficatIOn upon no other sublnission than this a treaty was pre- entered I d d I d d upon, and sent y entere upon, an conc u e . concluded. 'Vhosoever will take upon him to relate all that passed in that treaty, Inust be beholding to his o,vn invention; the n10st n1ateriallnatters having passed in discourse, and very little cOlnmitted to \vriting. Nor did any t\""O who were present agree in the saIne relation of what was said and done; and which ,vas worse, not in the same interpretation of the 111eaning of ",-hat was cOD1prehended in writing. An agreell1ent was made, if that can be called an agree- Inent, in which nobody meant what others believed d with] with them 18 THE HISTORY 1639. he did: "The armies were to be disbanded; an act " of oblivion passed; the king's forts and castles to " be restored; and an assen1bly and parliament to "be called for a full settlen1ent; no persons re- " served for justice, because no fault had been COln- "mitted." The king's a1'I11Y, bye the very words of the agreement, ,vas not to be disbanded until all should be executed on their part; and the king hÍIn- self, at that time, resolved to be present in the as- sembly at least, if not in the parliament: but the inlpatience of all was such for peace, that the king's arl11Y was presently disbanded; his nlajesty making all possible haste hhnself to London, and sending the earl of Traquaire to Edinburgh, to prepare all things for the assembly; whilst the Scots made all the caresses to many of the English, and Loth f breathed out in mutual confidence their resentlnents to each other. The l11arquis of Hamilton (whether upon the fame of the treaty, or sent for by the king, few kne,v) left his fleet before Leith in a very peaceable posture, and canle to the Berkes sonle hours after the treaty was signed; which ,vas very convenient to him, for thereby he was free from the reproach that attended it, and at liberty to find fault with it; ,vhich he did freely to the king, and to some others, whereby he preserved hhnself in credit to do l110re mischief. Many ,vere then of opinion, and still are, that the nlarquis at that time ,vas very unacceptable g to his countrymen; and it is certain that the chief Ina- nagel's at the treaty did persuade the English in whom they most confided, that their principal aim was BOOK II. e by] which by f both] Not in JfS. g unacceptable] odious OF THE REBELLION. Q19 to remove him from the court; which was a design ,villingly heard, and universally grateful. But what- ever state of grace he stood in when he came thither, he did himself so good offices before he parted, that he \vas no more in their disfavour. The king's army was presently disbanded, and the Scots returned to Edinburgh ,vith all they desired; having gotten nlany lTIOre friends in England than they had be- fore; kept all their officers, and as many of their Inen as they thought fit, in pay; and prosecuted all those ,vho had not shewed the same zeal in their covenant as then1selves with great rigour, as men ,vhose affections they doubted; and, instead of re- mitting any thing of their rage against their bi- shops, they entered a public protestation, " That " they did not intend, by any thing contained in the "treaty, to vacate any of the proceedings which "had been in the late general asselnbly at Glas- " gow," (by which all the bishops stood excommu- nicated,) and renewed all their menaces against them by proclan1ation; and imposed grievous penalties upon all who should presume to harbour any of them in their houses: so that by the tilne the king came to London, it appeared plainly, that the army ,vas disbanded without any peace made, and the Scots in equal inclination, and in more reputation, to affront h his majesty than ever. Upon which a paper published by them, and avo\ved to contain the n1atter of the treaty, was burned by the common hangman; every body disavo,ving the contents of it, but nobody taking upon him to publish a copy that they owned to be true. BOOK II. ] 639. h in equal inclination, and in more reputation, and equal in.. nlore reputation, to affront] in clination to affront QQO 'rIlE HIsrrORY BOOK The 111ischiefthat befell the king frolll this ,vollder- II. ful atonclnent cannot be expressed, nor was it ever 1639. discovered ,vhat prevailed over his Inajesty to bring The ill con- . seq 1 1ences ]t SO wofully to pass: all men ,vere ashanled who of it. had contributed to it ; nor had he disnlissed his arll1Y \vith so obliging circumstances as was like to incline them to COllIe willinglyi together again, k if there ,vere occasion to use their service. The earl of Essex, who had merited very \vell throughout the \vhole affair, and had never made a false step in action or counsel, 1 was discharged in the crowd, without ordinary cerelnony; and an accident hap- pening at the sallle tillie, or very soon after, by the death of the lord Aston, "r hereby the conllnand of the forest of N eedwood fell into the king's disposal, ,vhich lay at the very door of that earl's estate, m and would infinitely have gratified hiln, ,vas denied to him, and besto,ved upon another: all ,vhich ,vrought very llluch upon his high n nature, and made him sus- ceptible of some iInpressions afterwards, ,vhich other- wise would not have found such easy adlnission. The factions and animosities at court ,vere either greater, or Inore visible, than they had been before. The earl of Newcastle (who was governor to the prince, and one of the Inost valuable men in the kingdonl, in his fortune, in his dependences, and in his qualifications) had, at his own charge, dra,vn together a goodly troop of horse of two hundred; which for the 1110st part consisted of the Lest gentle- Dlen of the north, who ,vere either allied to the car], or of iUl1uediate dependence upon hun, and callIe i willingly] so willingly k again,] Nut in MS. J or counsel,] or in counsel, m that earl's estate,] his es- tate, n high] rough proud OF TI-IE llEBEI..LION. Ql together purely upon his account; and called this troop the prince of \Vales's troop; ,vhereof the earl himself ,vas captain. 'Vhen the earl of Holland In arched with that party into Scotland, the eal'l of N e\vcastle accompanied hin1 ,vith that troop, and, upon occasion of some orders, desired that troop, since it belonged to the prince of '\tVales, Inight have SOlne precedence; ,vhich the general of the horse refused to grant him, but required hin1 to march in the rank he had prescribed; and the other obeyed it accordingly, but ,vith resentment, ÏInputing it to the little kindness that was bet\\Teen them. But as soon as the army ,vas disbanded, he sent a challenge to the earl of Holland, by a gentlelnan very punctual, and ,veIl acquainted with those errands; who took a proper season to n1ention it to him, without a possi- bilityof suspicion. The earl of Holland ,,?as never suspected to want courage, yet in this occasion he she,ved not that alacrity, but that the delay exposed it to notice; and so, by the king's authority, the matter ,vas composed; though discoursed of ,vith liberty enough to give the whole court occasion to express their affections to either party. The king hirnselfwas very melancholic, a d quick- ly discerned that he had lost reputation at hOllle and abroad; and those counsellors ,vho had been n10st faulty, either through \-vant of courage or ,visdom, (for at that time fe"r of then1 wanted fidelity,) never afterwards recovered spirit enough to do their duty, but gave themselves up to those ,vho had so much over-,vitted them; every man shifting the fault from himself, and finding SOU1e friend to excuse hiIn : and it being yet necessary, that so infamous a matter should not he covered \vith absolute obliyion, it fell BOOK II. ] 639. Q THE HISTORY 1639. to secretary Coke's turn, (for whoD1 nobody cared,) ,vho was then near fourscore years of age, to be lllade the sacrifice; and, upon pretence that he had omitted the writing what he ought to have done, and inserted somewhat he ought not to have done, he was P!lt out of his office; and within a short tin1e after, sir Henry Vane (who was treasurer of the hOl1se) by the dark contrivance of the marquis of Han1ilton, and by the open and visible power of the queen, luade secretary of state; which was the only thing that could make the ren10val of the other old man censured and murmured at: and this was at- tended again with a declared and unseasonable dis- like and displeasure in the queen against the lieu- tenant of Ireland, newly made earl of Strafford; who out of SOllle kindness to the old man, who had been much trusted by him and of use to him, and out of contelnpt and detestation of Vane, but prin- cipally out of a desire to have o that miscarriage ex- piated by a greater sacrifice, opposed the relTIoval of secretary Coke with all the interest he could, got it suspended for SOlne time, and put the queen to the exercise of her full po,ver to perfect her ,york ; ,vhich afterwards produced tuany sad disasters. So that this unhappy pacification kindled many fires of con- tention in court and country, though the flanle broke out first again in Scotland. On the other side, the Scots got so n1uch benefit and advantage by it, that they brought all their other mischievous devices to pass with ease, and a pros- perous gale in all they \vent about. 'rhey had be- fore little creditp abroad in any foreign parts, and nOOK II. o have] have had P little (,.edit] no credit OF THE REBELLION. ß so could procure neither arlns nor q amlnunition; and though they could lead the people at hOllle, out of the hatred and jealousy of popery, into unruly tumults, yet they had not authority enough over thenl to engage theln in a firnl resolution of rebel- lion: the opinion of their unquestionable duty and loyalty to the king ,vas that which had given them reputation to affront him: nor durst they yet at- telllpt to lay any tax or ilnposition upon the people, or to put thcln to any charge. But, after this pa- cification, they appeared much Blore considerable abroad and at hOlne; abroad, where they were not so nluch considered before,r now that they had brought an army into the field against the king, and S gained all they pretended o desire, without reproach or blemish, France, their old ally, looked upon them as good instruments to disturb their neighbours; and cardinal Richelieu (who had never looked upon the defeat and overthrow at the isle of Rhé, as any reparation for the attelnpt and dis- honour of the invasion) ,vas very glad of the oppor- tunity of disturbing a rest and quiet, which had not been favourable to his designs; and sent an agent privately to Edinburgh, to cherish and fOlllent their unpeaceable inclinations; and received another frolll thence, ,vho solicited supplies, and comnlunicated counsels: he sent them arl11S and amlnunition, and promised them encouragenlent and assistance pro- portionable to any enterprise they should franklyen- gage the111selves in. Holland entered into a closer correspondence with them; and they found credit q nor] or r were not so n1uch consiùer... ed before,]were without a name, and considered by nobody, B and] Not in frI S. BOOK II. 1639. Q4 'HE HISTOR \- 1639. there for a great stock of arms and anll11unition, upon security of payment within a year; 'v hich se- curity they easily found a way to give. And thus countenanced and supplied, they quickly got credit and power over the people at home; and as soon as they had fornled SOine troops of those ,vho had been listed by then1 under good officers, ('v hereof store resorted to them of that nation out of Gernlany and S,,"eden,) and assigned pay to them, they 111ade no longer scruple to Ï1npose ,vhat Inoney they thought fit upon the people, and to levy it ,vith all rigour upon thein "rho refused, or expressed any un,villing- ness to su bIn it to the imposition; and Inade the re- sidence of any amongst them very uneasy, and very insecure, who ,vere but suspected by them not to wish well to their proceedings: and so they re- newed all those forins for the adnlinistration of the governll1ent, which they had begun t in the begin- ning of the disorders, and which they disclaimed upon nlaking the pacification; and refused to suffer the king's governor of the castle of Edinburgh (,vhich ,vas put into his hands about the saIne time) either to repair sonle ,yorks which ,vere ne\\Tly fallen do,vn, or so much as to buy provision in the town for the food of the garrison. But that which ,vas the greatest benefit and ad- vantage that accrued to u theln froln the agreenlent, and which was worth all the rest, was the conversa- tion they had ,vith the English \vith so much repu- tation, that they had persuaded very Inany to be- lieve, that they had all mariner of fidelity to the king, and had too Inuch cause to cOinplain of the BOOK II. t begun] began " to] unto OF THE REBELLION. 5 hard proceedings against them by the power of some nOOK of their own countrymen; and the acquaintance II. they made \vith SOlne particular lords, to that de- 1639. gree, that they did upon the n1atter agree what was to be done for the future, and how to obstruct any opposition or proceedings by those who \vere looked upon as enemies by both sides: for none in Scot- land n10re disliked all that was done in court, and the chief actors there, than those lords of England did; though they were not so well prepared for an expedient for the cure. The people of Scotland being now reduced by them x to a more implicit obedience, and nobody daring to oppose the n10st extravagant Y proceedings of the most violent persons in power,z they lost no time, as hath been said, to make all preparations for a war they meant to pursue. Most of the king's privy-council and great ministers, who (though they had not vigorously performed their duty in support of the regal po\ver) till now had been so reserved, that they seemed not to approve the disorderly pro- ceedings, but now as frankly wedded t}lat interest as any of the leaders, and quickly became the chief of the leaders. As a the earl of Argyle: who had been preserved The ('arl b h k . ,. d . t k . d d f II of Ar yle y t e Ing S ImIDe Ia e In ness an u pO\Ver, joins \'ith and rescued from the anger and fury of his incensed ;;::- father. who bein g provoked by the disobedience notwith- . ' , . . standing his and Insolence of hIS son, resolved so to have dls- great oLli- d f h . .l!. h . 1 gations to pose 0 IS 10rtune, t at htt e should have aCCOID- the king. panied the honour after his death. But by the king's interposition, and indeed in1position, the earl, x by them] Not in MS. z in power,] in authority, Y extravagant] violent · As] Not in ])tIS. YOL. I. (1 Qb THE HIS'l'ORY 1639. in strictness of the la,v in Scotland, having need of the king's grace and protection, in regard of his being beco1l1e ROlllall Catholic, and his nlajesty granting all to the son \vhich he could exact froll1 the father, the old luan was in the end compelled to l11ake over all his estate to his son; reserving only such a provision for hilllself, as supported hiIn ac- cording to his quality during his life, ,vhich he spe lt in the parts beyond the seas. rrhe king had too luuch occasion after\vards to ren1eInber, that in the close, after his majesty had deterll1ined ,vhat should be done on either part, the old nlan declared, " He " ,vould subinit to the king's pleasure, though he "believed he ,vas hardly dealt with;" and then with SOlne bitterness put his son in 111ind of his un- dutiful carriage towards him; and charged hitn " to " carry in his 111ind how bountiful the king had " been to hin1 ;" which yet, he told him, he ,vas sure he would forget: and thereupon said to his nlajesty, " Sir, I must kno\v this young Ulan better than you " can do: you have brought 111e low, that you luay " raise hin1; which I doubt you will live to repent; " for he is a lnan of craft, subtilty, and falsehood, " and can love no lllan; and if ever he finds it in " his po\ver to do you l1lischief, he will be sure to do "it." The king considered it only as the effect of his passion, and took no other care to prevent it, but by heaping every day ne,v obligations upon hhl1; nlaking hi:m a privy-counsellor, and giving hinl other offices and po\ver to do hurt, thereby to re- strain him from doing it ; ,vhich ,vould have ,vrought upon any generous nature the effect it ought to have done. The earl b (for his father ,vas now d ad) b The earl] This earl BOOK II. OF THE REBELLION. Q7 came not to Edinburgh during the first troubles; and though he did not dissen1ble his displeasure against the bishops, because one of them had af- fronted hinl, in truth, very rudely, yet he rene,ved all inlaginable professions of duty to the king, an a readiness to engage in his service, if those disorders should continue: but after the pacification and dis- banding C of the king's army, and the covenanters declaring that they would adhere to the acts of the Assembly at Glasgow, he made haste to Edinburgh with a great train of his family and followers; and imnlediately signed the covenant, engaged for the provision of arms, and l aising forces; and in all things behaved himself Jike a nlan that might very safely be confided in by that party d. There wanted not persons still who persuaded the king, "that all Inight yet be ended without " blood; that there ,vere great divisions alTIOngst " the chief leaders, through emulations e and ambi- " tion of COlTIn1and; and that the access of the earl " of Argyle to that party would drive others as con- " siderable fronl it, ,vho never did, nor ever would, " unite \vith hin1 in any design;" and therefore ad- vised, "that his lnajesty would require thelll to " send some persons intrusted by theÍ1 body to at- " tend hÜn, and give an account of the reasons of " their proceedings." They delnanded a safe con- duct for the security of the persons they should elTI- ploy; which ,vas sent accordingly: and théreupon sonle persons of the nobility, and others, ,vere COlll- missioned to ,vait on the king; amongst \vhich the C disbanding] the disbanding Ii by that party] Not in JJJS. e ell1ulation ] emulation Q2 'BOOK II. 1639. 8 THE HISTORY BOOK lord Lowden was principally relied on for his parts II. and abilities; a nlan ,vho ,vas better known after- 1639. wards, and whom there will hereafter be so often occasion to mention, as it will not be necessary ín this place further to enlarge upon him. They be- haved themselves, in all respects, with the confidence of men employed by a foreign state; refused to give any account but to the king himself; and even to himself gave no other reason for what was done, but the authority of the doers, and the necessity that re- quired it; that is, that they thought it necessary: but then they polished their sturdyf behaviour with all the pròfessions of submission and duty, which their language could afford. g A Jetter in- At this time the king happened to intercept a tercepted from some letter, which had been signed by the chief of the of the Scot- . L d tish nobi- covenanters, and partIcularly by the lord 0'" en, ::hthe written to the French king, in which they com- king. plained "of the hardness and injustice of the go- " vernment that was exercised over them; put him , in mind of the dependence this kingdom formerly "had upon that crown; and desired him now to " take them into his protection, and give them as- " sistance; and that his majesty would give entire " credit to one Colvil, who was the bearer of that " letter, and well instructed in all particulars:" and the letter itself was sealed, and directed Au Roy; a style only used from subjects to their natural king. This letter being seen and perused by the lords of the council, and the lord Lowden being examined, and refusing to give any other ans,ver, than " That " it was writ before the agreement, and thereupon f their sturdy] this sturdy g afford.] conlprehend. OF THE REBELLION. 9 "reserved and never sent; that, if he had com- " nlitted any offence, he ought to be questioned for " it in Scotland, and not in England; and insisting "upon his safe conduct, denlanded liberty to re- "turn." All lnen were of opinion, that so fou1 a conspiracy and treason ought not to be so slightly excused; and that both the lord Lowden and Colvil (who was likewise found in London, and appre- hended) should be comlnitted to the Tower: which was done accordingly; all men expecting that they should h be brought to a speedy trial. This discovery made a very deep impression upon the king; and persuaded him, that such a foul ap- plication could never have been t.hought of, if there had not been more poison in the heart,. than could be expelled by easy antidotes; and that the strong- est remedies must be provided to root out this mis- chief: thereupon he first advised with that com- mittee of the council, which used to be consulted in secret affairs, what was to be done? That summer's action had wasted all the money that had been care- fully laid up; and, to carryon that vast expense, the revenue of the cro,vn had been anticipated; so that, though the raising an arlny was visibly ne- cessary, there appeared no lneans how to raise that army. No expedient occurred to them so proper as a parliament, \vhich i had been now intern1itted near twelve years. And though those meetings had of late been attended by some disorders, the effects of mutinous spirits; ånd the last had been dissolved (as hath been said before) with SOine circumstances of passion and undutifulness, which so far incensed h should] \vould i which] and which Q8 BOOK II. ] 639. 230 · THE HIS".rORY BOOK the king, that he ,vas less inclined to those assenl- II. blies; yet this long interlnission, and the general J 639. cOlnposure of nlen's luinds in ..a happy peace, and universal plenty oyer the ,vhole nation, (superior sure to ,vhat any other nation ever enjoyed,) made it reasonably believed, not\vithstanding the 111Ul"- 011.11"8 of the people against some exorbitancies of the court, that sober luen, and such as loved the 1Jeace and plenty they were possessed of, ,vould be 111ade choice of to serve in the house of COlnll1ons; and then the t.ell1per of the house of peers was not to be apprehended: but especially the opinion of the pre- judice and general aversion over the ,vhole kingdom to the Scots, and the indignation they had at their presumption in their design k of invading England, Inade it believed, that a parliall).ent would express a very sharp sense of their insolence and carriage to- ,vards the king, and provide remedies proportion.. able. A parlia. Upon these motives and reasons, ,vith the unani- Illent called d d I f h h I . in England mOllS consent an a VIce 0 t e woe cOlnl111ttee, to s t in the kin g resolved to call a P arliament. ,vhich he Alm11640. ' comlllunicated the saIne day, or rather took the re- solution that day, in his full council of state, ,vhich expressed great joy upon it; and directed the lord keeper to issue out writs for the meeting of a par- Jian1ent upon the third day of April then next en- suing; it being now in the nlonth of Decell1ber; and all expedition \-vas accordingly used in sending out the said ,vrits, the notice of it being nlost ,vel- COine to the 'v hole kingdom. That it luight appear that the court ,vas not at k design] thought OF THE REBELLION. Q31 all apprehensive of what the parliament would or BOOK could do; and that it was convened by his majesty's 11. grace and inclination, not by any motive of neces- 1640. sity; it proceeded in all respects in the saIne un- popular ways it had done: ship-money was levied ,vith the same severity; and the same rigour used in ecclesiastical courts, without the least conlpliance \vith the humour of any man; which looked like I steadiness; and, if it were then well. pursued, de- generated 111 too soon after\vards. In this interval, between the sealing of the writs n The lord .. l(eeper Co- and the conventIon of a parliament, 0 the lord keeper ventry dies. Coventry died; to the king's great detriment, rather than to his o\vn. So 111uch hath been said already of this great man, that there shall be no further en- largement in this place, than to say, that he ,vas a very wise and excellent person, and had a rare fe- licity, in being looked upon generally throughout the kingdom with great affection, and a singular esteem, when very few other men in any high trust ,vere so; and it is very probable, if he had lived to the sitting of that parlianlent, when, whatever lurked in the hearts of any, there was not the least out- \vard appearance P of any irreverence to the crown, that he nlight have had great authority in the form- ing those counsels, which might have preserved it from so unhappy a dissolution. His loss was the 1110re manifest and visible in his successor; the seal being within a day or two given to sir John Finch, Sit, John 1 . f . . f h f l"inch made C ue JUstIce 0 t e court 0 common pleas; a man lord keeper, 1 looked like] was great m degenerated] it degene- rated. n sealing of the writs] scaling the writs o a parliament,] tbe parlia- ment., p outward appearance] ap- proach ( 4 232 THE HISTORY BOOK exceedingly obnoxious to the people upon the busi- II. ness of ship-money; and not of reputation and au- 1639. thority e ough to countenance and advance the king's service. These digressions have taken up too much time, and may seem foreign to the proper subject of this discourse; yet they may have given some light to the obscure and dark passages of that time, which were understood by very few q . The parlia- The parliament met according to summons upon men,t met the third of A p ril in the Y ear 1640 "\vith the usual April the ' third, 1640. ceremony and forl11ality: and after the king had shortly mentioned "his desire to be again acquainted "with parliaments, after so long an intermission; " and to receive the advice and assistance of his " subjects there;" he referred the cause of the pre- sent convention to be enlarged upon by the lord keeper: who related the whole proceedings of Scot- land; "his majesty's condescensions the year be- " fore, in disbanding his army upon their pronlises " and professions; their insolencies since; and their " address to the king of France, by the letter nlen- " tioned before ;" which the king had touched upon, and having forgot to l11ake the observation upon the superscription himself, he required the keeper to do it; who told them, after the ,vhole relation, " That "his nlajesty did not expect advice from them, " lllnch less that they should interpose in any office " of Inediation, \vhich \vould not be grateful to him; q very few] MS. adds: but herein contained, or what is for the future, very short men- necessary to explain or illustrate tion shall be made of any thing those actions or counsels, in but what inlmcdiately relates to which he was interested or con- the person, whose life is to be cerned. OF THE REBELLION. 9g "but that they should, as soon as might be, give BOO K " his majesty such a supply, as be might provide for II. " the vindication of his honour, by raising an army, ] 640. "which the season of the year, and the progress " the rebels had already made, called upon without " delay; and his majesty assured them, if they " would gratify him with the despatch of this mat- " ter,r that he would give them time enough after- " wards to represent any grievances to him, and a " favourable answer to them;" and so dismissed the commons to choose their speaker; to which sergeant Sergeant 01 . 1 d . d d h d Glam'ile anVI e was eSlgne, an chosen t e same ay: a chosen man very equal to the work, very well acquainted speaker. with the proceedings in parliament; of a quick con- ception, and of a ready and voluble expression, dex- terous in disposing the house, and very acceptable to then1. The earl of Arundel, earl marshal of England, was made lord steward of the king's house; an office necessary in the beginning of a parliament; being to swear all the members of the house of comnlons before they could sit there S. Two days after, the commons presented their speaker to the king, who, in the accustomed manner, approved their choice; upon which they returne to their house, being now forlned and qualified to enter upon any debates. The house met al\vays at eight of the clock, and rose at twelve; which were the old parliament r the despatch of this matter,] this expedition, R sit there) J.118. add(: l\.:Ir. II yde was chusen to serve for two places, for the borough of 'Votten-lJasset in the connty of 'Vilts, and for the borough of Shaftesbury in the county of Dorset, but made choice to serve for his neighbours of the former place, and so a new writ issued for t11e choice of another burgess for Shaftesbury. 34 1'I-IE HIS'l"OR Y BOOK hours; that the comn1ittees, upon 'VhOlll the grcat- 11. est burden of the t business lay, B1ight have the 1640. afternoons for their preparation and despatch. It was not the custom to enter upon any important business in the first fortnight; both because many Inen1bers used to be absent so long; and that tÏIne was usually thought necessary for the appointment and non1ination of c0111mittees, and for other cere- monies and preparations that ,vere usual: but there was no regard no,v to that custom; and the ap- pearance of the melnbers was very great, there having been a large time bet,veen the issuing out of the writs and the meeting of the parlialnent, so that all elections were Jnade and returned, and every body ,vas willing to fall to the work. 'Vhilst men gazed upon each other, looking \vho should begin, (much the greatest part having never l\1r. Pym's hefore sat in parliament,) 1\11". Pym, a man of good and others' . b h b k f d h speeches reputatIon, ut muc etter no,vn a ter,var s, W 0 co?ccrning had been as long in those assemblies as any man gnevances. then living, brake the ice, and in a set discourse of above two hours, after mention of the king ,vith the most profound reverence, and commendation of his \visdom and justice, he observed, "That by the " long intermission of parliaments many un,varrant- " able things had been practised, not,vithstanding " the great virtue of his majesty:" and then enu- merated all the projects ,vhich had been set on foot; all the illegal proclamations which had been pub- lished, and the proceedings \vhich had heen upon those proclan1ations; the judgment upon ship- lTIOney; and ß1any grievances which related to the t the] Not in MS. O ' rrHE RI BELLION. Q35 ecclesiastical jurisdiction; sunll11ing up shortly, and sharply, all that most reflected upon the prudence and the justice of the governll1ent; concluding, " That he had only laid that schelne before them, " that they might see ho\v much ,york they had to " do to satisfy their country; the 111ethod and man- " ner of the doing \vhereof he left to their wisdoms." IVIr. GrÏlnston insisted only on the business of ship- money; the irregular and preposterous engaging the judges to deliver their opinion to the king, and their being after\vards divided in their judgments; u and said, "He \vas persuaded, that they, who gave " their opinions for the legality of it, did it against " the llicta1JleJt of their own conscience." Peard, a bold lawyer, of little note, inveighed nIore pas- sionately against it, calling it aJl abOJJli1latioll: upon \vhich, Herbert, the king's solicitor, ,vith all Ïll1aginable address, in which he then excelled, put them in nIind " with what candour his majesty had " proceeded in that, and all other things which re- "lated to the administration of justice to all his " people; that, how persuaded soever he was within " hilllself of the justice as well as necessity of levy- " ing ship-nIoney, he would not send out a writ for "the doing thereof, till he received the affirlnative " advice of all the judges' of England; and when " the paYlnent ,vas opposed by a gentlelnan," (and then he took occasion to stroke and cOll1mend Mr. Haulbden, who sat under hinI, for his great temper and modesty in the prosecution of that suit,) " the " king ,vas very ,veIl contented that all the judges of " England should deterrninc the right; that nevel BOOK II. 1640. ., 11 judgments ;] jlldgluent ; 36 THE HISTORY BOOK" any cause had been debated and argued more so- Il. I .l' " emnly be10re the judges; who, after long delibe- 1640. "ration Let,veen thclTIselves, and being attended "with the records, ,vhich had been cited on both " sides, delivered each man his opinion and judg- "nlent publicly in the court, and so largely, that "but two judges argued in a day; and after all "this, and a judglnent with that solemnity pro- " nounced for the king, by ,vhich the king was as " legally possessed of that right, as of any thing else " he had; that any particular lllan should presume "to speak against it with that bitterness, and to "call it an abO'lllination, was very offensive, and " unwarrantable; and desired that that gentleman, " who had used that expression, might explain him- " self, and then \vithdraw ." Very nlany called him to the bar; and the solicitor's discourse ,vas thought to have so much weight in it, that 1\11'. PeaI'd very hardly escaped a severe reprehension: \vhich is men- tioned only that the tenlper and sobriety of that house may be taken notice of, and their dissolution, which shortly after fell out, the lllore lamented. Though the parliament had not sat above six or seven days, and had l11anaged all their debates, and their ,vhole behaviour, with wonderful order and sobriety, the court was ill1patient that no advance was yet made towards a supply; which was fore- seen ,vould take up much tirne, whensoever they went about it, though never so cordially; and there- The house fore they prevailed with the house of peers, which of peers ad- \'ise the was more entirely at the king's dispo al, that they x commons . to begin would demand a conference with the house of com- with a. sup- ply. x they] it OF THE REBELLION. 37 Inon8, and then propose to them, by ,vay of advice, BOOK " That they would begin with giving the king a II. " supply, in regard of the urgency and even neces- 1640. " sity of his affairs, and afterwards proceed upon "- their grievances, 01'- any thing else as they thought " fit:" and the house of peers accordingly did give their advice to this purpose at a conference. This conference was no sooner reported in the house of commons, than their whole temper seemed to be shaken. It was the undoubted fundall1ental privi- lege of the commons in parliaI)lent, that all supplies should have their rise and beginning from them; this had never been infringed, or violated, or so much as questioned in the worst tÍIl1es; and that now after so long internlission of parliaments, that all privileges might be forgotten, the house of peers should begin ,vith an action their ancestors never attempted, adn1inistered too much cause of jealousy of somewhat else that was intended; and so with an unanÍIl10us consent they declared it to be "so This yoted " h . h b h f . . 1 h h ld a breach of Ig a reac 0 privi ege, t at t ey cou not pri\'ilege by "proceed upon any other n1atter until they first ::n: m- " received satisfaction and reparation from the house If of peers;" and which the next day they demanded at a conference. The lords were sensible of their error; which had been foreseen, and dissuaded by many of them; they "ackno,vledged the privilege " of the commons as fully as they demanded it, and "hoped they had not broken it by offering their " advice to them without mentioning the nature of "the supply, the proportion, or manner of raising " it, which they confessed belonged entirely to thelll:" in fine, they desired then1, "that this might be no " occasion of wasting their time, but that they,vould 38 'l"HE HIS'!"ORY BOO K "proceed their own ,vay, and in their o,vn 111ethod, II. " upon the affairs of the kingdonl." This gave no 1640. satisfaction; ,vas no reparation; and served their turn ,vho had no l1lind to give any supply ,vithout discovering any such dissatisfaction, ,, hich ,vould have got them no credit, the house generally being Y exceedingly disposed to please the king, and to do hin1 service. But this breach of privilege, which was craftily enlarged upon, as if it swallowed up all their other privileges, and nlade then1 ,vholly sub- servient to the peers,. ,vas ulli versally resented. A conlmittee ,vas appointed to exaluine precedents of forlner tilnes, in case of violation of their pri vileges by the lords, though not of that Inagnitude, and thereupon to prepare a protestation to be sent up to the house of peers, and to be entered into z their own Journal; and in the mean tinle no proceedings to be in the house upon any public business a, except upon SOB1e report fronl a committee. The hi (s After some days had b passed in this nlanner, and prOposItIOn I .. I h h - d b ld b to the house It not beIng In VIe,v '\v en t IS e ate ,yOU e at of COlll- d h k . h h f h d . d mons. . an en , t e Ing t oug t 0 anot er expe lent, an sent a lnessage in ,vriting to the C01111110nS by sir Henry Vane, ,vho was no\v both secretary of state and tr asurer of the household, and at that tÏIne of good credit there; ,vherein his l11ajesty took notice, " that there ,vas sonle difference bct\veen the t,vo " houses, ,vhich retarded the transaction of the great " affairs of the kingdolll, at a tilue when a foreign " ar111Y ,vas ready to invade it: that he heard the , paynlent of ship-lTIOney, notwithstanding that it Y generally being] being ge- nerally :It into] in a business] Not in MS. b haù] 111.d been OF THE REBELLION. Q89 "was adjudged his right, was not \villingly sub- BOOK " ll1itted to by the people; to n1anifest therefore his II. " good affection to his subjects in general, he made 1640. "this proposition: that if the parlianlent ,vould " grant hiln t,velve subsidies to be paid in three " years, in the ll1anner proposed, (that ,vas, five sub- " sidies to be paid the first year, four the second, " and three to be paid the last year, C) his lnajesty " would then release all his title or pretence to ship- " llloney for the future, in such a Inanner as his paI'- " liament should advise." . Though exceptions Inight have been taken again in point of privilege, because his Inajesty took no- tice of the difference bet"reen the t ,vo houses; yet that spirit had not then taken so deep root: so that they resolved to enter, the next day after the deli- very of it, upon a full debate of his majesty's 111es- sage; they ,vho desired to obstruct the giving any supply, believing they should easily prevail to reject this proposition upon the greatness of the sun1 de- manded, without appearing not to favour the cause in which it ,vas to be enlployed, ,vhich they could not have done ,vith any advantage to themselves, the number of that classis of lllen being then not considerable in the house. It vvas about the first This de- day of l\lay that the Inessage ,vas delivered, and the bated. next day it ,vas resulned about nine of the clock in the morning, and the debate continued t.ill four of the clock in the afternoon; \v hich had been seldon1 used before, hut after,vards grew into custom. l\lany ohserved, "that they \vere to purchase a release of " an imposition very unjustly laid upon the king- C the last year,] in the last year, BOOK II. 1640. 40 THE HISTORY " dom, and by purchasing it, they should upon the " matter confess it had been just;" which no Ulan in his heart ackno,vledged; and therefore wished, " that the judglnent might be first exalnined, and "being once declared void, 'v hat they should pre- " sent the king with would appear a gift, and not a " reconlpence:" but this was rather 1110destly insi- nuated than insisted upon; and the greater number reflected more on d the proportion delnanded, which some of those who were thought very well to under- stand the state of the kingdom, confidently affirlned to be more than the whole stock in Inoneyof the kingdom amounted to; which appeared shortly after to be a very gross 111isco111putation. There were very few, except those of the court, (who ,vere ready to give all that the king would ask, and indeed had litt1e to give of their own,) w'ho did not believe the sum den1anded to be too great, and wished that a less might be accepted, and therefore were willing, when the day was so far spent, that the debate might be adjourned till the next morning; which was willingly consented to by all, and so the house rose. All this agitation had been in a corrunittee of the whole house, the speaker having left the chair, to which Mr. Lenthall, a lawyer of no eminent ac- count, was called. But there was not, in the whole day, in all the variety of contradictions, an offensive or angry word spoken: except only that one private country gentleman, little known, said, " He observed " that the supply was to be employed in the support- " ing bellu11l episcopate, which he thought the bishops " were fittest to do themselves:" but as there was d on] of OF THE REBELLION. 41 no reply, or notice taken of it, so there was nobody n 00 !{ who seconded that envious reflection, nor any other II. expression of that kind, 1640. The next day as soon as the house met, and prayers were read, it resolved again into a COlTI- lTIittee of the whole house, e the saIne person being again called to the chair: it ,vas expected, and hoped, that there ,yould have been some new lTIeS- sage from the king, that lTIight have facilitated the debate; but nothing appearing of that kind, the pro- position ,vas again read, and Inen of all sides dis- coursed ll1uch of ,vhat had been said before, and lTIany spoke ,vith n10re reflection upon the judgn1ent of ship-money than they had done the day past, and seemed to ,vish, "that whatsoever they f should give " the king should be a free testimony of their g af- "fection and duty, without any release of ship- " money, which deserved no consideration, but in a " short titTIC would appear void and null." And this seen1ed to agree with the sense of so great a part of the house, that Mr. Han1bden, the 1110St popular ITIan in the house, (the san1e It who had defended the suit against the king in his own nalTIe, upon the ille- gality of ship-Inoney,) thought the Inatter ripe for the question, and desired the question i n1ight be put, "'Vhether the house would consent to the pro- " position ITIade by the king, as it was contained in "the nlessage?" ,vhich would have been sure to have found a negative from all who thought the SUll1 too great, or were not pleased that it should be given in reC0111penCe of ship-money. . e a committee of the whole b the same] and the same house,] a grand cOllunittee, i the question] that the quc - f they] we tion g their] our VOl... 1. R 42 THE HISTORY 1640. 'Vhen many called to have this question, sergeant Glanvile, the speaker, (\vho sat byalnongst the other Inembers whilst the house ,vas in a committee, and hath rarely used to speak in such seasons,) rose up, and in a 1110st pathetical speech, in which he excelled, endeavoured to persuade the house" to comply \vith " the king's desire, for the good of the nation, and "to reconcile him to parliaments for ever, which " this seasonable testiInony of their affections ,vould " infallibly do." He made it manifest to thelTI ho,v very inconsiderable a sum twelve subsidies amounted to, by telling them, "that he had con1puted \vhat "he was to pay for those twelve subsidies;" and when he nained the sum, he k being known to be possessed of a great estate, it seemed not worth any farther deliberation. And in the warmth of his dis- course, which he plainly discerned ll1ade a wonder- ful impression upon the house, he let fall some sharp expressions against the imposition of ship-money, and the judgment in the point, which he said plain- ly ",vas against the law, if he understood what la\v " was," (who was known to be very learned,) "Thich expression, how necessary and artificial soever to re- concile the affections of the house to the n1atter in question, very much irreconciled hiln at court, and to those ulJon ,vhom he had the greatest depend- ence. There was scarce ever a speech that more ga- thered up and united the inclinations of a popular council to the speaker: and if the question had been presently put, it was believed the number of the dis- senters would not have appeared great. But after BOOK II. 1c he] and he OF THE REBELLION. 243 a short silence, sonle men, who wished well to the main, expressed a dislike of the way, so that other men recovered new courage, and called again with SOUle earn.estness, "That the question forulerly pro- "posed by Mr. I-Iambden should be put:" which seenled to nleet ,vith a concurrence. 1\11'. Hyde then stood up, and desired, " that question might not be " put; said, it ,vas a captious question, to which " only one sort of Inen could clearly give their vote, " which ,vere they who '\vere for a rejection of the " king's proposition, and no more resuming the de- "hate upon that subject: but that they who de- " sired to give the king a supply, as he believed " most did, though not in such a proportion, nor, it " l11ay be, in that Inanner, could receive no satisfac.. " tion by that question; and therefore he proposed, " to the end that every man might frankly give his "yea, or his no, that the question might be put " only, upon the giving the king a supply: which " heing carried in the affirnlative, another question " might be upon the proportion, and the nlanner; " and if the first were carried in the negative, it " would produce the same effect, as the other ques- " tion proposed by Mr. Hambden would do." This method was received by some 1 ,vith great approbation, but opposed by others with more than ordinary passion, and diverted by other propositions, ,vhich being seconded took much time, without IJointing to any conclusion. I n the end sergeant Glanvile said, "That there had been a question pro- "posed by his countryulan, that agreed very well ",vith his sense, and moved that the gentleulan BOOK II. ] 640. 1 by omc] Not in ft-IS. R2 44 'THE fIISTORY BOO K "might be called upon to propose it again." 1\11'. I r. . Hyde III stated the case again as he had done, an- ] (ì 10. swered somewhat that had been said against it, and moved, "that question nlight be put." 'Vhereupon for a long thne there "1'as nothing said, but a con- fused clamour, and call, "1\11'. Hanlbden's question,' " 1\11'. Hyde's question;" the call appearing much stronger for the last, than the former: and it ,vas generally believed, that tIle question had been put, and carried in the affirmative, though it was posi- tively opposed by Herbert the solicitor general, for what reason no man could imagine, if sir Henry Vane the secretary had not stood up, and said, " That, as it had been al \vays his custom to deal " plainly and clearly with that house in all things, " so he could not but no,v assure them, that the " putting and caITying that question could be of no " use; for that he was most sure, and had authority " to tell theln so, that if they should pass a vote for " the giving the king a supply, if it were not in the " proportion and manner proposed in his majesty's " message, it would not be accepted by him; and "therefore desired that question might be laid " aside;" which being again urged by the solicitor general upon the authority of what the other had declared, and the other privy-counsellors saying no- thing, though they were nluch displeased \vith the secretary's avernlent, the business ,vas no lTIOre pressed; but it heing near five of the clock in the afternoon, and every body weary, it ,vas ,villingly consented to that the house should be adjourned till the next ßlorning. m l\lr. Hyde] 'Vhereupon l\Ir. Hyde OF 'TIlE REBELLION. 245 Both sir Henry Vane, and the solicitor general, n (whose opinion ,vas of more weight ,vith the king than the others,) had made a ,vorse representation of the hun10ur and affection of the house than it deserved, and undertook to kno\v, that if they came together again, thcy ,vould pass such a vote against ship-Inoney" as \voldd blast that revenue and other branches of the receipt; ,vhich others believed they ,vould not have had the confidence to have attempt- ed; and very fe,v, that they ,voldd have had the credit to have compassed. \Vhat follo,ved in the ncxt parliament, ,vithin less than a year, made it believed, that sir Henry Vane acted that part mali- ciously, and to bring all into confusion; he being kno,vn to have an in1placable hatred against the earl of Strafford, lieutenant of Ireland, whose destruction ,vas then upon the anvil. But what transported the solicitor, who had none of the ends of the other, could not be imagined, except it ,vas his pride and peevishness, ,vhen he found that he was like to be of less authority there, than he looked to be; and yet he 'vas heard with great attention, though his parts ,vere l110st prevalent in puzzling and perplex- ing that discourse he meant to cross. Let their 1110- ti yes be ,vhat they would, they t,vo, and they only, ,vrought so far with the king, that, ,vithout so much deliberation as the affair ,vas worthy of, his majesty the ncxt Inorning, ,vhich ,vas on the fifth of l\lay, near a 1110nth after thcir first ll1eeting,O sent for the speaker to attend hiln, and took care that he should BOOK JI. 1640. n so1icitor general,] solicitor general l-lcrbert, n on the fifth of l\Iay, near a 1110nth after their first Ineeting,] on the fourth or fifth of l\Iay, not three weeks fronl their first rneeting, uS 46 THE HISTORY BOOK go directly to the house of peers, upon some appre- II. hension that if he had gone to the house of com- 1640. mons, that house ,vould have entered upon SOll1e in- grateful discourse; which they were not inclined to The pa lia- do; and then sending for that house to attend hill1, ment dls- b h . ., d d . I d h solved. the keeper, y IS majesty s cornman, ISSO ve t e parliament. There could not a greater damp have seized upon the spirits of the whole nation, than this dissolution caused; and men had much of the l11isery in view, \vhich shortly after fell out. It could never be hoped, that n10re sober and dispassionate men would ever l11eet together in that place, or fewer 'v ho brought ill purposes with them; nor could any man imagine what offence they had given, ,vhich put the king upon p that reso ution. But it was observed, that in the countenances of those who had most opposed all that was desired by his majesty, there was a D1arvellous serenity; 1101' could they conceal the joy of their hearts: for they kne,v enough of \vhat was to COll1e, to conclude that the king ,vould be shortly compelled to call another parliament; and they ,vere as sure, that so many so unbiassed q lnen ,vould never Le elected again. "Tithin an hour after the dissolving, 1\11'. Hyde lnet 1\11'. Saint-John, who had naturally a great cloud in his face, and very seldom was kno,vn to smile, but then had a most cheerful aspect, and seeing the other melancholic, as in truth he was fron1 his heart, asked hin1, "\Vhat troubled him?" ,vho ans,vered, " That the same that troubled him, he believed, " troubled l110st good men; that in such a tin1e of P upon] to q unbiassedJ grave and unbinssed OF 'l HE REBELLION, 47 " confusion, so wise a 'parliament, ,vhich alone could r BOO K " have found remedy for it, was so unseasonably dis- II. " 111issed:" the other answered \vith a little warn1th, 1640. " That all was \velI: and that it must be worse, be- " fore it could be better; and that this parlialnent " could s never have done ,vhat was necessary to be " done;" as indeed it ,vould not, what he and his friends thought necessary. The king, when he had better reflected upon ,vhat The king's I . trouble for was hke to fall out, and \vas better lnfol'lned of the it after- ten1per and duty of the house of commons, and that wards. they had voted a supply, if sir Henry Vane had not hindered it by so positive a declaration that his ma- jesty would refuse it, was heartily sorry for what he had done; declared with great anger, " That he had " never given him such authority; and that he knew "well that the giving him any supply would have " been welcome to him, because the reputation of " his subjects assisting him in that conjuncture was " all that he looked for and considered." He con- .. suIted the same day, or the next, whether he might by his proclamation recall thenl to meet together again: but finding that ilnpossible, he fell roundly to find out all expedients for the raising of money, in \vhich he had so wonderful success, that, in less than three \veeks, by the voluntary loan of the pal-ti- cular lords of the council, and of other private gen- tlemen about the city, some relating to the court, and others strangers to it, there was no less than three hundred thousand pounds paid into the exche- quer to he issued out as his Inajesty should direct: a sum that sufficiently Inanifests the plenty of that r alone could] could only It 4 (01 could] would Q48 THE HISTORY BOOK thne, and greater than most princes t in Europe could II. have commanded in so short a time; and was an un- 1640. answerable evidence, that the hearts of his subjects ,vere not then aliened from their duty to the king, or a just jealousy for his honour. All diligence ,vas used in n1aking levies, in ,vhich fe,v of the general officers which had been elnployed the year before ,vere made use of; though it ,vas great pity that the earl of Essex was not again taken in ; which had infallibly preserved him froln swerv- ing from his duty, and he ,,,"ould have discharged his trust ,vith courage and fidelity, and therefore pro- bably ,vith success: but he ,vas of a haughty spirit, 11 and did not think his last SUlnmer's service so well requited that he was earnestly to solicit for another office; though there was no doubt but he would have accepted it, if it had been offered. x The earl of Y A general ,vas appointed, the earl of N orthun1- An army raised. t most princes] any prince 11 haughty spirit,] rongh proud nature, x In MS. B. this part of the history is thus continued: The nmn whom the king designed for his general was t.he earl of Strafford, lieutenant of Ireland, (the government whereof was for that time committed to a de- puty,) a man, though not bred a soldier, who had been in armies; and besiùes being a very wise man, had great courage, and was Iuart.ially inclined. And it may be the greatest lllotive was, his known displeasure and disdain of the Scots, and of their inso- lent behaviour. Hut the earl chose rather to serve as lieute- nant-general under the earl of Northumberland, believing that the conferring that preference upon him, would nlore firmly fasten him to the king's in- terest, and that his power in the northern parts would bring great advantage to the king's . service. .And so the earl of N or- thumberlanrl was made general, who immediately after fell into a great sickness; and the earl of Strafford lieutenant-general, who at the very time was lTIuch indispo:sed with the gout. But by a joint consent they thought they had well provided for the worst in making choice of the lord Conway, &c. page 250, line 3. } For the portion of the history immediately preceding this short extract from MS. C. see Appen- dix A. OF THE REBELLION. 49 berland; and the lord Con,vay general of the horse: BOO K which made the great officers of the forn1er year, the H. earl of Arundel, the earl of Essex, and the earl of 1640. Nortbum- Holland, (,,,ho thought themselves free frOlTI any berland oversights that had been COffiluitted,) more capable :: . ge- of infusions by those ,vho were ready to work ac- cording to the occurrences upon their several consti- tutions. z But the reputation of the earl of N 01'- thumberland, ,vho had indeed arrived at a wonder- ful general estilllation, was believed to be n10st in- strumental in it a: and the lord Conway b ,vas thought an able soldier, and of great parts. Besides, the earls of Essex and Holland C ,vere thought less go- vernable by those councils to ,vhich the main ,vas then to be intrusted, the earl of Strafford bearing a part in then1; to 'VhOlTI the first was very averse, and the latter irreconcileable. Despatches ,vere sent into Ireland to quicken the preparations there, ,vhich the earl had left in a great forwardness, under the care of the earl of Ormond, his lieutenant-general: monies issued out for the le- vics of horse and foot there, and for the n1aking a train: all ,vhich ,vere as well advanced as, consider- ing the general discon1posure, could be reasonably expected. Z constitutions.] J..US. adds: and I am persuaded if this war had been left to the managery of the same officers, or rather if the earl of Essex had been made ge- neral, (who, notvvithstanding the trivial disobligation he had re.. ceived: in being denied the com- mand of lleedon-forest, might easily have been caressed,) it would have been more prosper- ously carried on. a in it] Not in lW8. 1.1 Conway] lJ;IS. adds: by as gentle and as general a concur- rence c Holland] ftlS. adds: (For, for the carl of Arundel, there was neither reason why he was ge- neral in the first expedition, and why he was not in this;) BOOK II. ] 640. .The lord Conway general of the horse. 250 THE HISTOltY The king, d the earl of Northumberland, and the earl of Strafford, thought they had ,veIl provided for the ,vorst in lnaking e of the lord Con,vay to be ge- neral of the horse: a n1an very dear to the two earls; and indeed, by a very extraordinary fate, he had f got a very particular interest and esteeln in lTIany \vorthy men of very different qualifications. He had been born a soldier in his father's garrison of the Brill, ,vhen he was governor there; and bred up, in several commands, under the particular care of the lord Vere, whose nephew he was; and though he was ll1arried young, when his father was secretary of state, there ,vas no action of the English either at sea or land, in which he had not a considerable COln- Inand; and always preserved a more than ordinary reputation, in spite of some great infirmities, ,vhich use to be a great allay to the credit of active men; for he was a voluptuous lTIan in eating and drinking, and of great licence in all other excesses, and yet ,vas very acceptable to the strictest and the gravest Inen of all conditions. And ,vhich ,vas stranger than all this, he had al\vays (froB1 his pleasure, to ,vhich his nature excessively inclined hin1, and fron1 his professiou, in ,,,hich he was diligent enough) rc- served so 111uch till1e for his books and study, that be was ,veIl versed in all parts of learning, at least ap- peared like such a one in all occasions, and in the best cOll1panies. He "'as of a very pleasant and iu- offcllsiy'e conversation, ,,,hich made hin1 generally yery acceptable: so that the court being at that tin1e full of faction, very few loving one another, or those rl The king,] And the king, t"' in making] in making choice f he had] Nut in .IJI . OF THE REBELLION. S!51 ,vho resorted to any who were not loved by them, he BOOK alone was even domestic with all, and not suspected _ II. by either of the lords' or the ladies' factions. 1640. The war was generally thought to be as well pro- vided for, as, after the last year's n1iscarriage, it could be, by his being made general of the horse; and no man was more pleased ,vith it than the arch- bishop of Canterbury, ,vho had contracted an ex- traordinary opinion of this man, and took great delight in his company, he being \vell able to speak in the affairs of the church, and taking care to be thought by him a very zealous defender of it; 'v hen they who knew hÍln better, kne,v he had no kind of sense of religion, and thought all was alike. He was sent down with the first troops of horse and foot 'v hich ,vere levied, to the borders of Scotland, to attend the motion of the enemy, and had a strength sufficient to stop them, if they should attempt to pass the river, \vhich ,vas not fordable in above one or two places, there being good garrisons in Ber,vick and Carlisle I And in this posture he lay near Ne\v- burn in the outskirts of Northumberland. 'Vhilst these things were thus publicly acted, pri- vate agitations ,vere not less vigorously intended. The treaty and pacification of the forlner year had given an opportunity of forming correspondences, and contriving designs, \vhich before had been lnorp clandestine; and the late meeting in parliament had brought many together, ,vho could not otherwise have luet, and discovered humours and affections, ,vhich could not else have been so easily cOlnnluni- catcd. The court was full of faction and anilnosity, each Juan more intending the ruin of his adversary, and satisfying his private lnalice, than advancing his Q59l TIlE HISTORY BOO K nlaster's service, or cOlnplying ,vith his public duty, II. and to that purpose directing all their endeavours, I G40. and forlning all their intercourse; ,vhilst every man un\viselyg thought him Wh0111 he found an enelny to his enenlies, a friend to all his other affections: or rather by the narro,vness of his understanding, and extent of his passion, contracted b all his other affec- tions to that one of revenge. And by this means those elnissaries and agents for the confusion ,vhich was to follo,v were furnished ,vith opportunity and art to entangle all those (and God knows they ,vere a great nlany i) ,,-ho were trans- ported with those vulgar and vile considerations: cheap, senseless libels were scattered about the city, and fixed upon gates and public remarkable places, traducing and vilifying those k ,vho ,vere in highest trust and employment: tun1tllts ,vere raised, and all licence Loth in actions and ,vords taken; insoilluch as a rabble of n1ean, unkno,vn, dissolute persons, to the number of some thousands, atten1pted the house f A tumult the lord archbishop of Canterbury at Lalnbeth, ,vith about Lam- beth-house. open profession and protestation, " that they ,, ould "tear him in pieces;" ,vhich (though one of that rabble, a :;ailor, ,vas apprehended and executed in South,vark, upon an indict ent of high treason) \\Tas so just a cause of terror, that the archbishop, hy the king's con1n1and, lodged for some days and nights in 'Vhitchall; which place like,vise ,vas not unthreaten- ed in their seditious meetings and discourses. This infanlous, scandalous, headless insurrection, quashed g unwisely] sottishly · h contracted] having contract- ed j many] people k traducing and vilifying tho e] traducing SOIne, and pro- scribing others, of those OF THE REBELLION. 253 by the deserved death of that one varlet, was not 1 thought to be contrived or fomented by any. per- sons of quality: yet it ,ras discoursed after in the }1ouse of COJnnlOnS by 1\11'. Strode (one of those ephori "rho nlost avowed the curbing and suppressing of 111ajesty) \vith nluch pleasure and content; and it ,vas mentioned in the first draught of the first re- monstrance (\vhen the same ,vas brought in by 1\11'. 1))'"ln) not without a touch of approbation, which ,vas for that reason sOlne,vhat altered, though it still carried nothing of censure m upon it in that piece. Things standing thus both in court n and city, and the Scots preparing ,vith great industry for inva- sion, 0 and \ve, at least, for a def nce, on a sudden the lord Lowden, (who before was said to be COll1- l11itted for desiring protection and aid from the French king, by a letter under his hand) ,vas dis- charged frol11 his Î1nprisonll1ent; without inlpal'ting that resolution to the council; and after a few days adnlittance and kind reception at 'Vhitehall, ,vas dis111issed into Scotland; his authority and po\ver \vith that people being as considerable as any 111an's, and his conduct as necessary for the enterprises they had in hand. This stratagem ,vas never under- stood, and ,vas then variously spoken of; many be- lieving he had undertaken great matters for the king in Scotland, and to quiet that distelnper: others, that it ,vas an act entirely cOlnpassed by the 111arquis of Hall1ilton, ,vho was like to stand in need of great supporters, by that extraordinary obligation to en- dear hhnself ,vith that nation; or to C0111111Unicate I not] not then m censure] judgment n in court] in the court o with great industry for in- vasion,] amayne for an invasioll. BOOK II. 1640. BOOK II. ] 640. 4 THE HISTORY somewhat to that nation, if his condition before ,vere so good that it needed no endearment. They ,vho published their thoughts least, n1ade no scruple of saying, " that if the policy were good and necessary " of his first comn1itl11ent, it seen1ed as just and pru- " dent to have continued him in that restraint." The progress in the king's advance for Scotland ,vas exceedingly hindered by the great and danger- ous sickness of the earl of N orthu111herland the ge- neral, "Those recovery was either totally despaired of by the physician, or pronounced to he expected very slowly; so that there ,vould be no possibility for hin1 to perform the service of the north: ,vhereupon he sent to the king, to desire p that he \\Tould n1ake choice of another general. And though the lord Con,vay in all his letters sent advertiselnent, " that " the Scots had not advanced their preparations to "that degree, that they ,vould be able to march "that year," yet the king had much better intelli- gence that they were in readiness to move; and so concluded, that it was necessary to send another ge- neral; and designed the earl of Strafford for that command, and to leave the forces in Ireland, which ,vere raised to n1ake a diversion in Scotland, to be governed by the earl of Orlnond. The earl of Strafford ,vas scarce recovered froln a great sick- ness, yet ,vas ,villing to undert.ake the charge, out of pure indignation to see ho\v fe\v l11en \\rerc for- ward to serve the king \vith that vigour of 111ind they ought to do; but q kno,ving ,veIl the malicious designs which were contrived against himself, he r \\Tould rather serve as lieutenant-general under the J) to desire] Not in JlS. (I but] and r he] but he OF THE REBELI ION. 255 earl of N orthulnberland, than that he should resign BOO K }lÎS cOllllnission: and so, \vith and under that quali- II. fication, he made all possible haste to\vards the north, 1 G40. before he had strength enough for the journey. But s before he could arrive ,vith the arlny, that The lord . , Conway Infan10us Irreparable rout at N e\vburn \\?as fallen routed at h h h d . d I I'\ewuurn. out; 'v ere t e enemy marc e at a tIme an pace, when and ,vhere they ,vere expected, through a river deep though fordable, and up a hill, ,,,here our army ,vas ranged to receive thelll: through those difficul- ties and disadvantages, without giving or taking any blo,vs, (for the five or six III en of ours ,vho ,vere killed, fell by their cannon, before the passing of the river,) they put our ,vhole army to the n10st shameful and confounding flight that was ever heard of; our foot lllaking no less haste frolll Newcastle, than our horse from N e,vburn ; both leaving the ho- nour, and a great deal of the ,vealth of the kingdom, arising from the coal-mines, t to those ,vho had not confidence enough (notwithstanding the evidence they had seen of our fear) to possess that to\vn in t\VO days after; not believing it possible that such a place, which was able to have Inaintained the war alone son1e time, U could be so kindly quitted x to them: the lord Conway never after turning his face towards the enemy, or doing any thing like a com- n1ander, though his troops were quickly brought to- gether again, ,vithout the loss of a dozen men, and were so ashamed of their flight, that they were very ,villing as ,yen as able to have taken \vhat revenge S But] And U n1aintained the war alone t a great deal of the wealth some time] waged war with of the kingdom, arising from thcir nation, the ('oal-mines,] thc coal, x quitted] quit 256 THE HIS'rOR Y BOOK they would upon the cnelny, \vho \vere possessed II. ,vith all the fears ilnaginable, and would Y hardly be- 1640. lieve their o\vn success, till they \vere assured that the lord Con\vay \vith all his arll1Y rested quietly in The Scots Durhaln, and then they presulncd to enter into N e\v- army enter N"ewcastle. castle. Z But it seemed afterwards to be a full vindication ofa the honour of the nation, that, from this in- famous defeat at N e\vhurn, to the last entire con- quest of Scotland by Cronl\vell, the Scots a1'lny scarce b perforlned one signal action against the Eng- lish, but were al\vays beaten by great inequality of numbers as oft as they encountered, c if they \vere not supported by English troops. In this posture the earl of Strafford found the a1'lny about Durhaln, bringing \vith hinl a body much broken with his late sickness, \vhich \vas not clearly shaken off, and a nlind and teluper confess- ing the dregs of it, which being Inarvellously pro- voked and inflanled \vith indignation at the late dishonour, rendered hinl less gracious, that is, less inclined to 111ake hinlself so, to the officers, upon his Y would] could z till they were-Newcastle.] This portion is not in lord Cla- rendon's hand-writing in the .J}IS. The part, in the place of which it is inserted, is as ful- lows: Inade it generally believ- ed that he was corrupted by son1e friends at home, if not by the enemy abroad; and that he was never publicly questioned for it, that is, judicially, for he ,vas exposed to all the public reproaches imaginable, was im- puted to the spreading of that corruption into many other of- ficers and parts of the army. And to the distraction of the time, that immediately ensued, when no order or discipline was observed, but every thing was done according to the humour and presnmption of the day, and it geemed, &c. a of] to b scarce] nen:. r C cncountered,] approached to any encounter, OF THE REBELLION. 7 first entrance into his charge; d it 111ay be, in that BOO h. . II. nlass of disorder, e not quickly discernIng to \\T horn kindness and respect ,vas justly due. But those ,vho 1640. by this time no doubt were retained for that pur- pose, took that opportunity to incense the arlny against him; and so far prevailed in it, that in a short time it was more inflamed against hinl than against the enemy; and ,vas ,villing to have their want of courage imputed to excess of conscience, and that their being not satisfied in the grounds of the quarrel was the only cause that they fought no better. In this indisposition in all parts, f the earl found it necessary to retire ,vith the ar111Y to the skirts of Yorkshire, and hil11self to York, (\vhither The king's the king \vas cOI11e,) leaving Northulnberland and :; ii ;-to- the bishopric of Durhanl to be possessed by the vic- wards Yorli. tors; who being abundantly satisfied with what they never hoped to possess,lnade no haste to advance their ne\v conquests. It ,vas very much ,vondered at,g that the earl of Strafford, upon his first arrival at the army, called no persons to a council of war for that shan1eful business of Newburn, or the nlore shanleful quit- ting of Newcastle, (where were not ten barrels of musquet bullets, nor moulds to make any; the enenlY having been long expected there, and our army not less than a month in that town; tilne enough, if nothing had been done before, to have Inade that place tenable for a longer time than it could have d upon his first entrance into his cha.rge;] upon his entrance into his first charge; e disorder,] MS. adds: and unsoldierliness, f In this indisposition in all VOI . I. parts,] And in this disposition on all parts, g It was very m neb wondered at,] It was then and is now very much wondered at, s 58 THE HISTORY 16-10. been distressed.) 'Vhether the earl saw that it ,vould not have been in his po,ver to have proceeded finally and exelnplarily upon that inquisition, and there- fore chose rather not to enter upon it; or whether he found the guilt to be so involved, that though some \vere more obnoxious, few \vere unfaulty; or whether he plainly discerned to what b the whole tended, and so would not trouble himself further in discovering of that, which, instead of a reproach, might prove a benefit to the persons concerned; I know not: but publici examination it never had. The Scots needed not now advance their progress; their gal11e was in the hands (no prejudice to their skill) of better galnesters. Besides, they ,vere not to Inake the least inroad, or do the least trespass to their neighbours ,of Yorkshire; who were as soli- citous, that, by any access or concurrence of the strength of that large county, they should not be driven farther back; and therefore, instead of dra,v- ing their trained bands together (which of theln- selves would have been a greater or better k arl11Y than was to contend with them) to defend their county, or the person of the king then with them, they prepared petitions of ad vice and good counsel to hÎ1n to call a parlianlent, and to ren10ve all otJ)er grievances but the Scots. At the same time SOll1e lords frolll London (of known and since published affections to that invasion) attended his majesty at York with a petition, signed by others, eight or ten in the ,vhole, ,vho ,vere craftily persuaded by the leigers there, 1\11'. Pynl, 1\11". Hal11bden, and Mr. Saint-John, to concur in it, being full of duty and Inodesty enough; without considering. that nothing h to what] whither i public] any public k better) a better BOOK II. OF 'l"'HE REBELI ION. 259 else at that time could have done mischief; and so suffered themselves to be made instruments towards those ends, which in truth they abhorred. I n these distractions and discon1posures, bet ween an enen1Y proud and insolent in success, an army corrupted, or at best disheartened, a country n1uti- nous and inclined to the rebels, at least not inclined to reduce them, and a court infected with all three, the king could not but find hitnself in great straits; besides that his treasure, 'v hich had hitherto kept that ,vhich was best froln being worse, was quite spent. The raising and disbanding the first army so unfortunately and wretchedly, had cost full three hundred thousand pounds, which the good husbandry of the n1inisters of the revenue had treasured up for an en1ergent occasion; and the borrowing so lnuch money for the raising and supplying this latter a1'lny had dra\vn assignments and anticipations upon the revenue to that degree, that there was not left wherewithal to defray the necessary 1 expense of the king's household. A parlial11ent ,vould not be easily thought of, on this consideration, m that it could not come together speedily enough to prevent that lnis- chiet to which it hould be chiefly applied: for if we were not then in a condition to defend ourselves, in forty days (the soonest a parliament could meet) an a1'l11Y elate with victory, when no town was for- tified, or pass secured, Inight n run over the king- don1; especially the people being every where so like to bid them welcol11e. BOOK n. 1640. 1 necessary] constant neces- many other considerations th u sary n might] would III on thi consideration,] for S 2 6() TIlE HISTORY A great council of the peers summoned to York. BOO K A ne\v invention 0 (not before heard of, that is, II. so old, that it had not been practised in some hun- I G40. dreds of year ) was thought of, to call a great coun- cil of all the peers of England to meet and attend his majesty at York, that by their advice that great affair might be the more prosperously lnanaged. '''hether it ,vas then conceived, that the honour of the king and kingdom being so visibly npon the stage, those branches of honour, which could not outlive the root, would undoubtedly rescue and pre- serve it; or ,vhether it was believed, that upon so extraordinary an occasion the peers would suffice to raise money; as it was in that meeting proposed by one of them, "that they might give subsidies:" ,vhether the advice was given by those who had not the confidence in plain terms to propose a parlia- ment, hut ,vere confident that would produce one; or whether a parlian1ent was then resolved on, and they caUed to be obliged by it, and so to be obliged to SOI11e sober undertaking in it; or what other ground or intention there was of that council, ,vas never known: or ,,,hether indeed it was resolved out of trouble P and agony of afilicted thoughts, be- cause no other ,vay occurred: but such a resolution was taken, and \vrits Ï1nmediately issued under the great seal of England to all the peers to attend his Inajesty at York within twenty days; and prepara- tions ,vere Inade in all places accordingly. 'rhe state 'Vhilst the lords are on their ,vay thither, it ,vill of affairs at b . . d h I f ir.. court at not e an11SS to conSl er t e genera state 0 allalrS that time. in that time, and the persons to 'Vh0I11 the Inanag- o A new invention] A new convention P trouble] the trouble OF THE REBELLION. 61 ing the public business was principally then, and fot BOOK SOllle tinle had been, intrusted; that so, upon view II. of the materials, ,ve may be the better enabled to ] 640. guess how those dexterous worknlen were like to employ themselves. I t hath been said already, q that, upon the dissolution of the parliament but four months before, the lords of the council bestirred thenlselves in levying the ship-money, and lending r great sums of money for the war. The convocation house (the regular and legal as- The on- bl ' f h I ) . 1 b .. d vocation sem lng 0 t e c ergy customarl y eglnnlng an continued d . . h I . .c h d . after tbe en lng 'VIt par lanlents, ,vas, a.lter t e etermlna- parlia- tion of the last, by a ne,,, \vrit continued, and sat mC h llt: ma es ca- for the space of above a month under the proper nons. title of a synod; made canons, ,vhich "ras thought it lnight dO;8 and gave subsidies out of parliament t , and enjoined oaths, which certainly it might not do: u in a word, did many things, which in the best of x times Inight have been questioned, and therefore were sure to be condelnned in the worst; (what fuel it was to the fire that ensued, shall be mentioned in its place;) and drew the saine prejudice upon the whole body of the clergy, to which before only some few clergymen \vere exposed. The papists had for many years enjoyed a great The pa- l b . h pists' acti- ca In, elng upon t e matter absolved fronl the se- 1'ity and verest P arts of the law and dis p ensed \vith for the boldness , about tbat gentlest; and ,vere gro\vn only a part of the re- time. venue, \vithout any probable danger of being lllade q It hath been said alrea.dy,] It is told you before, r and lending] and in lending 8 which was thought it Inight do;] that it might do ; 83 t out of parliament] Not in MS. u which certainly it n1i ht not do:] that it lllight not do: x of] Not in JJ18. 6 'l'HE HISTORY 1640. a sacrifice to the la\v. They were looked upon as good subjects at court, and as good neighhours in the country; all the restraints and reproaches of former times being forgotten. But they were not prudent n1anagers of this prosperity, being too elate and transported \vith the protection and connivance they received: though I alll persuaded their nUlU- bers increased not, their pOlnp and boldness did to that degree, that, as if they affected y to be thought dangerous to the state, they appeared more publicly, entertained and urged conferences more avowedly, than had been before known: they resorted at COln- mon hours to mass to Son1erset house, and returned thence in great multitudes, with the saIne barefaced- ness as others came from the Savoy or other Z neigh- hour churches: they attempted and sometitnes ob- tained proselytes of weak uninformed ladies, with such circumstances as provoked the rage and de- stroyed the charity of great and po\verful fanlilies, \vhich longed for their suppression: they gre\v not only secret contrivers, but public professed proIl1oters of, and Ininisters in, the most odious and the most grievous projects: as in that of soap, forn1ed, frained, and executed, by almost a corporation of that reli- gion; which, under that licence and notion, l11ight be, and ,vere suspected to be, qualified for other agitations. The priests, and such as were in orders, (orders that in themselves were punishable by death,) \vere departed fr0111 their former lllodesty and fear, and were as willing to be kno\vn as to be hearkened to; insolDuch as a Jesuit at Paris, ,vho was coming for England, had the boldness to visit the ambas- BOOK II. Y affected] had affected 7. or other] or the OF THE REBELLION. fl63 sador there, who knew him to be such, and, offering BOOK his service, acquainted hin1 ,vith his journey, as if II. there had been no laws there a for his reception. 1640, And for the most invidious b protection and counte- nance of that whole party, a public agent from Rome (first l\lr. Con, a Scottish-man; and after him the count of Rozetti, an Italian) resided at London in great C port; publicly visited the court; and ,vas avo,vedly resorted to by the catholics of all condi- tions, over whom he d assulned a particular jurisdic- tion; and was caressed and presented magnificently by the ladies of honour, ,vho inclined to that profes- sion. They had like,vise, ,vith more noise and va- nity than prudence \vould have adtnitted, made pub- lic collections of 11l0ney to a considerable sum, upon some recoll1mendations from the queen, and to be by her majesty presented as a free-will offering from his Roman catholic subjects to the king, for the carrying on the war against the Scots; ,vhich dre,v upon them the rage of that nation, ,vith little devo- tion and reverence to the queen herself; as if she desired to suppress the protestant religion in one kingdom as well as the other, by the arms of the R0111an e catholics. To conclude, they carried thelll- selves so, as if they had been suborned by the Scots to root out their own religion. The bulk and burden of the state affairs, ,vhereby The per- h d d h lik . I . I II sons then t e envy atten e t em eWlse, ay prlnclpa y composing upon the shoulders of the lord archbisho p of Canter- th.e tt com- f WI ee 0 Lury, the earl of Strafford, and the lord Cottington ; state. some others being joined to them, as the earl of a there] here b invidious] envious C in great] in a great d he] they (> Roman] J\Tot ill l11S. s4 BOOK II. ] 640. The arch- bishop of Canter- bury. 64 'I'HE HISTOR \:... N orthul11berland for ornalnent, the lord bishop of London for his place, being lord high treasurer of England, the t\VO secretaries, sir Henry Vane and sir Francis 'Vindebank, for service, and cOll1munica- tion of intelligence; only the marquis of Halnilton indeed, by his skill and interest, bore as great a part as he had a n1Ïnd to do, and had the skill to Ineddle no fal ther than he had a mind. These persons made up the committee of state, (\vhich was reproachfully after called the juncto, and enviously then in the court the cabinet council,) ,vho were upon all oc- casions, when the spcretaries received any extraor- dinary intelligence, or were to make any extraordi- nary desp tch, or as often other\vise as was thought fit, to meet: whereas the body of the council ob- served set days and hours for their Ineeting, and came not else together except specially summoned. But, as I said before, the weight and the envy of all great Inatters rested upon the three first. The archbishop, besides the sole disposal of ,vhatsoever concerned the church, ,vhich was an invidious f pro- vince, having been from the death of the earl of Portland (at which time he ,vas made c0l1ll11issioner of the treasury) more engaged in the civil business, than I am persuaded he desired to be; and through- out the ,vhole business passionately concerned for the church of Scotland, and so, con versant in those transactions: by all ,vhich means, besides that he had usually about hiln an un courtly quickness, if not sharpness, and did not sufficiently value 'v hat 111Cn said or thought of him; a lnore than ordinary prejudice and uncharitahleness \vas contracted against f invidious] envious OF 'rHE REBELLION. 65 him; to which the new canons, and the circum- BOOK stances in making them, made no small addition. II. The earl of Strafford had for the space of abnost 1640. . I The earl of six years entlr ly governed Ireland, where he had Strafford. been compelled, upon reason of state, to exercise many acts of po,ver; and had indulged some to his own appetite and passion, as in the cases of the lord chancellor, and the lord l\iount..N orris; the first of which ,vas salis pro il1lperio; but the latter, if it had not concerned a person notoriously unbeloved, g and so the more unpitied, "Tould have been thought the 1110st extravagant piece of sovereignty, that in a time of peace had been ever executed by any sub- ject. \Vhen and "Thy he "Tas called out of Ireland to assist in council here, I have touched before. He ,vas a man of too high and severe a deportment, and too great a contemner of ceremony, to have many friends at court, and therefore could not but have enemies enough: he had t"TO that professed it, the earl of Holland, and sir Henry Vane: the first could never forget or forgive a sharp sudden saying of his, (for I cannot call it counselor advice,) when there had been some difference a few years before between his lordship and the lord 'Veston, in the managing whereof the earl of Holland ,vas confined to his house, "that the king should do ,veIl to cut off his " head:" "Thich had been aggravated (if such an in- jury "Tere capable of aggravation) by a succession of discountenances mutually performed bet\veen them to that time. Sir Henry Vane had not far to look back to the tilne that the earl had ,vith great earn- estness opposed his being n1adc secretary, and pre- g unbeloved,] unloved, 66 THE HISTORY ] 640. vailed for above a month's delay; which, though it ,vas done with great reason and justice by the earl, on the behalf of an old fello,v-servant, and his very good h friend sir John Coke, (wþo ,vas to be, and afterwards was, removed to let him in,) yet the jus- tice to the one lessened not the sense of unkindness to the other: after which, or about the saIne time, (which it luay be made the other to be the more virulently remembered,) being to be made earl of Strafford, he ,,"ould needs in that patent have a ne,v creation of a barony, and was made baron of Raby, a house belonging to sir Henry Vane, and an honour he made account should belong to himself; i w]lich ,vas an act of the most unnecessary provocation (though he contemned the man ,vith marvellous scorn) that I have known, and I believe was the chief occasion ofk the loss of his head. To these a third adversary (like to be lllore pernicious than the other t'vo) \vas added, the earl of Essex, naturally enough disinclined to his person, his power, and his parts, upon SOUle rough carriage of the earl of Straf- ford's to\vards the late earl of saint Alban's, to 'v hOl11 he had a friendship,] and therefore m openly professed to be revenged. Lastly, he had an enemy more terrible than all the other, and like to be more fatal, the \v hole Scottish nation, provoked by the de- claration he had procured of Ireland, and some high carriage and expressions of his against them in that kingdom. So that he had reason to exp'ect as hard measure from such popular councils as he saw were like to be in request, as all those disadvantages BOOK II. h good] Not in IJIS. i to himself;] to hin) too; k the chief occasion of] Not in MS. } a friendship,] son)e piety, m and therefore] Not in MS. OF THE REBELLION. 67 could create towards him. And yet no doubt his BOOK II. confidence \vas so great in hhnself, and in the forn1 of justice, (\vhich he could not suspect would be so 1640. totally confounded,) that he never apprehended a greater censure than a sequestration fròm all public elnployments, in \vhich it is probable he had abun- dant satiety: and this confidence could not have proceeded (considering ,the full knowledge he had of his judges) but from a proportionable stock of n , and satisfaction in, his own innocence. The lord Cottington, though he \vas a very ,vise The lord . . . <":otting- man, yet havIng spent the greatest part of hIS lIfe ton. in Spain, and so having been always subject to the unpopular ilnputation of being of the Spanish fac- tion, indeed was better skilled to make his master great abroad, than gracious at home; and being chancellor of the exchequer from the time of the dissolution of the parliament in the fourth year, had his hand in mañy hard shifts for money; and had the disadvantage of being suspectpd at least a fa- vourer of the papists, (though that religion thought itself nothing beholding to him,) by ,vhich he was in great umbrage with the people: and then though he were much less hated than either of the other two, and the less, because there was nothing of kindness bet\veen the archbishop and him; and in- deed very few particulars of moment could be proved against hin1: yet there were two objections against him, which rendered him as odious as any to the great reformers; the one, that he was not to be re- conciled to, or made use of in, any of their designs; the other; that he had two good offices, \vithout the n of] Not in .iJJS. BOOK II. ] 640. The mar- quis of Hamilton. 68 THE HISTORY having of which their reformation could not be per feet: for besides being chancellor of the exchequeI;, he was likewise master of the \vards, and had raised the revenue of that court to the king to be much greater than it had ever been before his administra- tion; by 0 which husbandry, all the rich falnilies of England, of noblemen and gentlemen, were exceed- ingly incensed, and even indevoted to the crown, looking upon what the law had intended for their protection and preservation, to be now applied to their destruction; and therefore resolved to take the first opportunity to ravish that je,vel out of the royal diadenl, though it \vere fastened there by the known la,v, upon as unquestionable a right, as the subject enjoyed any thing that ,vas Iuost his own. The marquis of Haluilton, if he had been then weighed in the scales of the people's hatred, was at that time thought to be in greater danger than any one of the other; for he had more enenlies, and fewer friends, in court or country, than any P of the other. His interest in the king's affection q was (at least) r equal, and thought to be superior to any man's; and he had received as invidious S instances, and marks of those affections. He had more out- faced the la\v in bold projects and pressures upon . the people, than any other man durst have presumed to do, as especially in the projects of wine and iron; about the last of which, and the Iuost gross, he had a sharp contest with the lord Coventry, (,vho was a good wl'estler too,) and at last cOlnpelled him to let it }Jass the seal: the entire profit of which always o by] and by p any] either q affection] affections r (at least)] Not in 1.118. , invidious] envious Oft' THE REBELLION. 69 reverted to himself, and to such as were his pen- sioners. He had been the sole manager of the bu- siness of Scotland till the pacificatioñ; the readiest man, though then absent, to advise that pacification, and the nlost visible author of the breach of it. Lastly, the discoveries between the lord Mackey and David Ramsey, by \vhich t the marquis was ac- cused of designing to make hinlself king of Scot- land, were u fresh in olany men's Dlel1l0ries, and the late passages in that kingdom had revived it in others; so that he might reasonably have expected as ill a presage for hÍ1nself fron1 those fortunetellers, as the most melancholic of the other: but as he had been always most careful and solicitous for himself, so he "Tas most likely to be apprehensive on his own behalf, and to provide accordingly. And here I cannot olnit a story, which I received fron1 a very good hand, by which his great subtilty and industry for himself may appear, and was in- deed as great a piece of art (if it were art) as I be- lieve will be found amongst the modern politicians. After the calling the council of the peers at York was resolved upon, and a little before the time of their appearance, the marquis came to the king, and with sonle cloudiness (which was not unnatural) and trouble in his countenance, he desired his nlajesty to give hin1 leave to travel: the king, surprised, was equally troubled at it, and demanded his reason: he told hiIn, "he well foresaw a storm, in which his " shipwreck ,vas Inost probable amongst others; and " that he, never having any thing hefore his eyes "hut his majesty's service, or in his vows, but an t by which] wherein \l were] was BOOK II. 1640" BOOK n. ] 640. 70 THE HISTORY " entire sÌ111ple obedience to his cOl111nands, nlight " happily, by his o,vn unskilfulness in ,vhat ,vas fit " by any other rule, be more obnoxious than other " lnen; and therefore, that, \vith his majesty's leave, "he would withdraw himself fronl the hazard at " least of that tempest." The king, most graciously inclined to him, bid x him" be n10st confident, that "though he nlight <\vhich he was resolved to do) " gratify his people ,vith any reasonable indulgence, " he would never fail his good servants in that pro- "tection which they had equal reason to expect "from him." The marquis with some quickness replied, "that the kno,vledge of that gracious dis- "position in his majesty was the principal cause "that he besought leave to be absent; and that " otherwise he would not so far desert his own in- " nocence, \vhich he was sure could be only sullied " and discredited with infirmities and indiscretions, "not tainted or defaced with design and malice. " But (said he) I kno\v your majesty's goodness will "interpose for lne to your o,vn prejudice: and I " will rather run any fortune, from whence I may " again return to serve you, than be (as I foresee I " should be) so immediate a cause of dalnage and " mischief to so royal a lnaster." He told him, "that he kne,v there were no less fatal arrows "aimed at the archLishop of Canterbury and the " earl of Strafford than at hitnself; and that he had " advertised the first, and advised the last, to take " the same course of withdra\ving whereby he Dleant " to secure hilnself: Y but (he said) the earl was too x bid him] bad him "take the same course he )' " to take the same course "meant to secure himself bv "of withdrawing whereby he "withdrawing: . " nleant to secure himself:] to OF TIlE REBELLION. 71 " great-hearted to fear, and he doubted the other BOOK fl II. " was too bold to y." The king was much disturbed with the proba- 1640. bility and reason of what was said; which the other as soon ohser\Ting, " There is (said he) one way by "which I Inight secure nlyself without leaving the "kingdom, and by which your majesty, as these " tin1es are like to go, might receive sonle advan- " tage: but it is so contrary to my nature, and will " be so scandalous to my honour in the opinion of " 11len, that, for my own part, I had rather run my "fortune." His nlajesty, glad that such an expe- dient might Le found, (as being un\villing to hazard his safety against so much reason as had been spoken, by cOlnpelling hin1 to stay; and as unwill- ing, by suffering hin1 to go, to confess an apprehen- sion that he ll1ight be inlposed upon,) impatiently asked, "'Vhat that \vay was?" The luarquis re- plied, " That he nlight endear himself to the other " party by promising his service to theIn, and seem- " ing to concur with thelll in opinions and designs; " the which he had reason to believe the principal " persons would not be averse to, in hope that his " supposed interest in his nlajesty's opinion Inight "be looked upon as of lllonlent to them for their " particular recolnmendations. But (he said) this "he knew would be z looked upon with so nluch " jealousy by other Inen, and shortly \vith that re... " proach, that he might by degrees be lessened even " in his Inajesty's own trust; and therefore it was a " province he had no mind to undertake:" and so % would be] would be immediately BOOK II. 1640. 7 THE HIS TOllY renewed his suit again very earnestly for leave to travel. The king, for the reasons aforesaid, much de- lighted \vith this expedient, and believing likewise, that in truth he n1ight by this means frequently re- ceive inforlnations a of great use, and having a sin- gular esteem of the fidelity and affection of the marquis, told hiln positively, " That he should not "leave him; that he was not only contented, but "colnmanded hin1 to ingratiate hÍlnself by any " D1eans with the other people;" and assured him, " that it should not be in any body's po\ver to in- " fuse the least jealousy of him into his royaloreast." The which resolution his majesty observed so con- stantly, that the other enjoyed the liberty of doing w l1atsoever he found necessary for his own behoof; and with wonderlul craft and lo\v condescensions to the ends and the appetites of very inferior IJeople, and by seasonable insinuations to several leading persons (of how different inclinations soever) of such particulars as were grateful to them, and seemed to advance their distinct and even contrary interests and pretences, he grew to have no less credit in the parliament, than with the b Scottish con1missioners; and was with great vigilance, industry, and dex- terity, preserved from any public reproach in those charges \vhich served to ruin other men, and \vhich with more reason and justice might have been ap- plied to hi In than C any other; and yet for a long time he did not incur the jealousy of the king; to \vhom he like\vise gave many advertisements, which, a informations] animadver- sIons h with the] in the c than] than again t OF THE REBELLION. 73 if there had been persons enough who \vould have BOOK II. concurred in prevention, might have proved of great 1640. use. In this state and condition were things and per- The king Y declares to sons ","'hen the lords came to ork to the great COUn-the great . 1 . S 1 d h fi d f h . t . council at CI In eptem Jer; an t erst ay 0 t eIT mee lng York his re- (that the counsel might not seem to arise from them solutions to call a par- who were resolved to give it, and that the queen liament. might receive the honour of it; who, the king d said, had by a letter advised him to it; as his ma- . jesty exceedingly desired to endear her to the peo- pIe) the king declared to them, "that he was re- " solved to call a parliament to assemble at \\Test- " minster the third day of November follo\ving;" \v hich \vas as soon as \vas possible. So the first work \vas done to their hands, and they had no\v nothing to do but to dispose matters in order against that tÏ1ne, \vhich could not well be done \vithout a more overt conversation \vith the Scots. For though there was an intercourse n1ade, yet it passed for the most part through hands \VhOln the chief had no mind to trust: as the lord Savile; whom his bitter hatred to the earl of Strafford, and as pas- sionate hope of the presidentship of the north, \vhich the earl had, made applicable to any end; but other- wise a person of so ill a fame, that many desired not to ll1ingle in counsels e with him. For, besides his no reputation, they begun now to kno\v that he had long held correspondence with the Scots before their cOBling in, and invited them to enter the king- dOln with an arll1Y; in order to which, and to raise his own credit, he had counterfeited the hands of d the king] he 'YOL. I. e in counsels] Not in ..rES. T 74 THE HIS".rORY nOOK some other lords, and put their names to some un- II. dertakings of joining \vith the Scots; and therefore 1640. they \vere resolved to take that negociation out of his hands, (without dra\ving any prejudice upon him for his presumption,) which they had quickly an op- Th cots portunity to do. For the first day of the lords petItIOn the .. . ing: upon nleeting, a petItIon IS presented to his majesty full p;o ;:tr of dutiful and humble expressions from the Scots, at Rippon. who ,veIl knew their time, and had al\vays (how rough and undutiful soever their actions were) given the king as good and as submissive words as can be in1agined. This petition, full of as much SUbll1is- sion as a victory itself could produce, (as \vas urged by some lords,) could not but beget a treaty, and a treaty was resolved on speedily to be at Rippon, a place in the king's quarters: but then, special care ,vas taken, by caution f given to his majesty, that no such ungracious persons g lnight be intrusted by hin1 in this treaty as might beget jealousies in the Scots, and so render it fruitless: and therefore the earls of Hertford, Bedford, Pembroke, Salisbury, Essex, Holland, Bristol, and Berkshire, the lords Mandevile, 'Vharton, Dunsmore, Brook, Savile, Paulet, Ho\vard of Escrick (the lord Say being sick, and so not pre- sent at York) \vere chosen by the king; all popular Inen, and not one of thelTI of much interest in the court, but only the earl of Holland, ,vho \vas known to be fit for any counsel that should be taken against the earl of Strafford, \vho had among then1 scarce a fliend 11 or person civilly inclined to\vards hÍ1n. 'Vhen these commissioners from the king arrived f caution] cautions friend] had not amongst them g persons] person one friend h had among them scarce a OF THE REBELLION. fl.75 at Rippon, there came others from the Scots army BOOK of a quality much inferior, there being not above II. t\VO noblemen, whereof the lord Lowden ,vas the 1640. . 1 d . . The com- chIef, t,vo or three gent emen an cItIzens, and missioners Al d H d h . 1 . d meet and exan er en erson t elf metropo ltan, an two or transact. three other clergymen. The Scots applied them- selves most particularly to the earls of Bedford, Essex, Holland, and the lord l\landevile, though in public they seemed equally to caress the In all; and besides the duty they professed to the king in the most submiss expressions of reverence that cûuld be used, they made great and volun1inous expressions " of their affection to the kingdom and people of " England; and relnelnbered the infinite obligations " they had from tÏlne to tÍlne received froln this na- " tion; especially the assistance they had froln it in " their reformation of religion, and their attaining " the light of the gospel; and therefore as it could " never fall into their hearts to be ungrateful to it, " so they hoped that the good people of England " would not entertain any ill opinion of their coming i " into this kingdoln at this time in a hostile man- " ner, as if they had the least purpose of doing wrong " to any particular person,k much less to alter any "thing in the governluent of the kingdom; pro- " testing, that they had the same tenderness of their " laws and liberties, and pri vi1eges, as of their own ; " and that they did hope, as the oppressions upon " their native country, both in their civil and spiri- " tual rights, had obliged them to this manner of " address to the king, to whom aU access had been " denied them by the power of their enelnies; so, i their con1ing] the manner k person,] persons, of t heir coming T2 BOOK n. 16,10. 76 THE IllS TORY " that this very lUanneI' of their cOllling in l1light be " for the good of this kingdoln, and the benefit of " the subjects thereof, in the giving them opportu- " nities I to vind 1 cate their own liberties and laws; " ,vhich, though not yet so 11luch invaded as those " of Scotland had been, ,vere enough infringed by " those very In en who had brought so great nlisery "and confusion upon that kingdoln; and who in- " tended, 'v hen they had finished their ,york there, " and in Ireland, to establish the saIne slavery in " England as they had brought upon the other two "kingdolns. All which ,vould be prevented by the " relnoval m of three or four persons from about the " king; whose own gracious disposition and inclina- " tion n would bountifully provide for the happiness ., of all his dOlninions, if those ill men had no in- " fluence upon his counsels." There ,vas not a man of all the English COlll- 111issioners to whonl this kind of discourse was not grateful enough, and who did not promise to him- self SOlnc convenience that the alterations which were like to happen might produce. And with those lords with Wh0111 they desired to enter into a 0 greater confidence, they conferred more openly and particularly, of the three persons towards WhOlll their greatest prejudice was, the archbishop, the carl of Strafford, and the marquis of Hall1Ïlton, (for in their whole discourses they seemed equally at least incensed against hill1, as against either of the other two,) WhOlll p they resolved should be removed frolll the king. They spake in confidence" of the ) opportuniti s] opportunity m removal] remove n inclination] inclinations o a] Not in If/IS. P whom] which OF THE REBELI.lION. 77 , " excess of the queen's power, "rhich in respect of " her religion, and of the persons who had most in- " terest in her, ought not to prevail so 111uch upon "the king as it did in all affairs. 1 hat the king " could never be happy, nor his kingdom q flourish, " till he had such persons about him in all places of " trust, as were of honour and experience in affairs, " and of good fortunes and interests in the affections " of the people; who ,vould ahvays inform his ma- " jesty that his o\vn greatness and happiness con- " sisted in the execution of justice, and the happi- "ness of his subjects; and who are kno\vn to be " zealous for the preservation and advancement of "the protestant religion, which every honest nlan " thought at present to be in great danger, by the " exorbitant po,ver of the archbishop of Canterbury, "and SOl1le other bishops who were governed by "him." It ,vas no hard matter to insinuate into the persons \vith ,vhonl they held this discourse, l' that they \vere the very lllen who they ,vished should be in nlost credit alJout the king; and they èoncluded that their affections were so great to this kingdom, and they so desired s that all grievances l1light be redressed t here, that though they should 11 receive present satisfaction in all that concerned themselves, they would not yet return, till provision Dlight like,vise be made for the just interest of England, and the reforlnation of ,vhat ,vas amiss there in x reference to church and state. . q kingdom] kingdorns r discourse,] MS. adds: that they were the persons to whom they wished all trust should be communic:\ted, and s they so desired] Not in 111S, t redressed] reduced . u though they should] if they nnght x in) with T3 BOOh. II. 1640. 78 THE HISTORY 1640. This appeared so hopeful a model to most of the king's cOinmissioners, (,vho Y having no method pre- scribed to them to treat in, were z indeed sent only to hear what the Scots would propose, the king hhn- self then intending to deterIlline \vhat should be granted to them,) they never considered the truth of any of their allegations, nor desired to be in- forilled of the ground of their proceedings; but pa- tiently hearkened to all they said in public, of which they intended to give an account to the king; and willingly heard all they said in private, and made such use of it as they thought most conduced to their own ends. The Scottish commissioners pro- posed, " that, for the avoiding the effusion of Chris- " tian blood, there Inight be some way found to pre- " vent all act3 of hostility on either side; which " could not possibly be done, except some order ,vas " given for the payment of their army, which was " yet restrained to close and narrow quarters." And the truth is, they were in daily fear that those quar- ters would have been beaten up, and so the ill cou- rage of their n1en too easily discovered, who were n10re taught to sing psalms, and to pray, than to use their arms; their hopes of prevailing being, from the beginning, founded upon an assurance that they should not be put to fight. There had been in that int-nllous rout at New- burn two or three officers of quality taken prisoners, who endeavouring to charge the enelllY with the courage they ought to do, being deserted by their roops could not avoid falling into the Scots hands ; two of which 'v ere 'Viln1ot, who was commissary- BOOK II. Y who] tbat z were] and were OF THE REBEI LION. 79 general of the horse, and O'Neile, ,vho was major of BOOK , ffi f d · II. a regIment; both 0 cers a 0 name an reputatIon, and of good esteem in the court with all those who 1640. were incensed against the earl of Strafford, towards whom they were both very indevoted. These b gentlell1en were well kno,vn to several of the prin- cipal cOl11manders in the Scots army, (who had served together with theln in Holland under the prince of Orange,) and were treated with great ci- vility in their camp; and when the commissioners caIne to Rippon, they brought them with them, and presented them to the king by his commissioners, to whon1 they were very acceptable; and did those who delivered them more service by the reports they made of then1 in the army \vhen they returned to their charges, and in the court, than they could have done by relnaining prisoners with then1; and contlibuted very much to the irreconciling the army to the earl of Strafford, who ,vas to comn1and it. After few days the commissioners returned to the king at York, and - gave him an account of what had passed, and of the extraordinary affection of the Scots to his majesty's service; and 'Vihnot and O'Neile magnified the good discipline and order observed in the ar111Y, and made their lllunbers to be believed lnuch superior to what in truth they were. Three of the c0l11ll1issioners, and no Inore, ,vere The conn- of the king's council, the earls of Pembroke, Salis- r:h bury, and Holland, who ,vere all inspired by the Y kin;' k ' at or . Scots, and liked well all that they pretended to de- sire. Besides those, the king had nobody to consult a both officers] both who were officers T4 b These] Those nOOK n. J 640. Q80 THE HIS'!"ORY with but the lord keeper Finch, the duke of Rich.. mond, the marquis of Hamilton, the earl of Straf- ford, and sir Harry Vane, principal secretai y of state. The first of which, the lord keeper, was ob- noxious to so many reproaches, that, though his af- fection and fidelity was very entire to the king, all his care was to provoke no more enemies, and to ingratiate himself to as ll1any of those as C he per- ceived ,vere like to be able to protect him, ,vhich he knew the king ,vould not be able to do; and to- ,vards this he laboured with all industry and dex- terity. The duke of Richn10nd ,vas young, and used to discourse with his majesty in his bedcham- ber rather than at the council-board, and a man of honour and fidelity in all places; and in no degree of confidence with his countrymen, because he would not admit himself into any of their intrigues. The marquis had leave to be wary, and would give his enemies no ne,v advantages. Nor indeed was there a y man's advice of Dluch credit with the king, but that of the earl of Straf- ford; who had no reason to declare his opinion upon so nice a subject in the presence of the earl of Hol-" land and sir Harry Vane; and thought there ,vas only one way to be pursued, (which ,vas not to be comn1unicated at the council,) and that ,vas to drive the Scots out of the kingdom by the army: and without considering ,vhat ,vas done at the treaty, (,vhich had not yet agreed upon any cessation,) he sent a good party of horse, comn1anded by major Slnith, to fall upon a Scottish quarter in the bishop- ric of Durham, who defeated t,vo or three of their c t.hose as] those who OF THE REBELLION. Q81 troops, and took all their d officers prisoners., and lllade it 111anifest enough that the kingdo111 Inight be rid of the rest, if it were vigorously pUl sued; which the earl of Strafford heartily intended. But Lesley, the - Scottish general, complained "that he " himself had forborne to make any such attelnpt "out of respect to the treaty;" and the English cOlnmissioners thought themselves neglected and af- fronted by it. And when it was found that the officer ,vho conducted that enterprise was a Roman catholic, it made more noise; and they prevailed with the king to restrain his general froIH giving out any more such orders. The king begun C so far to dislike the tenlper of his commissioners, that he thought the parlianlent f ,vould be more jealous of his honour, and more sen- sible of the indignities he suffered by the Scots, tllan the comnlissioners appeared to be; and therefore he sent them back to Rippon again to renew the treaty, and to conclude a cessation of arlns upon as good terms as they could; so that the Scots army Blight not advance into Yorkshire, nor enlarge their quar- ters any ,yay beyond what they were already pos- sessed of: and this concession being agreed to, they should not enter upon any other particulars, but ad- journ the treaty to London; which was the only thing the Scots desired, and ,vithout this they could never have brought their designs to pass. \Vhen the other lords returned to Rippon, the earl of Pen1- broke (as a man of a great fortune, and at that time very popular) was sent with two or three other lords to London, with a letter from the king, and a sub- () their] the king began e The king begun] And the f parliarnent] parliarnent itself BOOK II. 1640. 282 THE HISTORY 1640. scription from the lords commissioners of the treaty (which was then more po\verful) to borro,v two hun- dred thousand pounds from the city, for the pay- ment of both armies whilst the cessation and treaty should continue; "which they hoped would quickly " be at an end, and the Scots return into their o,vn "country." The city was easily persuaded to fur- nish the money, to be repaid out of the first that should be raised by the IJarlialnent; which was very shortly to meet. The g commissioners at Rippon quickly agreed upon the cessation; and were not h unwilling to have allowed fifty thousand pounds a month for the sup- port of the Scots army, when they did assign but thirty thousand pounds a month for the payment of the king's; and to have taken the Scottish commis- sioners words for their musters, ,vhich made their numbers so much superior to the other: but that sum of fifty thousand pounds a month was after- wards reduced to about. five and t,venty thousand; and the whole amounting to above fifty thousand pounds a lllonth, was a SUln too great for the king- dom to pay long, as was then generally believed. h It was pretended that t,vo months ,vould put an end to the treaty; so that the two hundred thou- sand pounds, which the city had supplied, \vould discharge all the i disbanding: and in this hope the BOOK II. A cessation agreed on. g The] And the h and were not-generally be- lieved.] and undertook to pay fifty thousand pound the month for the support of the Scots army, when they did assign but thirty thousand pound the nlonth for the king's; taking the Scots commissioners word for their musters, which made their num- bers so much superior to the other; which two sums amount- ing to fourscore thousand pound, a sum too great for the kingdonl to pay long, as was then gene- rally believed. I the] to the OF THE REBELLION. king confirmed the cessation, and sent a safe cOß- BOO K duct for such conunissioners as the Scots should II. think fit to send to London for the carrying on the 1640. The treaty treaty. adjourned All ,vhich being done, the king .and the lords left h : York, that they nlight be at London before the be- ; s:e- ginning of the parliament;' the earl of Strafford staying still in the north to put the army into as good a posture as he could, and to suppress the nlU- tinous spirit it was inclined to; and, if it were pos.. sible, to dispose that great county (of which he had the entire command) to a better temper towards the king's service, and to a greater indignation to\vards the Scots; of whom they did not use to have too charitable an opinion. But in both these applica- tions he under,vent great mortifications; k the officers of the army every day asking his leave to r pair to London, being chosen to serve in parliament; and when he denied to give them passes, they went away ,vithout them: and the gentlemen of the country who had nlost depended upon him, and been obliged by him, withdrawing their application and attendance, and entering into combination with his greatest eneluies against him. I t is not to be denied, the king wàs in very great straits, and had it not in his power absolutely to choose which way he would go; and well foresa,v, that a parliament in that conjuncture of affairs would not apply natural and proper remedies to the disease; for though it was not inlaginable it would run I the courses it afterwards did, yet it was visible enough he nlust resign very n1uch to their affections k lnortifications;] mortification; 1 run] have nm 284 THE RISTOR"'" 1640. and appetite, (\vhich \\Tcre not like to he contained ,vithin any 1110dest bounds,) and therefore no ques- tion his nlajesty did not think of calling a parlia- ment at first, but was ,vrought to it by degrees: yet the great council could not but produce the other; where the unskilfulness and passion of SOlne for \vant of discerning consequences, and a general sharpness and animosity against persons, did Inore Inischief than the po\ver or Inalice of those \v ho had a forlned design of confusion; for \vithont doubt that fire at that time (\vhich did shortly after burn the \yhole kingdom) might have been covered under a bushel. So as in truth there \vas no counsel so necessary then, as for the king to have continued in his arlllY, and to have dra\vn none thither, but such as \\ycre nlore afraid of dishonour than danger; and to hav'p trusted the justice and po\ver of the law ,vith sup- pressing of tumults, and quieting disorders in his rear. It is strange, and had SOll1ewhat of a judgnlent frolll Heaven in it, that all the industry and learning of the late years had heen bestowed in finding out and evincing, that in case of necessity any extraor- dinary way for supply was lawful; and upon that ground had proceeded ,vhen there ,vas no necessity; and now, when the necessity \vas apparent, l1l0ney must be levied in the ordinary course of parlianlcnt, which ,vas then more extraordinary I than the other had been; as York TIlust be defended from an enemy witnin twenty-five miles of it, by Inoney to be given at London six weeks after, and to be gathered with- in 111 six Inonths. It had been only the season and BOOK II. I extraordinary] unnatural and extraordinary rn within] in OF THE REBELLION. 85 evidence of necessity that had been questioned; and the view of it in a perspective of state at a distance that no eyes could reach, denied to be ground enough for an imposition: as no man could pull down his neighbour's house because it stood next furze, or thatch, or some combustible matter which might take fire; though he might do it when that COlTI- bustible matter ,vas really a-fire. But it was never denied that flagrante bello, when an enemy had actually invaded the kingdonl, and so the necessity both seen and felt, all n men's goods are the goods of the public, to be applied to the public safety, and as carefully to be repaired by the public stock. And it is very probable, (since the factions within, and the correspondence abroad was so apparent, that a parliament then called would do the business of the Scots, and of those who invited then1 hither,) that if the king had positively declared, that he would have no parliament as long as that army stayed in England, but as soon as they were retired into their own country he would summon one, and refer all luatters to their advice, and even be advised by theln in the cOlnposing the distractions of Scotland: I say, it is probable, that they ,vould either ,villingly have left the kingdom, or speedily have been compelled; there being at that time an army in Ireland (as ,vas said before) ready to have visited Scotland. 0 Neither \vould the indisposition of the king's army (which was begot only by those infusions, that there must of necessity be a parliament, which would pre- vent farther fighting) have lasted, ,vhcn they found P those authors confuted; for the army was consti- n all] that all try, o Scotland.) their own cuun- P found] had found BOOK II. ) 640. Q86 THE HISTORY 1640. tuted of good officers, which were more capable of being deceived by their friends, than imposed upon by their enemies; and they had their soldiers in good devotion, and the business of Newburn would rather have spurred them on than restrained them. q And it had been much the best course that could have been taken, it after the fright at Newburn, the king, as well as the earl of Strafford, had made haste to Durham, and kept that post, without staying at York; and after some exemplary justice and dis- grace upon the chief officers who were faulty, till the arn1Y had recovered their spirits, (which in a very short time it did with shame and indignation enough,) had marched directly against the Scots; by \vhich they would have speedily dispossessed them of their ne\v conquest, and forced them to 11ave run distracted into their o\vn country; as ll1ay be reasonably concluded froln their behaviour \vhen- ever they were assaulted after\vards by t11e English. And it is as strange, that the experience of the last summer, \vhen the attendance of so great a nUlnber of the nobility (\vho had no ll1ind to the ,val', and as little devotion to the court) was the true ground and cause of that ridiculous pacifica- tion, did not prevail \vith the king never to convene the same company to him again r; which could do 11Îm very little good, if they had desired it; and could not but do him more harm than even the ,vorst of them at that tin1e intended to do: for it might very easily have been foreseen, that the call- ing so many discontented, or disobliged, or disaf- fected men together, \vith a liberty to consult and BOOK II. Q have spurred them on than restrained them.] have been a spur than a bit to all. r again] Not in IS. ÒF THE REBELLION. 287 advise, very fe\v whereof had that inclination sand }'everence for the person of the king they t ought to have had, though scarce any of them had at that tiule that mischief in their hearts \vhich they after- wards discovered against him, or indeed had the least purpose to rebel: I say, the calling such men together could not but make men u llluch worse than they came, and put worse thoughts into their heads than they brought \vith theIn, when the mis- carriage as well as the misfortune of the court would be the COITIInOn argunlent and discourse; and when they would quickly discern, that it was like to be in everyone of their po\vers x to contribute to the destruction, at least to the disgrace, of TIlen they had no kindness for, and most of them great ani- nlosity against. But the king was without the presence and at- tendance of any Ulan in whose judgment and wis- dom he bad a full confidence; for the earl of Straf- ford ,vas at the arlny; and they \vho first proposed the calling the peers knew well enough that the king knew parlialnents too \vell to he inclined to call one, if they should propose it; and therefore they proposed another expedient, which he kne\v not; and so ,vas surprised with the advice, (,vhich he thought could do no harm,) and gave Y direction for the issuing out of the writs, before he enough considered whether it might not in truth produce some nlischief he had not well thought of; as he quickly found. z Nor did the Scots the111Seives re- solve to give him more disquiet in the ensuing par IS inclination] affection t they] as they u men] every n1an " powers] power Y and gave] and so gave Z found.] found it. BOOK II. 1640. . 88 THE HISTOR\- 1640. lialnent, than the major part of bis great cou cil, that he brought together, resolved to concur with them in: a and with that disposition, which they could never have contracted if they had remained by thelTIselves, they all hastened to the place where they might do the n1ischief they intended. The next error to this was, that at the n1eeting of the great council at York, and before any consent to the treaty at Rippon, there was not a state Inade, and inforn1ation given of the whole proceedings in Scotland, and thereupon some debate and judgn1ent by the whole council before the sixteen departed, for their inforlnation and instruction: and this had been strangely olnitted before at the pacification, in- SOITIuch as many who had been employed in that first at the Berkes, and in the last at Rippon, con- fessed that none b of them (and they were of the prÎIne quality) then did, or ever after, kno,v any thing of the laws and customs of that kingdom (by which they might have judged \vhether the king had exceeded his just power, or any thing of the n1atter of fact in the several transactions) but what thcy had received at those meetings froin the per- sons \vho \verc naturally to make their own defence, and bO by accusing others to n1ake their own case the In ore plausible; in \vhich it could not be ex- pected they ,vould lllcntion any thing to c their own disadvantage. By them they ,vere told "of a liturgy imposed " upon then1 by their bishops, contrary to er son aLly expccte , 1'0111 the short tune for clectIons the third, after the issuing out c the writs; insolnuch as at the 1640. first not d luany n1elnbers ,vere absent. I t had a sad and a 111clancho1ic aspect upon the first entrance, ,vhich presaged some unusual and unnatural evcnts. a DEUT. xii. 30. &c.-unto meeting vf this ]wrliamcnt 'trill you.] Not in IJJS. be fourul in the Appcndi.'C B. b TJIE parliament n1ct] The C out] out of account given in MS. C. f!J. fhe (1 not] Not in MS. lT4 6 THE HISTORY J 640. The king himself did not ride with his accustomed equipage nor in his usual 111 aj esty to 'V estrninster, but went privately in his barge to the parliament stairs, and after e to the church, as if it had been to a return of a prorogued or adjourned parlialnent. And there ,vas likewise an untoward, and in truth an unheard of accident, which broke f Inany of the king's mea- sures, and infinitely disordered his service beyond a capacity of reparation. Froln the tÏ1ne the calling a parliament was resolved upon, the king designed sir Tholnas Gardiner, who was recorder of London, to be speaker in the house of commons; a Inan of gra- vity and quickness, that had sornewhat of authority and gracefulness in his person and presence, and in all respects equal to the service. There ,vas little doubt but that he would be chosen to serve in one of the four places for the city of London, which had very rarely rejected their recorder upon that occa- sion; and lest that should fail, diligence ,vas used in one or two other places that he Inight be elected. The opposition was so great, and the faction so strong, to hinder his being elected in the city, that four others were chosen for that rvice, without hardly mentioning his name: nor was there less in- dustry used to prevent his being chosen in other places; clerks were corrupted not to make out the writ for one place, and ways were found out g to hinder the writ from being executed in another, tin1c enough for the return before the meeting: so great a fear there was, that a man of entire affections to the king, and of prudence enough to manage those affections, and to regulate the contrary, should be BOOK III. e after] so f broke] brake g out] Not in 1'rIS. OF THE REBELLION. 297 put into the chair. h So that the very morning the parlialnent was to meet, and when the king in- tended to go thither, he was informed, that sir Thomas Gardiner was not returned to serve as a member in the house of commons, and so ,vas not capable of being chosen to be speaker; so that his majesty deferred his going to the house till the after- noon, by ,vhich time he was to think of another speaker. Upon the perusal of all the returns into the crown office, there \vere not found many lawyers of emi- nent naIne, (though many of theln proved very en1i- nent men afterwards,) or who had served long in forlner parliaments, the experience whereof was to be wished; and men of that profession had been most con1monlyi thought the most proper for that service, and the putting it out of that channel at that tÏ1ne was thought too hazardous; so that, after aU the deliberation the shortness ofk that tilne would adn1it, Mr. Lenthall, a bencher of Lincoln's Inn, (a lawyer of competent practice, and no ill reputation for his affection to the government both of church and state,) was pitched upon by the king, and with very great difficulty rather prevailed with than per... suaded to accept the charge. And no doubt a worse could not have been deputed of all that profession who were then returned; for he ,vas a man of a very narro\v, till1orous nature, and of no experience or conversation in the affairs of the kingdom, beyond \vhat the very drudgery in his IJrofession (in which all his design was to Inake himself rich) engaged him BOOK III. J 640. h the chair.] that chair. j most commonly] always k the shortness of] Not in MS. 98 THE HISTORY BOO K in. In a word, he ,vas in all respects very unequal III. _ to the ,vork; and not knowing how to preserve his ) 640. own dignity, or to restrain the licence and exorbi- tance of others, his weakness contributed as much to the growing mischiefs, as the malice of the principal contrivers. Ho\vever, after the king had that after- noon recommended 1 the distracted condition of the kingdom (\vith too little majesty) to the \visdom of the two houses of parlianlent, to have such reforma- tion and remedies applied as they should think fit, proposing to them, as the best rule for their coun- sels, "that all things should be reduced to the prac- " tice of the time of queen Elizabeth ;" the house of conlinons no sooner returned to their house, than Mr. Lent- they chose 1\11". Lenthall to be their speaker; and haU made sjnOaker. t\VO days after, ,vith the usual ceremonies and cir- clunstances, presented hin} to the king, who de- clared his acceptation; and so both houses were ready for them ,,,ork. There was observed a marvellous elated countc- nance in manyn of the nlenlbers of parlialllcnt before they met together in the house; the saIne men \vho six months before \vere observed to be of very mo- derate tempers, and to ,vish that gentle remedies l11ight be applied" ,vithout opening the "Tound too ,vide, and exposing it to the air, and rather to cure ,vþat ,vas alniss than too strictly to Inake inquisition into the causes and original of the Inalady, talked no\v in another dialect both of things and }Jcrsons; and said, " that they must 0 no\v be of another tC111- I recommended] commended In the work] their work n many] most n and said, " that they Blust] TIlliS in iWS.: 1\1 r. II yde, who was returned to serve for a bo- rough in Cornwall, met l\Ir. I)ym in ,,, cstminster-hall some OF THE REBELLION. 99 " per than they were the last parliament; that they BOO K " must not only sweep the house clean below, but III, " must pull down all the cobwebs which hung in the 1640. " top and corners, that they might not breed dust, " and so make a foul house hereafter; that they had " now an opportunity to make their country happy, " by relTIoving all grievances, and pulling up the " causes of them by the roots, if all men would do "their duties;" and used much other sharp dis- course P to the same purpose: by ,vhich it was dis- cerned, that the ,varmest and boldest counsels and overtures would find a rnuch better reception than those of a lllore temperate allay; which fell out ac- cordingly: and the very first day they met together, in \vhich they could enter upon business, Mr. Pym, Mr.Pym · I C'. d d . 1 d h · bl begins the III a oog, lOr111e Iscourse, amente t e mlsera e debate of state and condition of the kingdom, aggravated all grievances. the particulars which had been done alniss in the governlnent, as "done and contrived nlaliciously, " and upon deliberation, to change the whole frame, " and to deprive the nation of all the liberty and " property \vhich \vas their birthright by the laws of " the land, \vhich \vere no\v no 1110re considered, but "suhjected to the arbitrary po\ver of the privy- " council, which governed the kingdoln according to "their \vill and pleasure; these calanlities falling " upon us in the reign of a pious and virtuous king, h \vho loved his people, and ,vas a great lover of "justice." And thereupon enlarging in SOl1le specious COlTIIUendation of the nature and goodness of the king, that he might wound binl with less suspicion, days before the parlialuent, and conferring tugether upon the state of amlirs, the other told hilll, l\Ir. Hyde, tbat they must P discourse] discourse to hini 1300K IlL .1640. 300 THE HISTORY he said, "'\V e must inquire from what fountain " these waters of hitterness flowed; what persons " they were who had so far insinuated thelnselves "into his royal affections, as to be able to pervert " his excellent judgment, to ahuse his name, and " wickedly apply his authority to countenance and " support their o,vn corrupt designs. Though he " doubted there would be Inany found of this classis, "who had contributed their joint endeavours to " bring this misery upon the nation; yet he believed , there was one more signal in that administration " than the rest, being a man of great parts and con- " trivance, and of great industry to bring what he " designed to pass; a luan, who in the memory of " lllany present had sat in that house an earnest vin- " dicator of the laws, and a most zealous assertor " and chan1pion for the liberties of the people; but "that it was long since he turned apostate frolll ,{ those good affections, and, according to the cus- " tom and nature of apostates, was becolne the great- " est enemy to the liberties of his country, and the " greatest promoter of tyranny that any age had "produced." And then he q named "the earl of. " Strafford, lord lieutenant of Ireland, and lord pre- " sident of the council established in York, for the " northern parts of the kingdom: who, he said, had " in both places, and in all other provinces wherein " his service had been used by the king, raised ample " D10nUD1ents of his tyrannical nature; and that he " believed, if they took a short survey of his actions " and behaviour, they would find him the principal "author and promoter of all those counsels which q he] Not in MS. OF THE REBELLION. 301 " had exposed the kingdom to so much ruin :" and so instanced in r some high and imperious actions done by him in England and in Ireland, some proud and over-confident expressions in discourse, and some passionate ad vices he had given in the ffiQst secret councils and debates of the affairs of state; adding SOlnc lighter passages of his vanity aud anl0urs; that they who 'v ere not inflarned with anger and detest- ation against hiln for the former, nlight have less esteenl and reverence for his prudence and discre- tion: and so concluded, "That they would well " consider how to provide a remedy proportionable " to the disease, and to prevent the farther mischiefs " they were s to expect from the continuance of this " great nlan's power and credit with the king, and " his influence upon his counsels." From the time that the earl of Strafford was nanIed, most men believed that there would be SOlne coolmittee appointed t to receive information of all his miscarriages, and that, upon report thereof, they ,vould farther consider what course to take in the exaolination and prosecution thereof: but they had already prepared and digested their business to a l'iper pèriod. lr. PYUI had no sooner finished his discourse, than sir John Clotworthy (a gentleman of Ireland, and utterly unkno,vn in England, who ,vas, by the contrivance and recomnlendation of some powerful persons, returned to serve for a borough in Devon- shire, that so he nligh t be enabled to act this part against the lord lieutenant) Inade a long and con- r in] Not in J.WS. 8 they were] which they were t appointed] named BOOK III. 1640. nOOK III. 1640. 30 THE HIS'TORY fused relation" of his tyrannical calTiagc in that " kingdoln; of the arn1Y he had raised there to in- " vade Scotland; ho,v he had threatened the parlia- " luent, if they granted not such supplies as he re.. " quired; of an oath he had fi aD1ed to be adnlinis- " tered to all the Scottish nation ,vhich inhabited " that kingdom, and his severe proceedings against , some persons of quality who refused to take that " oath; and that he had ,vith great pride and pas.. " sion publicly declared at his leaving that kingdom, " If ever he should return to that s,vord, he would " not leave a Scottish-man to inhabit in Ireland:" with a D1ultitude of very exalted expressions, and some very high actions in his adlninistrat.ion of that government, in which the lives as "Tell as the for.. tunes of D1en had been disposed of out of the COl1l- mon road of justice: all which D1ade hin1 to be look- ed upon as a man very terrible, and under whose au- thority ll1en would not choose to put theI11selves. Several other persons appearing ready to continue the discourse, and the morning being spent, so that, according to the observation of parlian1ent hours, the thne of rising \vas U COll1e, an order ,vas suddenly 111ade, " that the door should be shut, and nobody " suffered to go out of the house;" \vhich had rarely been x practised: care having been first taken to give such advertiselnent to SOlue of the lords, that that house might like,vise he kept froB1 rising; \vhich \vould other\vise y very lnuch have broken their n1ca- sures. Then sir John Hothan1, and some other Yorkshire men, who had received son1e disobligation fr0l11 the \1 was] being x rarely been] been rarely Y otherwise] Not in ft18. OF 'THE REBELLION. 80S earl in the country, continued the invective, l11en- tioning many particulars of his imperious carriage, and that he had, in the face of the country, upon the execu tion of some illegal commission, declared, " that they should find the little finger of the king's " prerogative heavier upon them than the loins of " the Ia,v;" \vhich expression, though upon after- exa111ination it \vas found to have a quite contrary sense, Inarvellously increased the passion and preju- dice to\vards hiln. In conclusion, after many hours of bitter inveigh- ing, and ripping up the course of his life before his cOIning to court, and his actions after, it was moved, according to the secret resolution taken before, "that " he Inight be forth\vith impeached of high trpa- " son;" which was no sooner Inentioned, than it found an universal approbation and consent from the \vhole house Z : nor was there, in all the debate, a one person \vho offered to stop the torrent by any favourable testin10ny concerning the earl's carriage, save only that the lord Falkland, (\vho \vas very \vell kno\vn to be far fr0111 having any kindness for him,) ,vhen the proposition ,vas Inade for the pre- sent accusing hitn of high treason, nlodestly desired the house to consider, " \Vhether it would not suit " better \vith the gravity of their proceedings, first , to digest Inany of those particulars, which had " been mentioned, by a committee, before b they sent " up to accuse hin1? declaring himself to be abun- " dantly satisfied that there as enough to charge " him :" b which was very ingenuously and frankly z llOuse] Not in fttl S. . a all the deùate,] the whole deùate, h before-charge him:] Thus BOOK Ill. 1640. BOOK III. 1640. 304 THE HISTORY answered by l\Ir. Pym, " That such a delay might " pl obably blast aU their hopes, and put it out of " their power to proceed farther than they had done " already; that the earl's power and credit '\vith the " king, and with all those who had most credit with " king or queen, was so great, that "Then he should "con1e to know that so much of his wickedness " was discovered, his own conscience would tell him " what he was to expect; and therefore he would "undoubtedly procure the parlialnent to be dis- " solved, rather than undergo the justice of it, or " take some other desperate course to preserve hhn- "seI though with the hazard of the kingdom's " ruin: whereas, if they presently sent up to im- "peach him of high treason before the house of " peers, in the name and on the behalf of all the "comlnons of England, who were represented by "then1, the lords '\vould be obliged in justice to " cOlnmit him into safe custody, and so sequester " him from resorting to council, or having access to " his majesty: and then they should proceed against "him in the usual form with all necessary expe.. " dition." To those who were known to have no kindness for him, and seel11ed to doubt '\vhether all the par- ticulars alleged, being proved, would alTIOunt to high treason, it was alleged, "That the house of com"; " mons '\vere not judges, but only accusers, and that " the lords ,vere the proper judges \vhether such a " complication of enorn10US crin1es in one person did "not amount to the highest offence the la'\v took in itlS: declaring himself to be was enough to charge him be- abundantly satisfied that there fore they sent up to accuse him. OF THE REBELLION. 305 ." notice o and therefore that it ,vas fit to present it no 0 K III. " to then1." These reasons of the haste tIley n1ade, so clearly delivered, gave that universal satisfaction, I G-to. that, without farther considering the injustice and unreasonableness of it, they voted unanil1lously, (for aught appeared to the contrary by any avo\ved con- tradiction,) " That they \vould forth"rith send up to The c m- mons ID1- " the lords, and accuse the earl of Strafford of high I)each the d I I · d I 1 earlofStraf- " treason, an severa ot leI' crnnes an 1111S( el11ean- ford o.f high " ours, and desire that he l11ight be presently seques- treason. " tered from the C council, and c01l1lnitteù to safe , custody;" and Mr. Pym was lnade choice of for the ]nessenger to perfor]n that office. This d being deterlnined, the doors \vere opened, and most of the house accompanied hhn on the errand. It was ahout three of the clock in the afternoon, '\vhen the earl of Strafford, (being infir1l1, and not well disposed in his health, and so not having stirred out of his house that 111orning,) hearing that both houses still sat, thought fit to go thither. It \vas helicved by SOUle (upon ,vhat ground ,vas never clear enough) that he n1ade that haste then to accuse the lord Say, and some others, of having induced the Scots to invade the kingdom: hut he was scarce en- tered into the house of peers, when the 111essage fr0111 the house of COl1unons ,vas called in, and ,vhen 1\11". Pym at the bar, and in the naille of all the COlnUlons of England, illlpenched Thonlas earl of Strafford (\yith the adùition of all his other titles) of, high treason, and several other heinous crilnes and nlis- dClneanours, of \vhich he said the C01l1lnons would in due tiulC Inake proof in forn1; and in the mean tÍlllC t'the] Nul ill MS. d This] And thi YOL.!. X 306 THE HISTORY BOO K desired in their name, that he might be sequestered III. from all councils, and be put into safe custody; and 1640. so withdra\ving, the earl ,vas, with more clamou!" than ,vas suitable to the gravity of that supreme court, called upon to ,vithdra,v, hardly obtaining leave to be first heard in his place, 'v hich could not be denied him. He e then lamented " his great misfortune to lie " under so heavy a charge; professed his innocence " and integrity, which he made no doubt he should " make appear to them; desired that he might have " his liberty, until some guilt should be proved; f " and desired the]TI to consider, what mischief they "should bring upon theillselves, if upon such a ge- "neral charge, without the mention of anyone " crÏIne, a peer of the realm should be COlllmitted to " prison, and so deprived of his place in that house; " where he was sumnloned by the king's ,vrit to as': " sist in their counsels; g and of ,vhat consequence " such a precedent might be to their o,vn privilege " and birthright:" and then withdrew. The peers The earl is ,vith very little debate resolved" he h should be com- committf'd to the black- " mitted to the custody of the gentleman usher of rodl "the black-rod, there to relnain until the house of "commons should bring in a particular charge " against him:" which determination of the house was pronounced to him at the bar upon his knees, by the lord keeper of the great seal, upon the wool- sack: and so being taken away by l\lax,vell, gen- tleman usher, Mr. Pym was called in, and informed e He] And he f proved ;] made appear; g counsels;] counsel; h The peers with very little debate resoh'ed " he] And with very little debate the peers re- solved that he OF THE REBELLION. 307 \vhat the house had done; after which (it being then about four of the clock) both houses adjourned till the next day. 'Vhen this work was so prosperously over, they begun i to consider, that notwithstanding aU the in- dustry that had been used to procure such melnbers to be chosen, or returned though not chosen, 'v ho had been most refractory to the government of the church and state; yet that the house was so consti- tuted, that when the first heat (which almost alllTIen brought with the In ) should be a little allayed, violent counsels would not be long hearkened to: and there- fore, as they took great care by the k committee of elections to relTIOVe as many of those nlembers as they suspected not to be inclinable to their passions upon pretence" that they were not regularly chosen," that so they might bring in others nlore })liable 1 in their places; in ,vhich no rule m of justice ,vas so llluch as pretended to be observed by thelTI; inso- much as it ,vas often said by leading lTIen amongst thern, " That they ought in those cases of elections " to be guided by the fitness and ,vorthiness of the " person, whatsoever n the desire of those was, in " WhOlTI the right of election relnained;" and there- fore one man hath been adlnitted upon the same rule by which another hath been rejected: so they declared, " That no person, how lawfully and rcgu- " larly soever chosen and returned, should be and sit " as a menlber with them, who had been a party or " favourcr 0 of any project, or ,vho had been enlploy- " cd in any illegal cOlnmission." i begun] began k the] their 1 pliable] complinble m rule] rules n whatsoe,-er] whaterer o favourer] a f'1\rourer x2 BOOK HI. 1640. HOOK III. 1640. 308 TIlE HISTORY By p this means (contrary to the customs q and rights of parliament) n1any gentlemen of good quali- ty were relTIoved, in whose places commonly others were chosen of more agreeable dispositions: but in this like\vise there was no rule observed; for no person was hereby removed, of whon1 there ,vas any hope that he might be applied to the violent courses which ,vere intended. Upon which occasion the king charged them in one of his declarations, " that \vhen, "under that notion of projectors, they expelled " 111 any , they yet never questioned sir Henry l\Iild- " may, or Mr. Laurence 'Vhitaker;" who had been Inost scandalously engaged in those pressures, though since more scandalously in all enterprises against his majesty; to which never any answer or reply was made. The next art was to make the severity and rigour of the house as formidable as was possible, and to make as many men apprehend themselves obnoxious to the house, as had been in any trust or en1ployn1ent in the kingdon1. Thus they passed D1any general votes concerning ship-money, in which all \vho had been high sheriffs, and so collected it, were highly concerned. The like sharp conclusions were made r upon all lords lieutenants and their deputies, which were the prime gentlen1en of quality in all the coun- ties of England. Then upon sonIC disquisition of the IJroceedings in the star-chanlber, and at the council-table, all ,vho concurred in such a sentence, and consented to such an order, were declared cri- minai,s and to be proceeded againstl So that, in a moment, all the lords of the council, all who had P By] And by q cm.;ton1s] CUStOlll r were made] Not in M81 . 8 criminal] criminous OF THE REBELLION. 309 been deputy lieutenants, or high sheriffs, during the BOOK late years, found themselves ,vithin the nlercy of III. these grand inquisitors: and hearing new ternlS of J 640. art, that a complication of several n1isdeu1canours might grow up to treason, and the like, it was no wonder if men desired by all means to get their fa- vour and protection. 'Vhen they had sufficiently startled men by these The archbi- di d h If h ' d b . shop of Can- procee ngs, an upon a an our s e ate sent up terbury ac- an accusation against the lord archbishop of Canter- ; ldt :a_ bury of high treason, and so removed hin1 likewise son. from the king's council, they rested satisfied ,vith their general rules, votes, and orders, without Inak. ing haste to proceed either against things or per- sons; being ,vining rather to keep men in suspense, and to have the advantage of their fears, than, by letting thenl see the worst that could befall theIn, lose the benefit of their application. For this reason they used their utmost skill to keep off any debate of ship-money, that that ,vhole business might hang like a meteor over the heads of those that were in any degree faulty in it; and it was observable, when, notwithstanding all their endeavours to divert it, t that business was brought into debate, and upon t11at (,vhich could not be avoided) the lord Finch named as an avo,ved factor and procurer of that odious judglnent; ,vho, if their rule were true, " that " an endeavour to alter the governlnent by law, and " to introduce an arbitrary power, ,vere treason," was the most notoriously and inexcusably guilty of that crime of any Ulan that could be nanIcd; before they would endure the mention of an accusation of high t eudE'avours to divert it,] diversions, x3 310 THE IIISTORY nOOK treason, they appointed a comulittee, with great de- III. liberation and solemnity, to bring in a charge for- I G-tO. D1ally prepared, (which had not been done in the case of the lord archbishop, or the earl of Strafford,) and then gave hinl a day to be heard for himself at the house of commons' bar, ,vhereby, u against all order, he ,vas x to take notice of what was handled in the house concerning himself; Y and then finding that, by their O\VD rules, he would be like,vi e ac- cused of high treason, they continued the debate so long, that the lords' house was risen, so that the ac- cusation was not carried up till the next 111orning; The lord and before that time, the lord keeper (being "Tell in- k } ,:cpe } r . tll forn1ed of all that had P assed ) had ,vithdra,vn }linl- mc 1 WI - òrew be- self; and shortly after ,vent into Holland: the lord JUIU] sea. Littleton, then chief justice of the court of COnll110n pleas, being n1ade keeper of the great seal of Eng.. land in his place. About the same time, sir Francis \Vindebank, one of the principal secretaries of state, and then a l!lcm.. LeI' of the house of comn1ons, was accused of many transactions on the behalf of the papists, of several natures, (whose extraordinary patron indeed he was,) and he being then present in the house, several \var- rants under his o,vn hand were produced for the dis- charge of prosecutions against priests, and for the re- lease of priests out of prison: "Thereupon, ,vhilst the lnatter should be debated, according to cust0l11 he ,vas ordered to ,vithdra,v, and so went into the usual place, the comn1ittee-chan1ber; immediately ,vhere- upon, the house of commons went to a conference with the lords upon SOl11e other occasion, and return.. u wherebr,] and so, x he was] Not in ftlS. Y himself;] hÏ1n; OF 'l HE REBELLION. 311 ing from that conference, no more resumed the de- BOOK bate of the secretary; but having considered SOlne III. other business, rose at their usual hour; and so the ] 640. secretary had liberty to go to his o\vn house; from whence, observing the disposition of the house, and well knowing what they were able to say against hiln, he had no more mind to trust himself in that As did like- b I · h . hd h . If fj wise secre- company, ut t Ie same nIg tWIt rew Iffise rom tary \Yiude- any place where inquiry might be made for him, and bank. was no more heard of till the news came of his being landed in France. So that within less than six weeks, for no more Z was yet elapsed, these terrible reformers had caused the two greatest counsellors of the kingdom, and whom they most feared, nd so hated, to, be removed from the king, and imprisoned, under an accusation of high treason; and frighted away the lord keeper of the great seal of England, and one of the princi- pal secretaries of state, into foreign kingdoms, for fear of the like; besides the preparing all the lords of the council, and very many of the principal gen- tlemen throughout England, who (as was said before) had been high sheriffs, and deputy lieutenants, to expect such measure of punishment from their gene- ral votes and resolutions, as their future denleanour should dra\v upon them, for their past offences; by which means, they were like to find no vigorous a resistance or opposition in their farther designs. I could never yet learn the true b reason, why they suffered secretary \Vindebank to escape their justice, (for the lord Finch, it was visible he \vas in their favour, and they would gladly have preserved Z no more] no more time a vigorous] very vigorous b true] Not in MS. x4 BOOK III. 1640. 31fl 1.-'HE HISTORY him in the place,) against whom they had n10re preg- nant testimony of offences within the verge of the law, than against any person they have accused since this parliament, and of some that, it tnay be, ll1ight have proved capital, and so their appetite of blood might have been satisfied: for, besides his frequent letters of intercession in his own nan1e, and significa- tion of his Inajesty's pleasure, on the behalf of papists and priests, to the judges, and to other ministers of justice; and protections granted by himself to priests, that nobody should Inolest them; he harboured some In'iests in his own house, knowing them to be such; ,vhich, by the statute made in the twenty-ninth year of queen Elizabeth, is made felony: and there ,vere some warrants under his own hand for the release of priests out of N ewgate, ,vho were actually attainte(l of treason, and condenlned to be hanged, dra,vn, and quartered; ,vhich, by the strict letter of the statute, the lawyers said, ,vould have been very penal to him. I remelnber one story brought into the house con- cerning him, that administered some mirth: A lnes- senger, (I think his naine was Newton,) who princi- pally attended c the service of apprehending priests, caIne one day to him in his garden, and told him, " that he had brought with him a priest, a stinoing " and active person, whom he had apprehended that " morning; and desired to know to what prison he " should carry him." The secretary sharply asked hinI, " 'Vhether he would never give over this blood. " thirsty hun1our?" and in gTeat anger calling hiIn knave, and taking the wan'ant froll1 him by which he had apprehended hÎ1n, departed without giving any other direction. The ll1essenger, appalled, thought c attended] intended OF THE REBELLION. 31g the priest was some person in favour, and therefore took no more care of him, but suffered him to de- part. The priest, freed from this fright, went se- curely to his lodgings, and within two or three days was arrested for debt, and carried in execution to prison. Shortly after, secretary 'Vindebank sent for the messenger, and asked him, " \Vhat was become " of the priest he had at such a time brought before " him?" He told him, "that he conceived his ho- " nour had been offended with the apprehension of " him, and therefore he had looked no farther after "him." The secretary in much passion told him, " the discharging a priest was no light matter; and " that if he speedily found him not, he should an- " swer the default with his life; that the priest was " a dangerous fellow, and must not escape in that "fashion." The messenger, besides his natural in- clination to that exercise, terrified ,vith those threats, left no means untried for the discovery, and at last heard where the man was in execution in prison: thither he ,vent, and demanded the priest (who was not there known to be such) as his prisoner for- l11erly, and escaped from him; and by virtue of his first ,varrant took him again into his custody, and immediately carried hitn to the secretary; and with- in few days after, the priest was discharged, and at liberty. The jailor, in whose custody he had been put for debt, was arrested by the parties grieved, and he again sued the messenger, who appealed for justice to the house of commons against the secre- tary. This d case had been presented to the committee, BOOK III. 1640. d This] And this 314 THE HISTORY 1640. and ,vas ready to be reported, with all those ,var- rants under his o\vn hand before mentioned, at the tÏ1ue ,vhen secretary 'Vindebank was in the house. Besides that, he was charged by the lords, by nles- sage or at a conference, for breach f of privilege at the dissolution of the last parliament, and signing warrants for the searching the studies and papers of SOlne members; for which, according to the doctrine then received, he might have been put into the cus- tody of the sergeant of the house. But as the last occasion was not laid hold of, because it would have inevitably involved his brother secretary, sir Harry Vane, who ,vas under the same charge, and against \vhom indeed that charge ,vas aimed: so, it See111S, they were contented he should Inake an escape from any trial for the rest; either, because they thought his place would be sooner void by his flight than by his trial, which would have taken up some time, and required some formality, they having g designed that place to 1\1r. Hollis; or, that they thought he would, upon any examination, draw in s0111ewhat to the prejudice of sir Henry Vane, whom they were to protect: and so they were well content \vith his escape. h Having made their first entrance upon business with this vigour, they proceeded every day with the san1C fervour; and he ,vho expressed most ,varnlth against the court and the governInent, ,vas heard \vith the lllost i favour; every day producing ll1any nOOK III. f breach] the breach g having] had h so they were well content with his escape.] The MS. ha likcU' c: so the house deferred the farther debate till the next Inorning, before which time he chose to retire, and transported himself into France. i 010st] 010re OF THE REBELLION. 315 formed elaborate orations against all the acts of BOO K state which had been d ne for many years preceding. HI. That they might hasten the prosecution of the earl 1640. of Strafford, which was their first great design, they made a close committee of such menlbers as they kne,v to be most for their purpose, who should, un- der an obligation of secrecy, prepare the heads of a charge against hiIn; which had bee seldom or k never heard of before in parliament: and that they Dlight be sure to do their business effectually, they sent a Inessage to the house of peers, to desire them ' to non1inate a select comn1ittee likewise of a few, " to exan1ine upon oath such witnesses, as the com- " 111ittee of the house of C01111nOnS fOl preparing the " charge against the earl of Strafford should produce " before them, and in their presence, and upon such " interrogatories as they should offer;" which, t.hough it was ,vithout precedent or exan1ple, the lords pre- sently consented to, and named such men as knew ,yen what they had to do. Then they caused peti- tions to be every day presented, by SOlne who had heen grieved by any severe sentences in the star- chan1ber, or committed by the lords of the council, against lords lieutenants of counties, and their de- puty lieutenants, for having levied money upon the country, for conqucting and clothing of soldiers, and other actions of a martiql nature, (which had been done I by those officers so qualified, fron1 the tÎIne of queen Elizabeth, and was practised throughout her reign,) and against sheriffs, for having levied ship- money. Upon all which petitions (the matter being pressed and aggravated still upon every particular k seldom or] Not in MS. 1 been done] been always done 316 THE HISTORY I ô.iO. by SOlne member of note and authority, upon \vhich) all the acts how formal and judicial soever, without m so n1uch as hearing the sentences or judgments read, were voted" to be illegal, and against the Ii. " berty and property of the subject; and that all " who were guilty of such proceedings should be " prosecuted n for their presumption, and should " likewise pay damages to the persons injured." By which general votes (all passed within a short time 0 after the sitting of the parliament) they had made themselves so terrible, that all privy-counsel- lors, as well for what they had done at the board, as in the star-chamber; (where indeed Inany notable sentences had passed, with some excess in the pu- nishment;) all lords lieutenants, who for the most part were likewise counsellors, whereof all were of the house of peers; and then all who 'v ere deputy lieutenants, or had been sheriffs since the first issu- ing out of writs for the collection of ship-money, whereof very many were then of the house of com. Inons; found themselves involved under some of those votes, and liable to be proceeded against upon the first provocation; whereby they were kept in such awe, both in the one house and the other, as if they ,vere upon their good behaviour, that they durst not appear to dislike, nIuch less to oppose, ,vhatsoever ,vas proposed p. All persons Ï111prisoned for sedition by the star- chan1ber upon the most solemn exan1ination and the most grave delibcration were set at liberty, that BOOK III. m without] and without n prosecuted] proceeded a- gainst o a short time] three or four days P was proposed.] they pro- posed. OF THE REBELLIONI 317 they n1ight prosecute their appeals in parliament. n 00 K . . pI. In the mean time, though there were two arlDles In the bo,vels of the kingdom, at so vast an expense, q 1640. care was taken only to provide money to pay them, without the least mention that the one should re- turn into Scotland, and the other be disbanded, that so that vast expense might be deterlnined: but, on the contrary, frequent insinuations \vere given, "that " many great things were first to be done before the 'armies could be disbanded;" r only they desired the king "that all papists might be forth,vith ca- " shiered out of his a1'111Y," ,vhich his majesty could not deny; and so some officers of good account were iuunediately dismissed. I t will not be impertinent nor unnatural to this The temper d . d . h . I h of hoth present Isconrse, to set own In t IS pace t e pre- houses at sent temper and constitution of both houses of par- : :1 :le, lianlent s that it nla y be the less wondered at that character , , of the then SO prodigious an alteration should be Inade in so leadi g . men]n short a tune, and the crown fallen so low, that it both. could neither support itself and its o,vn n1ajesty, nor them who would appear faithful to it. Of the house of peers, the great contrivers and In the d . fi · house of eSlgners ,vere, rst t the earl of Bedford, a WIse peers the man, and of too great and plentiful a fortune to : f d; ,vish a subversion of the governlnent; and it quickly appeared, that he only intended to make hinlself and his friends great at court, not at all to lessen the court itself. The lord viscount Say, a man of a close and re- The lord Say; q at so vast an expense,] at the monthly expense of no less than one hundred and fifty thousand pounds, r "be disbanded; "] dis- band ; 5 parliament,] J.118. adds: and of the court itself, t first] Not in j[S. 318 THE HISTORY 1640. served nature, of a mean and a narrow fortune, of great parts, and of the highest alnbition, but ,vhose ambition would not be satisfied with offices and pre- ferments, U without son1e condescensions and altera- tions in ecclesiastical matters. He had for Inany years heen the oracle of those who were called puritans in the worst sense, and steered all their counsels and designs. He was a notorious enemy to the church, and to most of the eminent church- men, with some of whom he had particular contests. He had always opposed and contradicted all acts of state, and all taxes and impositions, which ,vere not exactly legal, and so had as eminently and as obsti- nately refused the payn1ent of ship-money as Mr. Halnbden had done; though the latter, by the choice of the king's council, had brought his cause to be first heard and argued, with which judgment it was intended the whole right of that Inatter should be concluded, and all other causes overruled. x The lord Say would not acquiesce, but pressed to have his own case argued, and ,vas so solicitous in person with all the judges, both privately at their chalnbers, and publicly in the court at 'Vestminster, that he was very grievous to them. His comn1it- ment at York the year before, because he refused to take an oath, or rather subscribe a protestation, against holding intelligence ,vith the Scots, ,vhen the king first nlarched against theIn, had given him much credit. In a ,vord, he had very great autho- rity with all the discontented party throughout the kingdom, and a good reputation with many ,vho BOOK III. U preferments,] preferment, the whole right in that matter, x it was intended-overruled.] and to overrule all other cases. that was intended to couclude O:b' THE REBELLION. 319 were not discontented, Y who believed him to be a BOO K wise man and of a very useful temper, in an age" of III. licence, and one ,vho would still adhere to the law. 1640. The lord l\landevile, eldest son to the lord priVY-The 10rd f · . 1 . . l\Iandevile' seal, \vas a person 0 great CIVI Ity, and very ,veIl ' bred, and had been early in the court under the fa- vour of the duke of Buckingham, a lady of ,vhose family he had married: he had attended upon the prince when he was in Spain, and had been called to the house of peers in the lifetime of his father, by the nan1e of the lord Kimbolton, Z which was a very extraordinary favour. Upon the death of the duke of Buckinghan1, his wife being likewise dead, he married the daughter of the earl of "\tV arwick; a man in no grace at court, and looked upon as the greatest patron of the puritans, because of much the greatest estate of all who favoured thein, and so was esteemed by them with great application and vene- ration: though he was of a life very licentious, and unconformable to their professed rigour, which they rather dispensed with, than they would withdraw a from a house where they received so enlinent a pro- tection, and such notable bounty . Upon this b latter marriage the lord l\landevile totally estranged him self from the court, and upon all occasions appeared enough to dislike what was done there, and engaged hinlself wholly in the conversation of those who were most notoriously of that party, whereof there was a kind of fraternity of many persons of good condition, who chose to live together in one falnily, at a gentleman's house of a fair fortune, near the Y discontented,] Not in MS. r; by the name of the lord K imuolton,J Not in MS. a they would withdraw] to withdraw b Upon tllis] From this g O THE HIS'.rOJt y 1640. place where the lord Mandevile lived; whither others of that classis likewise resorted, and luain- tained a joint and mutual correspondence and con- versation together \vith llluch familiarity and fliend- ship: that lord, to support and the better to iln- prove that popularity, living at a ll1uch higher rate than the narrow exhibition allowed to hhn by his wary father could justify, luaking up the rest by contracting a great debt, which long lay heavy upon him; by which generous way of living, and by his natural civility, good manners, and good nature, which flowed towards all men, he was universally acceptable and beloved; and no man more in the confidence of the discontented and factious party than he, and none c to whon1 the whole luass of their designs, as well what relnained in chaos as what was formed, was more entirely cOlnmunicated, and no man d more consulted \vith. And therefore these three lords are nominated as the IJrincipal agents in the house of peers, (though there were many there of quality and interest ll1uch superior to anye of them,) because they were principally and absolutely trusted by those who were to Inanage all in the house of commons, and to raise that spirit which was upon all occasions to inflame the lords. Yet it f being enough known and understood, that, ho,v indisposed and angry soever Inany of then1 at present appeared to be, there would be still a 111ajor part there, who would, if they were not overreached, adhere to the king and the established governU1ent, and therefore these three persons were trusted \vith- out reserve, and relied upon so to steer, as luigllt BOOK III. C none] Not in MS. d no man] Not in MS. e to any] to either f it.] Not in ]}IS. OF 'THE REBELLION. g 1 increase their party by an the arts imaginable; and BOO K they had dexterity enough to appear to depend Ill. upon those three g lords, \"ho were looked upon as ] 640. greater, and as popular n1en; and to be subservient to their purposes, Wh0111 in truth they governed and disposed of. And by these artifices, and applications to his The earl of vanity, and magnifying the general reputation and Essex. credit he had \vith the people, and sharpening the sense he had of his late ill treatment at court, they fully prevailed upon, h and possessed themselves of, the earl of Essex; who, though he was no good speaker in public, yet, by i having sat long in parlia- ment, \vas k so \vell acquainted with the order of it in very active tilnes, that I he Vlas a better speaker there than any ,vhere else, and being always heard with attention and respect, had much authority in the debates. Nor did he need any incitement (which made all approaches to him the more easy) to do any thing against the persons of the lord archbishop of Canterbury and the lord lieutenant of Ireland, to\"ards whom he professed a full dislike; who were the only persons against whOln there was any declared design, and against \vhOlll the Scots had in their manifesto demanded justice, m as the cause of the ,val' between the nations. And in this prosecution there \vas too great a concurrence: \Var- \vick, Brook, Wharton, Paget, Howard, and SOUle others, implicitly follo\ved and observed the dictates g three] Not in lS, h upon,] Not in MS. i by] Not in MS. k was] and 1 that] Not in MS. m against whom the Scots had VOL. I. in their manifesto demanded justice,] the Scots having in their 111anifesto demanded jus- tice against those two great men, y SQ2 THE HISTORY BOOK III. of the lords Inentioned before, and started or se- conded what they were directed. In the house of commons were many persons of wisdom and gravity, \vho being possessed of great and plentiful fortunes, though they were undevoted enough to the court, had all imaginable duty for the king, and affection to the government established by law or ancient custom; and without doubt, the major part of that body consisted of men who had no mind to break the peace of the kingdom, or to make any considerable alteration in the government of church or state: and therefore all inventions were set on foot frolTI the beginning to work on them, and corrupt them, by suggestions "of the " dangers which threatened all that was precious to " the subject in their liberty and their property, by " overthrowing or overn1astering the law, and sub- "jecting it to an arbitrary power, and by counte- " nancing popery to the subversion of the protestant " religion;" and then, by infusing terrible appre- hensions into SOlne, and so working upon their fears " of being called in question for sOll1ewhat they had " done," by which they would stand in need of their protection; and raising the hopes of others, " that, " by concurring with them, they should be sure to " obtain offices, and honours, and any kind of pre- "ferlnent." Though there were too many corrupted and misled by these several telnptations, and others ,vho needed no other temptations than froll1 the fierceness n of their own natures, and the malice they had contracted against the church and against the court; yet the number ,vas not great of those 1640. In the house of commons, n fierceness] fierceness and barbarity OF THE REBELLION. SQ3 in Wh0111 the governlnent of the rest ,vas vested, nor BO 0 I\. \vere there ll1any ,vho had the absolute authority to III. lead, though there \vas 0 a n1ultitude disposed p to l{i40. follow. Mr. PYU1 was looked upon as the man of greatest Mr. Pym; experience in parliau1ent, ,vhere he had served very long, and was ahvays a man of business, being an officer in the exchequer, and of a good reputation generally, though kno\vn to be inclined to the puri- tan faction; q yet not of those furious resolutions against the church as the other leading Inen were, and ,vholly devoted to the earl of Bedford, \vho had nothing of that spirit. 1\11'. Hambden ,vas a lllan of luuch greater CUl1- Mr. Hamh- ning, and it luay be of the most discerning spirit, deu ; and of the greatest address and insinuation to bring any thÎ11g to pass \vhich he desired, of any man of that tiu1e, and ,vho laid the design deepest. He \vas a gentleman of a good extraction, and a fair for- tune, \vho, fron1 a life of great pleasure and licence, had on a sudden re.tired to extraordinary sobriety and strictness, and yet retained his usual cheerful- ness and affability; \vhich, together with the opi- nion of his \visdoIll and justice, and the courage he had shewed in opposing the ship-n10ney, raised his reputation to a very great height, not only in Buck- inghamshire, ,vhere he lived, but generally through- out the kingdom. He was not a man of many ,vords, and rarely begun the discourse, or Illade th(\ first entrance upon any business that ,vas assunled; but a very weighty speaker, and after he had heard a full debate, and observed ho\v the house ,vas like o was] were P disposed] that was disposed q puritan f.1ction;] puritan party ; Y2 3524 rrHE HISTORY ] 6--10. to be inclined, took up the arglunent, and shortly, and clearly, and craftily, so stated it, that he COl1l- 1110nly conducted it to the conclusion he desired; and if he found he could not do that, he was never r without the dexterity to divert the debate to an- other time, and to prevent the detern1ining any thing in the negative, ,vhich nlight prove inconve- nient in the future. He l1lade so great a show of civility, and modesty, and humility, and al,vays of lllistrusting his own judglnent, and esteeming S his with whom he conferred for the present, that he seenled to have no opinions or resolutions, hut such as he contracted frOlTI the infornlation and instruc- tion he received upon the discourses of others, WhOlTI he had a wonderful art of governing, and leading into his principles and inclinations, \vhilst they believed that he wholly depended upon their counsel and advice. No Ulan had ever a greater power ver hilnself, or was less the lnan that be seemed to be, \vhich shortly after appeared to every body, \,, hen he cared less to ke p on the l1lask. Mr. Saint-John, who was in a firm and entire conj unction with the other two, ,vas a la,vyer of Lincoln's Inn, known to be of parts and industry, but not taken notice of for practice in "\VestIninster- hall, till he argued at the exchequer-chanlber the case of ship-llloney on the behalf of 1\11". Halnbden; ,vhich gave hiIn l1luch reputation, and called hin1 into all courts, and to all causes, \vhere the king's prerogative was most contested. He was a luan re- served, and of a dark and clouded countenance, very proud, and conversing with very fe,v, and those, ll1en BOOK 11[. Mr. Saint- .10hn; r was never] never was s esteeming] of esteeming OF THE REBELLION. 3925 of his own hU1110Ur and inclinations. He had been BOOK · · d d b h . h IlI. questIoned, COnllTIItte , an roug t Into t e star- chanlber, many years before, with other persons of 1 G40. great nalne and reputation, (which first brought his nalne upon the stage,) for conullunicating sOlne paper alnong thelnselves, which some men at that tÏlne had a lnind t to have extended to a design of sedition: but it being quickly evident that the pro- secution ,vould not be attended with success, they were all shortly after discharged; but he never for- gave the court the first assault, and contracted an inlplacable displeasure against the church purely froln the cOlnpany he kept. He was of an intÏ1nate trust with the earl of Bedford, to whom he ,vas in SOUle sort u allied, (being a natural son of the house # of Bullingbrook,) and by hÏ1n brought into all Illat- tel'S ,vhere hilnself ,vas to be concerned. It was generally believed, that these three persons, with the other three lords mentioned before, were of the most intÏ1nate and entire trust with each other, and lllade the engine which moved all the rest; yet it ,vas visible, that Nathaniel Fiennes, the second son of the lord Say, and sir Harry Vane, eldest son to the secretary, and treasurer of the house, ,vere re- ceived by theln with full confidence and without reserve. The former, being a Inan of good parts of learn-l\Ir. Natha. ing, and after SOlne years spent in New college in :\Ficn. Oxford, of which his father had been forlnerly fel- low, (that falnily clailning x and enjoying many pri- vileges there, as of kin to the founder,) had spent his tÏ1ne abroad, in Geneva and amongst the cantons t at that time had a mind] had a mind at that time u in some sort] Not in .L lS. x claiming] pretending yg nOOK III. 1640. Sir Harry Vane ju- nior ; g 6 1.-'HE HISTORY of S\vitzerland, ,vhere he iUlproved his disinclination to the church, \vith which lTIilk he had been nursed. Froln his travels he returned through Scotland (\vhich few travellers took in their way hOlne) at the tilne \vhen that rebellion ,vas in the bud; and ,vas very little known, except amongst that people, ,vhich con- versed w}lolly ulnongst thelnselves, until he was now found in parliament, when it was quickly discovered, that as }le ,vas the darling of his father, so Y he was like to Inake good whatsoever he had for many years proillised. The other, sir Harry Vane, ,vas a man of great natural parts, and of very profound dissilTIulation, of a quick conception, and very ready, s11arp, and \veighty expression. He had an unusual aspect, which, though it Inight naturally proceed both fronl his father and mother, neither of which were beau- tiful persons, yet Inade men think there ,vas some- thing z in him of extraordinary; and his \vhole life n1ade good that hnagination. Within a very short time after he returned from his studies in l\lagdalen college in Oxford, where, though he was under the care of a very worthy tutor, he lived not with great exactness, he spent some little time in France, and more in Geneva; and, after his return into Eng- land, contracted a full prejudice and bitterness against the church, both against the form of the government, and the liturgy, which was generally in great reverence, even with n1any of those who were not friends to the other. In this giddiness, ,vhich then much displeased, or seelned to displease, his father, \\Tho still appeared highly COnfOl"lUab]e, so] so that z something] son1ewhat OF THE REBELLION. 3Q7 and exceeding a sharp against those who were not, he transported hiInself into N e\v' England, a colony within few years before planted by a lnixture of all religions, ,vhich disposed the professors to dislike the governnlent of the church; ,vho ,vere qualified by the king's charter to choose their own govern- ment and governors, under the obligation, "that " every lllan should take the oaths of allegiance and " suprelnacy;" ,vhich all the first planters did, when they received their charter, before they transported thelnselves frolll hence, nor ,vas there in many years b the least scruple amongst theln of complying with those obligations; so far men ,vere, in the infancy of their schism, from refusing to take la,vfuloaths. He was no sooner landed there, but his parts ll1ade I)ÏIn quickly taken notice of, and very probably his quality, being the eldest son of a privy-counsellor, Inight give hin1 SOlne advantage; insolnuch that, ,vhen the next season came for the election of their magistrates, he ,vas chosen their governor: in which place he had so ill fortune (his working and unquiet fancy raising and infusing a thousand scruples of conscience, whi,ch they had not brought over with them, nor heard of before) that he unsatisfied with them, and they with hiIn, he transported hiInself into England; having sowed such seed of dissen- sion there, as gre\v up too prosperously, and ll1ise- rably divided the poor colony into several factions, and divisions, and persecutions of each other, which still continue to the great prejudice of that planta- tion: insolnuch as SOlne of theIn, upon the ground of the C first expedition, liberty of conscience, have nOOK III. 1640. a exceeding] exceedingly b years] years after v4 c the] their 328 r.rHE HISTORY 1640. withdrawn theu1selves from their jurisdiction, and obtained other charters froll1 the king, by ,vhich, in other forms of governlnent, they have enlarged their plantation, within new limits adjacent to the other. He was no sooner returned into England, than he seemed to be much refornled from his d extrava- gancies, and, with his father's approbation and di- rection, married a lady of a good family, and by his father's credit ,vith the earl of Northumberland, who was high adlniral of England, was joined presently and jointly with sir 'Villiam Russel in the office of treasurer of the navy, (a place of great trust and profit,) ,vhich he equally shared with the other, and seenled a lllan well satisfied and composed to the governlnent. \Vhen his father received the disobli- gation from the lord Strafford, by his being created baron of Raby, the house and land of Vane, (which e title he had prolnised hilnself, but it f was unluckily cast upon the earl, g purely out of contempt of Vane h ,) they sucked in all the thoughts of revenge ilnaginable; and froln thence the son betook i him- self to the friendship of Mr. Pym, and all other dis- contented or seditious persons, and contributed all that intelligence ('\vhich will hereafter be k lnen- tioned, as he hilnself ,vill often be) that designed the ruin of the earl, and ,vhich grafted hÏIn in the entire confidence of those ,vho prolnoted the saIne; so that nothing ,vas concealed froln him, though it is believed that he conununicated his own thoughts to very few. BOOK III. d from his] in those e (which] and which f but it] which g the earl,] him, h of Vane] Not ill JJ;lS. . i the son betook] he betook k hereafter be] be hereafter OF THE REBELLION. 3Q9 Denzil Hollis, the younger son and younger bl"o- BOO K ther of the earls of Clare, was as n1uch valued and III. esteelned b y the whole P arty, as any man; as he J 640.. Mr. Denzil deserved to be, being of I more accomplished parts Hollis. than any of them, and of great reputation by the part he acted against the court and the duke of Buckinghaln, in the parlian1ent of the fourth year of the king, (the last parlialnent that had been be- fore the short one in April,) and his long imprison- ment, and sharp prosecution afterwards, upon that account; of ,vhich he retained the nlemory ,vith acrinlony enough. But he would in no degree in- terlneddle in the counselor prosecution of the earl of Strafford, (which he could not prevent,) who had n1arried his sister, by WhOlTI he had all his children,m which 111ade hiIn a stranger to all those consulta-- tions, though it did not otherwise interrupt the friendship he had with the most violent of those prosecutors. In all other contrivances he was in the most secret counsels with those who most go- verned, and was n respected by theln with very sub- n1iss applications as a man of authority. Sir Gilbert Gerrard, the lord Digby, Strode, Haslerig; and the northe n gentlelnen, ,vho ,vere most angry with the earl, or apprehensive of their own being in the 111ercy of the house, as Hotham, Cholmely, and Stapleton; with SOlne popular lawyers of the house, who did not suspect any wickedness in design, and so be- came involved by degrees in the worst, observed and pursued the dictates and directions of the other, according to the parts which were assigned to thenl 1 being of] being a lllan of m by WhOll1 he had all his children,] by whonl all his chil- dren were, n was] Not in IJ1S. 330 THE HISTORY ] 640. upon emergent occasions: whilst the whole house looked on with ,vonder and amazement, \vithout any ll1an's 0 interposing to allay the passion and the fury with which so many ,vere transported. This was the present tenlper and constitution of both houses of parliament upon their first coming together, "'Then (as Tacitus says of the Jews, "that " they exercised the highest offices of kindness and " friendship towards each other, et adverslls 01nnes " alios hostile odiu1n") they ,vatched all those who they knew were not of their opinions, nor like to be, with all possible jealousy; and if any of their elec- tions could be brought into question, they were sure to be voted out of the house, and then all the arti- fices ,vere used to bring in more sanctified n1eJnbers ; so that every "reek increased the nunlber of their party, both by ne,v elections, and the proselytes they gained upon the old. Nor ,vas it to be \vondered at, for they pretended all public thoughts, and only the reformation of disapproved and odious enormi- ties, and dissembled all purposes of removing foun- dations, ,vhich, though it was in the hearts of some, they had not the courage and confidence to COll1mu- nicate it. The English and the Scottish P armies relnained quiet in their several quarters in the north, ,vithout any acts of hostility, under the obligation of the ces- sation, ,vhich ,vas still prorogued froln ll10nth to month, that the people lnight believe that a full })eace would be quickly concluded. And the treaty, which during the king's being at York had been held at Rippon, being now adjourned to London, BOOK HI. , ] , o any man s one Ulan s P Scottish] Scots OF THE REBELLION. 351 the Scottish q cOlnmissioners (whereof the earl of BOOK Rothes, and the lord Lowden, who hath been men- III. tioned before, were the chief) came thither- in greatTh : state, and were received by the king with that coun- ti h .com- miSSIoners tenance, which he could not choose but shew to come to them; and were then lodged in the heart of the ; e city, near London-Stone, in a house which used to in the city. be inhabited by the lord mayor or one of the sheriffs, and ,vas situate so near to the church of St.Antho- lins, r (a place in late times S made famous by some seditious lecturer,) that there was a way out of it into a gallery of the church. t This benefit was well foreseen on all sides in the accommodation, and this church assigned to them for their own devotions, where one of their own chaplains still preached, amongst ,vhich Alexander Henderson was the chiet ,vho was like,vise joined with them in the treaty in all matters 'v hich had reference to religion: and to hear those sern10ns there was so great a conflux and resort, by the citizens out of humour and faction; by others of all qualities u out of curiosity; and by some that they might the better justify the con- ten1pt they had of theIn, that fronl the first appear- ance of day in the ll10rning on every Sunday, to the shutting in of the light, the church ,vas never empty. They (especially the wornen) \vho had the happiness to get into the church in the morning (they who could not, hung upon or about the windows without, to he auditors or spectators) keeping their places till the afternoon's exercise was finished, which both morning and afternoon, except to palates and appe- .It q Scottish] Scots r St. Antho1ins,] St. Andins late times] all times t the church.] that church. u qualities] quality ß3 THE HISTOIlY BO 0 K tites ridiculously corrupted, ,vas the n10st insipicl II[. and flat that could be delivered upon any delibe- 1640. ration. The earl of Rothes had been the chief architect of that whole l11achine from the beginning, and was a man very well bred, of very good parts, and great address; in his person very acceptable, pleasant in conversation, very free and alnorous, and unre- strained in his discourse by any scruples of religion, which he only put on when the part he ,vas to act required it, and then no l11an could appear more conscientiously transported. There will be sOlne- times occasion to n1ention him hereafter, as already as much hath been said of the other, the lord Low- den, as is yet necessary. A commit- They were no sooner conle to the town, but a tee of both . bouses ap- new commIttee of the melnbers of both houses, such r t t O as were very acceptable to them, was appointed to the S ottish renew and continue the treaty ,vith them that had comnus- sioners. been begun at Rippon: and then t11ey published and printed their declaration against the archbishop of Canterbury and the lieutenant of Ireland, in \vhich they said, "That as they did reserve those " of their own country who had been incendiaries " bet\veen the t\VO kingdollls, to be proceeded against ,: in their own parlialnent; so they desired no other "justice to be done against these two crinlinal per- " sons but what should seen1 good to the wisdom of " the parliament." I t was easily discerned (by those ,vho sa,v at any distance, and \vho had been long jealous of that trick) from that expression concerning their OUJ1Z countrymen, that they Ineant no harnl to the mar- quis of Han1ilton, against ,vhom, in the bèginning OF TIlE REBELI.AION. 333 of the rebellion, all their bitterness seemed to be di- rected, and who was thought to have x the least por- tion of kindness or good-,vill frolll the three nations, of any nlan \vho related to the king's service. But he hau, by the friendship he had she\ved to the lord Lowden, and procuring his liberty when he was in the To\ver for so notorious a treason, and ,vas y to be in the head of another as soon as he should be at liberty; and by his application and dexterity at York in the l11eeting of the great council, and with the Scottish Z con11uissioners elnployed thither before the treaty; and by his prolllise of future offices and services, which he Inade good abundantly; procured as \vell from the English as the Scots all assurance of indell1nity: which they so diligently luade good, that they ,vere not lnore solicitous to contrive and find out evidence or inforlllation against the other two great lllen, than they ,vere to prevent all infor- Ination or cOlllplaint, and to stifle all evidence which was offered or could be produced against the Illar- . qUIS. And they were exceedingly vigilant to prevent the Scottish a cOllln1issioners entering into any fallli- liarity or conversation with any ,vho were not fast to their party: insolnuch as one day the earl of Rothes \valking in'Vestminster-hall with Mr. Hyde, towards WhOll1 he had a b kindness by reason of their n1utual friendship ,vith SOlne persons of honour, and they two \valking towards the gate to take coach to make a visit together, the earl on a sudden desired the other "to walk towards the coach, and he \vould x who was thought to have] who indeed of all men had Y was] Not in MS. Z Scottish] Scotch a Scottish] Scotch b a] Not in MS. BOOK III. 1640. nOOK III. J 640. 334 THE HISTORY " Qvertake him by the tin1e he came thither:" but staying very long, be imagined he ll1ight be diverted from his purpose, and so walked back into the hall, where presently meeting him, they both pursued their former intention; and being in the coach, the earl told him, "that he must excuse his having '(0 made him stay so long, because he had been de- "tained only concerning him; that when he ,vas " walking with him, a gentleman passing by touched " his cloak, which luade him desire the other to go " before; and turning to the other person, he said, " that seeing him walk in SOine familiarity with Mr. " Hyde, he thought hÍlnself obliged to tell him, that " he walked with the greatest enemy the Scottish C " nation had in the parliament, and that he ought " to take heed how he con1municated any thing of '(0 importance to hhn; and that after he was parted " ,vith that gentlen1an, before he could pass through " the hall, four or five other eminent Inen, severally, "gave him the saIne advertisement and caution;" and then spoke d as unconcernedly and as n1errily of the persons and their jealousy as the other could do. Men who were so sagacious in pursuing their point were not like to Iniscarry. The first cOlnpliment they put upon the Scottish (' commissioners ,vas, that they \vere caressed f by both c Scottish] Scots d spoke] spake e Scottish] Scots f The first-caressed] Thus in MS. C.: The Scotch commis- sioners were in this tÏ1ne come to London, where they were magnificently entertained; and one of the best houses in the heart of the citý assigned for their reception, the neighbour church for their devotion, whi- ther so great a herd flocked on Sundays to hear l\lr. IIcndcrson and h.is fellow-chaplains, that very many came to and sat in the church from the ti me that it was light, that they might rc- ceive the comfort of those lec- tures, which were not till the OF 'l"HE REBELLION. 335 houses with all possible expressions of kindness at BOOK least, if not of su bnlission; and an order was care- III. fully entered, "that upon all occasions the appella- 1640. " tion should be used of Our bretk'ren of Scotland;" and upon that, wonderful kind conlpliments passed,g of a sincere resolution of amity and union between the two nations. Things being thus constituted, it becanle thelTI to satisfy the public expectation in the discovelY of their new treasons, and in speedy proceedings against those two great persons. For the better preparing whereof, and facilitating whatever else should be ne- cessary for that enterprise, the Scottish h conlnlis- sioners in the name of that nation presented (as is said before) t,vo distinct declarations, against the persons of the archbishop and the earl of Strafford, stuffed \vith as nluch bitterness and virulency as can be imagined, making them "the odious incendiaries " of the differences between the t,vo nations, and " the original causes of all those calamities in that " kingdom which begot i those differences, and nlost " pathetically pressing for justice against thelTI both." These discourses (for each k of thenl consisted of nlany sheets of paper) were publicly read in both houses; that against the archbishop of Canterbury was for the present laid aside, and I anl persuaded, at that time, without any thought of resuming it, hoping that his age and imprisonlnent would have quickly freed thenl fronl farther troll ble. But a Proceet1ings d d . . h towards the spee y procee lng agaInst t e other was vehementlYearlofStraf- pressed, as of no less importance than the peace be- ford's trial. afternoon; for in the n10rning h Scottish] Scotch their devotions were private. i begot] begat They were caressed, &c. k each] either g passed,] ate passed, 336 THE HISTORY 1640. tween the two kingdoms, not without some intima- tion, "that there could be no expectation that the " Scottish 1 army ,vould ever retire into their coun- " try, and consequently that the king's arnlY ill could " be disbanded, before exelllplary justice was n done " upon that earl to their satisfaction." \Vhen they had inflamed Inen with this consideration sufficient- ly, they, ,vithout any great difficulty, (in order to the necessary expedition for that trial,) prevailed in two propositions of 11l0st fatal consequence to the king's service, and to the safety and integrity of all honest Inen. .. The first, "for a cOlnlnittee to be settled of both "houses for the taking preparatory examinations." Thus the allegation ,vas, "That the charge against " the earl of Strafford was of an extraordinary na- " ture, being to Blake a treason evident out of a " complication of several ill acts; that he lnust be " traced through lllany dark paths, and this prece- "dent seditious discourse compared with that sub- "sequent outrageous action, the circunlstances of "both which Inight be equally considerable ,vith " the matter itself; and therefore that, before this " charge could be so directly Inade and prepared as "was necessary," (for he was hitherto only accused generally of treason,) "it ,vas requisite, that a COlll- " mittee should be made of both houses to exan1ine " SOUle witnesses upon oath, upon whose depositions " his impeachment ,vould easily be fran1ed." This was no sooner proposed in the house of conllnons, than consented to; and upon as little debate yielded to by the lprds; and the committee settled accord- BOOK III. 1 Scottish] Scotch m arlnyJ Not in ...MS. 11 was] were OF THE REBELLION. 337 ingly : ,vithout considering that such an inquisition (besides that the same ,vas contrary to the practice of former times O ) would easily prepare a charge against the Inost innocent lllan alive; where that liberty should be taken to exalnine a man's "Thole life; and all the light, and all the private discourses had passed from him, might be tortured, perverted, and applied, according to the conscience and the craft of a diligent and n1alicious prosecution. The second ,vas, "for the examining upon oath " privy-counsellors, upon such matters as had passed " at the council-table." The allegation for this was, " That the principal ingredient into the treason ,vith " ,vhich p the earl was to be charged, ,vas, a purpose " to change the form of government; and, instead " of that settled by law, to introduce a power lllerely " arbitrary. Now this design must be made evi- " dent, as well by the advices which he gave, and " the expressi9ns he uttered upon emergent occa- " sions, as by his public actions; and those could not "be discovered, at least not proved, but by those " who were present at such' consultations, and they "were only privy-counsellors." As it was alleged, " That at his coming from Ireland the earl had said " in council there, That if ever he q returned to that " sword again, he would not leave a Scottish-man r " in that kingdom: and at his arrival in this king- " dom, the lord mayor and some aldermen of London " attending the board about the loan of 111onies, and " not giving that satisfaction "Tas expected, that he o contrary to the practice of former times] Inost contrary to the rules of law or the practice of any former times VOL. I. Z I' with which] of which q ever he] he erer r Scottish-man] Scotch-man BOOK III. 1640. J38 'rHE HISTORY 16-tO. " should pull S a letter out of his pocket, and shew " \vhat course the king of France then took for the " raising of money; and that he should tell the king, " That it would never be well till he hanged up a "lord mayor of London in the city to terrify the " rest." There ,vas no greater difficulty to satisfy the house of commons with the reasonableness of this, than of the former; but the compassing it was not like to be easy; t for it was visible, that, though the lords should join with them, (which was not to be despaired,) the U pri vy -counsellors would insist upon the oath they had taken, and pretend, "that without the " king's consent they might not discover any thing " that had passed at that board; so that the greatest " difficulty would be, the procuring the king's con- " sent for the betraying hin1self: but this must be " insisted on, for God forbid that it might be safe for "any desperate \vicked counsellor to propose and "advise at that board" (which in the intervals of parliaments wholly disposed the affairs of state) " courses destructive to the health and being of the " kingdon1 ; and that the sovereign physician, the " parliament, (which had the only skill to cure those "contagious and epidemical diseases,) should be "hindered from preserving the public, because no '.' evidence must be given of such corrupt and \vicked "counsels." And so provided with this specious oratory, they desire the lords "to concur with "them for this necessal"y exalnination of privy- " counsellors ;" who, \vithout much debate, (for the persons concerned kne\\r well their acts were visible BOOK HI. S pull] pun out t easy;] so easy; 11 the 1 that the OF THE REBEl I ION. 339 and public enough, and therefore considered not much \vhat words had passed,) consented, and ap- pointed some to attend the king for his consent: who, not well weighing the consequence, and being in public council unanimously advised" to consel)t " to it; and that the not doing it would lay some "taint upon his council, and he a tacit confession, " that there had been agitations at that place which "\vould not endure the light;" yielded that they should be exalnined: \vhich \vas speedily done ac- cordingly, by the comn1ittee of both houses al>point- ed for that purpose. The danlage was not to be expressed, and the l"uin that last act brought to the king was irreparable; for, besides that it served their turn (which no ques- tion they had discovered before) to prove those words against the earl of Strafford, \vhich sir HalTY Vane so punctually relTIenlLered, (as you shall find at the earl's trial,) and besides that it was matter of horror to the counsellors, to find that they Inight be ar- raigned for every rash, every inconsiderate, every Ï1nperious expression or ,vord they had used there; and so made then1 lTIOre engaged to servile applica- tions; it banished for ever all future freedom frolll that board, and those persons, fron1 w h01TI x his Ina- jesty was to expect advice in his greatest straits; all men satisfying thelTISelves, "that they were no ßlore " obliged to deliver thcir opinions there freely, when " they might be impeached in another place for so " doing;" and the evincing this so useful doctrine was \vithout doubt more the design of those grand x wllOm] whence z2 BOOK III. 1 G40. 340 THE HISTORY 1640. ll1anagers, than any hope they had, of receiving fur- ther information thereby, than they had before. And for my part, I lnnst ask leave of those noble lords, who after the king's consent gave themselves libertyY to be examined, to say, that if they had well considered the oath they had taken when they ,vere adnlitted to that society, which was, To keep sec'J"et all,}llallers c01JlJnittell ancl1revealell to tlle1Jl, 01- that z should be treated qf secretly in council, they would not have believed, that the king himself could have dispensed with that part of their oath. I t is true, there is another clause in their oath, that allows thenl \vith the king's consent to reveal a matter of coun- cil: hut that is, only what shall touch another coun- sellor; ,vhich they are not to do without the leave of the king or the council. It ,vas now time to Inind a themselves, as well as the public, and to repair, as well as pull b down; and therefore, as the principal reason (as was said before) for the accusing those two great persons of high treason (that is, of the general consent to it before any evidence was required) was, that they might be removed from the king's presence and his counsels, without which they conceived theirs would have no power with him; so that being cOlllpassed, care was taken to infuse into the king by marquis Hamilton, (who you heard before \vas licensed to take care of hin1self; and was 110\V of great intÏ1nacy with the governing and undertaking party,) "that his ma... " jesty having declared to his people, that he really BOOK III. y liberty] leave z that] Not in MS. a mind] intend b as pull] as to pull OF THE REBELLION. 341 " intended a reformation of all those extravagancies BOO K · . k Ill. " \vhich former necessities, or occaSIons, or n1lsta es, "had brought into the government of church or 1640. " state: he could not give a more lively and del110n- " strable evidence, and a more gracious instance of " such his intention, than by calling such persons to "his council, ,vhol11 the people generally thought " lTIOSt inclined to, and intent upon, such reforn1a- " tion : besides, that this \vould be a good 111eanS to " preserve the dignity and just power of that board, " which might other,vise, on the account of the late " excess and violation, be more subject to inconve- " nient attempts for the future c ." Hereupon in one day were sworn privy-counsellors, Di,\"ers new luuch to the public joy, the earl of Hertford, (whom :;s-el-. the king afterwards d ll1ade marquis,) the earl Of r:I:;vorn Bedford, the earl of Essex, the earl of Bristol, the POP t u1ar par y. lord Say, the lord Savile, and the lord Kimbolton ; and within t\VO or three days after, the earl of \Var- wick: being all persons at that time very gracious to the people, or to the Scots, by \vhose election and discretion the people chose; and had been all in some un1hrage at court, and most e in visible disfavour there. This act the king did very cheerfully; heartily inclined to some of theIn, as he had reason; and not apprehending any inconvenience by that act frol11 the other, whom he thought this light of his grace would reforlll, or at least restrain. But the calling and admitting men to that board is not a work that can be indifferent; the reputa- C " which might otherwise, " -the future."] which might otherwise for the late excess -- be UlOrc subject to violation, at least to some inconvenient attempts. d aftcrwarrls] shortly after e most] most of them z3 BOOK , 'III. J 640. 34 rrHE HISTORY tion, if not the government, of the state depending f on it. And though, it may be, there hath been too llluch curiosity heretofore used to discover men's humours g in particular points, before they have re- ceived that honour; whereas possibly such differences \vere rather to have been desired than avoided; yet there are certain opinions, certain propositions, and general principles, that \vhosoever does not hold, and h does not believe, is not, ,vithout great danger, to be accepted for a privy-counsellor. As, whoso- ever is not fixed to monarchical grounds, the preser- vation and upholding whereof is the chief end of such a council: whosoever doth i not believe that, in order to that great end, there is a dignity, a freedoßl, a juris- diction n10st essential to be preserved in and to that place; and takes not the preservation thereof to heart; ought never to be received there. \Vhat in pru- dence is to be done to,vards that end, admits a lati- tude that honest and wise men Dlay safely and pro- fitably differ ink; and those differences (which I said before there was too n1uch unskilful care to prevent) usually produce great advantages in knowledge and ,visdom: but the end itself, that which the logicians call the terl1zillUS ad quelll, ought al,vays to be a postlllatu11Z, which whosoever doubts, destroys: and princes cannot be too strict, too tender, in this con- sideration, in the constituting the Lody of their privy-council; upon the prudent doing whereof nluch of their safety, more of their honour and reputation (\vhich is the life itself of princes) both at hOß1C and . f depending] so llluch depend- Ing . R humours] particular opi- n lOn h and] Not in MS. i cloth] does k in] Not ill JS. OF 'l'HE REBELLION. 343 abroad, necessarily depends; and the inadvertencies in this point have been, mediately or imn1ediately, the root and the spring of most Ofl the calamities that have ensued. Two reasons have been frequently given by princes for oversights, or for \vilful breaches, in this in1por- tant dispensation of their favours. The first, " that " such a man can do no harm;" when, God knows, few men have done more harm than those who have been thought to be aùle to do least; and there can- not be a greater error, than to believe, a luan whom we see qualified with too mean parts to do good, to be therefore incapable of doing hurt: there is a sup- ply of lualice, of pride, of industry, and even of folly, in the weakest, when he sets his heart upon it, that luakes a strange progress in mischiefl The second, "when persons of ordinary faculties, either upon " hnportunity, or other collateral respects, have ùeen " introduced there, m that it is but a place of honour, "and a general testimony of the king's affection ;" and so it hath been as it were reserved as a prefer- ment for those, who were fit for no other preferment. As amongst the Jesuits they have a rule, that they who n are unapt for greater studies, shall study cases of conscience. By this n1eans the number hath been increased, which in itself breeds great inconveni- ences ; since a less number are fitter both for counsel and despatch, in matters of the greatest moment, that depend upon a quick execution, than a greater number of men equally honest and \vise: and for that, and other reasons of unaptness and incompe- tency, con1nlittees of dexterous men have been ap- BOOK III. 1640. I luost of] all m there,] thither, II they who] they which z4 34,4 THE HISTORY ] G40. pointed out of the table to do the business of it;o and so 111en have been no sooner exalted with the honourable p title, and pleased with the obligation of being n1ade privy-counsellors, than they have checked that delight with discerning that they were not fully trusted; and so have q been TI10re incensed with the reproachful distinction at, than obliged with the ho- nourable adlnissiol1 to, that board, where they do not find all persons equally Inen1bers. And by this kind of resentn1ent, Inany sad inconveniences have be- fallen the king, and those TI1en r ,vho have had the honour and misfortune of those secret trusts. The truth is, the sinking and near desperate con- dition of lnonarchy in this kingdom can never be buoyed up, but by a prudent and steady council at- tending upon the virtue and vivacity of the king; nor be preserved and improved when it is up, but by cherishing and preserving the \visdom, integrity, dignity, and reputation of that council: the lustre whereof always reflects upon the king himself; who is not thought a great lnonarch "Then he follows only his own reason S and appetite; but when,. for the in- forming his reason, and guiding his actions, he uses the service, industry, and faculties of the ,visest men. And though it hath been, and will be, always ne- cessary to admit to those counsels SOlne men of great power, ,vho will not take the pains to improve their great parts; t yet the nUlnber of the whole should not be too great; and the capacities and qualities of BOOK III. o of it;J of the table; p honourable] reverent l) have] Not in MS. r the king, and those men] to the king, and to those Hlen s only his own reason] the reins of his own reason t to improve their great parts;] to have great parts; OF THE REBELLION. 345 the most should be u fit for business; that is, either for judgn1ent and despatch; or for one of them at least; and for x integrity above all. This digression (much longer than was intended) will not appear very impertinent, when the great disservice shall appear, which befell y the king by the swearing those lords formerly mentioned (I speak but of some of thenl) privy-counsellors. For, in- stead of exercising thelTIselves in their ne,v pro- vince, and endeavouring to preserve and vindicate that jurisdiction, they looked upon themselves as preferred thither, by their reputation in parliament, not by the z kindness and esteelTI a of the king; and so resolved to keep up principally the greatness of that place, to ,vhich they thought they o,ved their o,vn b greatness. And therefore, ,vhen the king re- quired the advice of his privy-council, in those mat- ters of the highest Ïlnportance ,, hich ,vere then every day incumbent on him,c the ne,v privy-coun- sellors positively declared, "that they n1ight not " (that ,vas, that nobody might) give his majesty " any advice in matters depending in the two houses, " which was not d agreeable to the sense of the two " houses; which they called e his great council, by " whose wisdoln he ,vas entirely to guide hilnself." As f this doctrine ,vas insipidlyg and perniciously urged by some h ; so it was supinelyi and stupidly sublnitted to by others k : insomuch as the king in a u should be] Not in MS. x for] Not in A1S. Y befell] befell unto z by the] Not in MS. a esteenlJ estimation b own] Not in MS. C on him,] to him, d which was nQt] and not e they called] (forsooth) was f As] And as g insipidly] nlcst insipidly h some] them i supinely] most supinely k others] the rest BOOK III. 1640. 346 THE HISTORY moment found himself bereaved of all I public assist- ance and advice, In in a time when he needed it lnost; and his greatest, and, upon the matter, his only bu- siness, being prudently to ,veigh and consider what to consent to, and what to deny, of such things as sholùd be proposed to him by the two houses, he was now told, "that he ,vas only to be advised by them;" which was as much as to say, that he 111ust do what- soever they desired of him. n Whereas in truth, it is not only lawful for the privy-council, but their duty,O to give faithfully and freely their adv:ice to the king upon all matters con- cluded in parliament, to which his royal assent p is necessary, as well as upon any other subject whatso- ever. Nay, a privy-counsellor, as such, is q bound to dissuade the king from consenting r to that which is prejudicial to the crown; at least to make that pre- judice manifest to him; though as a private person he could wish the matter consented to. And there- fore, by the constitution of the kingdom, and the constant practice of former s times, all bills, after they had passed both houses, were delivered t by the clerk of the parliament to the clerk of the crown; and by hin1 brought to the attorney -general; who presented the saIne to the king u sitting in council, and having read them, declared what alterations BOOK III. ] 640. 1 of all] of any m and advice] or advice n to say, that he must do what- soever they desired of him.] to ask, whetl;er they had a nlind he should do whatever they de- sired of hilu. o lawful for the privy-council, but their duty,] lawful for, but the duty of the privy-council, P assent] consent q a privy-counsellor, as such, is] as a counsellor he is r from consenting] to consent B of former] of aU t had passed both houses, were delivered] are passed both houses and engrossed, are delivered \1 the king] his Inajesty OF 'rHE REBELLION. were l11ade by x those bills to Y former laws, and \vhat benefit or detriment, in profit or jurisdiction, would Z accrue thereby to the cro\vn: and then, upon a a full and free debate by his counsellors, the king resolved accordingly upon such bills as were to be b enacted into laws; and respited c the other that he thought d not fit to consent to. As this e hath been the known practice, so the reason is very visi- ble; that the royal assent being a distinct and essen- tial part towards the making a law, there should be as much care taken to inforlTI the understanding and conscience of the king upon those occasions, as theirs, who prepare the saIne for his royal assentJ x ,,,Tere nlade by] are by y to] in z would] will a then, upon] thereupon b resolved accordingly upon such bills as were to be] resolves, and accordingly doth nlark the bills tha.t are to be C respited] respites d thought] thinks e As this] And ll1ethinks as this f royal assent.] stamp. After this, in MS. C. is found the fol- lowing short account of the state ofparties in both houses, of which a more full des'cription has been given in the history from ftlS. B. see page 3 I 7. The council- table being by this new doctrine and these new doctors rendered use- less to the king, the fate of all things depended upon the two houses, and therefore it will not be amiss to take a view of the persons by whose arts and in- terests the rest were disposed, the lesser wheels 1l1Oving en- tirely by their virtue and impul- 347 BOOK III. 1640. sion. In the lords' house the earls of Essex, Bedford, lVar- wick, the lords Say and Kin1bol- ton, were the governing voices, attended by Brooke, 'Vharton, Paget, and such like. In the house of conunons l\ir. Pym, Mr. Hambden, 1\ir. St. John, 1\1r. Hollis, and l"Ir. Fiennes, ab- solutely governed, being stoutly surrounded, upon all occasions, by Mr. Strode, sir John Hotham, (whom his hatred to the earl of Strafford, and his having been a dexterous sheriff in the collec- tion of ship-money, had firmly united to that party,) sir '''alter Earle, young sir flarry Vane, and many others of the same telnpers and dispositions; but truly, I an1 persuaded, whatever design, either of alteration or reformation, was yet formed, I mean in the beginning of the parliament, was only conllnuni- cated between the earl of Bed- ford, the lords Say and Kimbol- ton, 1\1r. Pym, l\fr. I-Ianlbden, 1\lr. Fiennes, and 1\Ir. St. John; BOOK III. 1640. Great li- cence in })feaching and print- ing. 348 THE HISTORY That it 111ight appear that what was done ,vithin the houses ,vas agreeable to those ,vho ,vere with- out, and that the sanle spirit reigned in parlialnent and people, all possible licence ,vas exercised in preaching, and printing any old scandalous paln- phlets, and adding ne,v to thell1 against the church: petitions presented hy lnany parishioners against their pastors, with articles of their misdemeanours and behaviours; most whereof consisted, "in their "bo,ving at the nall1e of Jesus, and obliging the " c0J11municants to conle up to the altar," (as they enviously called it,) that is, to the rails \vhich en- closed the communion-table, " to receive the sacra- "ment. s , All ,vhich petitions ,vere read ,,-ith great delight, and presently referred to the committee about religion g ; where 1\1:1". \Vhite, a grave lawyer, but notoriously disaffected to the church, sat in the chair; and then both petition and articles were suf- fered to be printed and published, (a licence never practised before,) that the people might be inflamed who, together with the earl of Rothes, and the lord Lowden, (the cots comnlissioners,) ma- naged and carried it on; and that neither the earl of Essex, 'Varwick, nor Brooke himself, no, nor l\Ir. Hollis or Strode, or any of the rest, were other- wise trusted, than upon occa- sion, and made use of according to their several gifts: but there 'was yet no Inanner of difficulty in swaying and guiding the af- fections of nlen; all having brought resolution and animo- sity enoup;h against the excesses and exorbitancies that had been exercised in the former govern- 11lent, and dislike enough to the persons guilty of the sanle, and not yet discerning that there was any other intention t.han of a just and regular proceeding and refornlation upon both. All things going on thus smoothly within the walls, and succeed- ing according to wish, it was requisite to feel the pulse of the people, and to discover how they stood inclined, and how far 9 upon any emergent occasion, they nlight be relied on; and for that purpose a pregnant op- portunity was offered. There had been three persons, &c. as in page 349, lille ] 7. g about religion] for religion OF THE REBELLION. 349 against the clergy; \vho \vere quickly taught to call no 0 K all those against ,vhom such petitions and articles Ill. '\vere exhibited (which were frequently done by a few 16 10. of the rabble, and meanest of the people, against the sense and judgn1ent of the parish) tIle scaJlllalous clergy; which appellation was frequently applied to nlen of great gravity and learning, and the most unbleulished lives. There cannot be a better instance of the unruly The entry d . . I f h . f L d . of Pryn, an mutInous spIrIt 0 t e CIty 0 on on, ,vhlch Bastwicl\:, ,vas then h the sink of all the ill hUl1l0UrS i of the : n kingdoln, than the triun1phant entry ,vhich SOll1e don. persons at that time made into London, \vho had been before seen upon pillories, and stigmatized as libellous and infamous offenders: of which classis of men scarce any age can afford the like. k There had been three persons of several profes- sions some years before censured in the I star-chanl- ber; Willian1 Pryn, a barrister of Lincoln's Inn; John Bastwick, a doctor of physic; and Henry Bur- ton, a minister and lecturer of London. m The first, not unlearned in the profession of the law, as far as learning is acquired by the mere read- ing of books; but being a person of great industry, had spent more tin1e in reading divinity; and, \vhich Inarred that divinity, in the conversation of factious . and hotheaded divines: and so, by a mixture of all three, ,vith the rudeness and arrogance of his o,vn nature, had contracted a proud and venonlOUS dislike h then] Not ill MS. i humours] humour k the like.] The continuation of this account, from iUS. B. of the Pllfry cý' Pryn and his USS()- ciates into London, will be found in the Appendix, C.; the printell history being taken from lU S. C. 1 the] Not in ...US. m of London.] in London. 350 THE HISTORY ] 640. to the n discipline of the church of England; and so by degrees (as the progress is very natural) an equal irreverence to the governluent of the state too; both which he vented in several absurd, petulant, and su- percilious discourses in print. The second, a half-witted, crack-brained fello,v, unknown to either university, or the college of phy- sicians; but one that had spent his time abroad, be- tween the schools and the calup, (for he had been in, or passed through arulies,) and had gotten a doctor- ship, and Latin; with which, in a very flo\ving style, with SOine ,vit and much malice, he inveighed against the prelates of the church in a book ,vhich he printed in Holland, and industriously dispersed in London, and throughout the kingdom; having presuD1ed (as their modesty is always equal to their obedience) to dedicate it to the sacred I}Jlajesty of the king. The third had forluerly a kind of relation by ser- vice to the king; having, before he took orders, waited as closet-keeper, and so attended at canonical hours, ,vith the books of devotion, upon his majesty w'hen he was prince of 'Vales; and, a little before the death of king James, took orders: and so his highness coming shortly to be king, the vapours of ambition fuming into his head that he was still to keep his place, he \vould not think of less than being clerk of the closet to the new king, \vhich place his Inajesty conferred upon, or rather continued in, the bishop of Durham, doctor Neyl, who had long served king J anles there. 1\11'. Burton thus disapl)ointed, and, as he called it, despoiled of his right, 0 \vould not, BOOK III. n to the] against the f) fight. ] rights, OF 'l"HE REBELLION. 351 in the greatness of his heart, sit down by the affront; but committed t\VO or three such weak, saucy in- discretions, as caused an inhibition to be sent him, " that he should not presume to come any more to " court:" and froIn that time he P resolved to re- venge himself of the bishop of Durhaln, upon the ,v hole order; and so turned lecturer, and preached against theln; being endued with Inalice and bold- ness, instead of learning and any tolerable parts. These three persons having been, for several fol- lies and libelling humours, first gently reprehended, and after, for their incorrigibleness, more sèverely censured and in1prisoned, found some means in pri- son of correspondence, \vhich was not before known to be between then1; and to con1bine themselves in a more pestilent and seditious libel than they had ever before vented; in which the honour of the king, queen, counsellors, and bishops, was with equal licence blasted and traduced; which was faithfully dispersed by their proselytes in the city. The au- thors were quickly and easily known, and had in- deed too much ingenuity to deny it; and were there- upon brought together to the star-chamber q ore te- nus; where they behaved thelnselves with marvel- lous insolence; with full confidence demanding, " that "the bishops who sat in the court" (being only the archbishop of Canterbury, and the bishop of London) " n1ight not be present, because they were their ene- " n1ies, and so parties:" which, how scandalous and ridiculous soever it seemed then there, was good lo- gic and good law two years after in Scotland, and served to hanish the hishops of that kingdolTI both P he] No' ill lWð. (I tar-chamberJ star-chamber-bar. BOOK III. 1640. 352 THE HISTORY 1640. fron1 the council-table and the assembly. Upon a very patient and solen1n hearing, in as full a court as ever I sa\v in that place, S without any difference in opinion or dissenting voice, they were all three censured as scandalous, seditious, and infaulous per- sons, " to lose their ears in the pillory, and to be in1- " prisoned in several gaols during the king's plea- " sure:" all which ,vas executed with rigour and se- verity enough. But yet their itch of libelling still broke out; t and their friends of the city found a line of comn1unication \vith them U. Hereupon the wis- don1 of the state thought fit, that those infectious sores should breathe out their corruption in some air more remote fron1 that catching city, and less liable to the contagion: and so, by an order of the lords of the council, Mr. Pryn was sent to a castle in the island of Jersey; Dr. Bastwick to Scilly; and l\lr. Burton to Guernsey; where they remained unconsi- dered, and truly I think unpitied, (for they were D1en of 110 virtue or merit,) for the space of t\VO years, till the beginning of this present parliament. Shortly upon that, petitions were presented by their wives or friends, to the house of commons, ex- pressing " their heavy censures and long sufferings;" and desiring, by way of appeal, "that the justice " and rigour of that sentence might be reviewed and " considered; and that their persons might be " brought from those remote and desolate. places to " London, that so they might be able to facilitate x " or attend their own business." The sending for them out of prison <,vhich was the main) took up BOOK III, S ever I saw in that place,] 1 ever saw, 1 broke out;] brake out; u with them] Not in IS. x facilitate] solicit OF Tl-IE REBE1.I"ION. 353 111uch consideration: for though very Inany ,vho had 110 kindness, had yet compassion for the men; thinking y they had suffered enough; and that, though they were scurvy fellows, they had heen scurvily used: and others had not only affection to their persons, as having suffered for a common cause; but were concerned to revive and improve their use- ful faculties of libelling and reviling authority; and to make those ebullitions of their l11alice Z not thought noisome to the state: yet a sentence of a SUpre111C court, the star-chamber, (of which they had not yet spoke \vith irreverence,) ,vas not lightly to be blown off: hut, when they ,vere informed, and had consi- dered, that by that sentence the petitioners ,vere con- den1ned to S0111e prisons in London; and were after- \vard removed thence by an order of the lords of the council; they looked upon that order as a violation of the sentence; and so made no scruple to order " that the prisoners should be removed froB1 those "foreign prisons, to the places to \v hich they \vere " regularly first con1mitted." And to that purpose \varrants were signed by the speaker, to the gover- nors and captains of the several castles," to bring " them in safe custody to London:" ,vhich were sent ,vi th all possible expedition. Pryn and Burton being neighbours (though in distinct islands) landed at the san1e time at South- alnpton; \vhere they were received and entertained with extraordinary demonstrations of affection and esteem; attended by a marvellous conflux of com- pany; and their charges not only horne with great Y for the men; thinking they] 7 of thei." ma1ice] Nut in 1118. toward them; as thinkiuO' the,' o . YOLo I. .l\ a BOOK III. 1640. 54. TI-IE I-IISTOR \r J 640. nlagnificence, but liberal presents given to thenl. And this luethod and cerenlony kept them cOlnpany all their journey, great herds of people l11eeting them at their entrance into all to,vns, and \vaiting upon them out with ,vonderful acclalnations of joy. \Vhen they came near London, multitudes of people of se- veral conditions, some on horseback, others on foot, nlet thenl soml nliles frOl1l the to,vn; very 111any having heen a day's journey; and they C were brought, about two of the clock in the afternoon, in at Charing-cross, and carried into the city by above ten thousand persons, with boughs and flo\vers in their hands; the COlnmOl1 people strewing flo,vers and herbs in the ,vays as they passed, making great noise, and expressions of joy for their deliverance and return; and in those acclamations mingling loud and virulent exclamations against the bishops, " who " had so cruelly prosecuted such godly lllen." In the sanle lllanner, \\rithin five or six days after, and in like triUI1lph, Dr. Bast\"ick returned from Scilly, landing at Dover; and from thence ringing the sanle testimonies of the affections and zeal of Kent, as the others had done froln Hampshire and Surrey, ,vas Inet before he caUle to South,vark by the good people of London, and so conducted to his lodging likev.rise in the city. I should not have ,vasted thus nluch tiule d in a discourse of this nature, hut that it is and was then evident, that this insurrection (for it was no better) and phrensy of the people 'vas an effect of great in- dustryand policy, to try and publish the tenlper of the people; and to satisfy themselves in the activity BOOK III. c they] so they d thus much time] this much time and paper O:F T,HE REBELLIONI :355 and interest of their tribunes, to whOln that province of shewing then1 e was comn1itted. And froln this time, the licence of preaching and printing increased to that degree, that all pulpits were freely delivered to the schismatical and silenced preacbers, who till then had lurked in corners, or lived in Ne\v Eng... land; and the presses at liberty for the publishing the ll10St invective, seditious, and scurrilous pam- phlets, that their ,vit and malice could invent. 'Vhilst the n1inisters of the state, and judges of the law, like men in an ecstasy, surprised and all1azed ,vith several apparitions, had no speech or motion; as if, having comlnitted such an excess of jurisdic- tion, (as men upon great surfeits are enjoined for a time to eat nothing,) they had been prescribed to exercise no jurisdiction at all. 'Vhereas, ,vithout doubt, if either the privy-council, or the judges and the king's learned council, had assulned the courage to have questioned the preaching, or the printing, or the seditious riots upon the triumph of those three f scandalous men, before the un interruption and secu- rity had confirlned the people in all three, it had been no hard matter to have destroyed those seeds, and pulled up those plants, which, being g neglected, gre\v up and pl ospered to a full harvest of rebellion and treason. But this was yet but a rudeness and rankness abroad, without any visible countenance or approbation from the parliament: all seemed h chaste within those ,valls. The first malignity that was apparent there (for the accusation of the archbishop and the earl of c them] the people f those three] these three g being] Not in MS. II all seemed] all was Aa2 BOOK III. ] 640. 356 rHE HISTORY BOOK Strafford were looked upon as acts of passion, di- III. rected against particular persons, who were thought 1640. to have deserved some extraordinarr measures i and proceeding) was against the church: first, k in their cOlllmittee for religion; which had been assulned ever since the latter times of king J anIes, though seldom or never any such thing had before been heard of I in parliament; \vhere, under pretence of receiving petitions against clergymen, they often de- bated points beyond the verge of their understand- de clara- ing: then, m by their cheerful reception of a declara- tIon of . some mi- tlon of many sheets of paper against the whole go- nisters, and f h h d b a petition vernment 0 t e churc ; presente y ten or a o t ome dozen ministers, at the bar; and P retended to be Cl lzens, against signed by several hundreds of the ministers n of the govern- ment of London and the countries 0 adjacent: and a petition, the church . by bishops. presented by aiderlllan Pennington, and alleged to be subscribed by twenty thousand men, inhabitants within the city of London; who required, in plain terms, " the total extirpation of episcopacy." Yet p the house was then so far frolll being possessed with that spirit, that the utmost that could be obtained, upon a long debate upon that petition, was, "that it " should not be rejected;" against which the num- ber of the petitioners ,vas urged as a powerful argu- ment; only it \vas suffered to remain in the hands of the clerk of the house, ,vith direction, " that no " copy of it should be given." And for the luinisters' declaration, one part only of it was insisted on by i lueasures] lueasure k first,] not only I t.hough seldom or never any such thing had before been heard of] but no such thing had been before heard of m then,] but n several hundreds of the mi- nisters] seven hundred mnllS- ters o countries] cuunties }) Yet] But OF "1"HE REBELLION. 357 them, and read in the house; ,vhich concerned the BOOK exercise of ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the excess III. of their courts q: the other parts were declined by 1640. n1any of them, and especially ordered " to be sealed " up by the clerk, that they might r be perused by "no Inan." So that all that envy and animosity against the church seenled to be resolved into a de- sire, "that a bill might be framed to relnove the " bishops from their votes in the lords' house, and " frOln any office in secular affairs;" which was the utlllost Inen pretended to wish: and to such a pur- pose a bill was shortly after prepared, and brought into the house; of which more shall be said in its proper place. I t was a strange disingenuity, s that was practised reat is- · h i h .. h . h · d mgenUIty In t e procurIng t ose petItIons; w IC contInue used in pro- ever after in the like addresses. The course was, .pe- first, to prepare a petition very lllodest and dutiful, for the forn1; and for the n1atter, not very unrea- son able; and to COlllIllunicate it at son1e public ßleeting, where care was taken it should be re- ceived ,vith approbation: the subscription of very few hands filled the paper itself, where the petition was ,vritten, and therefore many more sheets were annexed, for the reception of the nUlllber, which gave all the credit, and procured all the counte- nance, to the undertaking. When a multitude of hands was procured, the petition itself was cut off, and a new one framed, suitable to the design in hand, and annexed to the long list of names which were subscribed to the forlner. By t this means, q the exercise of ecclesiastical r they luightJ it Inight jurisdiction, and the excess of S disingenuity,] un ingenuity their courts] the exercise of and nlountebankry, their jurisdiction, and the excess t By] And by of their ecclesiastical courts 358 THE HIsrrORY BOO K many Inen found their hands subscribed to petitions, III. of which they before had never heard. As several 1640. ministers, whose hands were to the petition and de- claration of the London ministers before mentioned, have professed to 111any persons, "that they never " saw that petition or declaration before it \vas pre- " sented to the house; but had signed another, the "substance of which ,vas, not to be compelled to "take the oath enjoined by the new canons: and " ,vhen they found, instead of that, their nan1es set " to a desire of an alteration of the governlnent of "the church, they with lTIuch trouble ,vent to Mr. " l\iarshall, with WhOlll they had intrusted the pe- " tition U and their hands; ,vho gave theln no other " ans\ver, but that it was' thought fit by those \vho " understood business better than they, that the lat- " tel' petition should rather be preferred than the "former." And when he found, they intended by SOllle public act to vindicate themselves fronl that callunny; such persons, upon whom they had their , greatest dependence, ,vere engaged, by threats and promises, to prevail "rith them to sit still, and to })ass by that indirect proceeding. COl lpJajnts For the better facilitating and lllaking ,vay for agall1st . I h h . . omt' parti. those vlru ent x attelnpts upon the CUlT , petItIons cular bi. d I . h ' I ' d . t th J · @hops; an conlp alnts ,vere ex I )lte Y agaills e exor )1- tant acts of SOl1le bishops; especially against the bi- shops of Bath and l\r ells, and Ely; who, they al- leged, f. "had ,vith great pride and insolence pro- . "voked all thp gentry, and a most of the inhabitants _\ntl ag nn:-t .. .. , A the new CR-" 'Ylt.1un their dIoceses. ' nd the ne\v canons were nons; l1 the petition] their petition x those virulent] these ,'irulent Y werecxhihitcdJ are exhibited L they alleged,] Not in JJIS. ii and] and in truth OJ? 'rHE REBEI LION. 359 insisted on, "as a most palpable invasion by the " whole body of the clergy, upon the laws and li- " berty of the people." I said b before, that after the dissolution of the fornler short parlianlent, the convocation C was con- tinued by special warrant fronl the king; and by his Inajesty, in a solenln message sent to thenl by sir Harry Vane, then principal secretary, " required " to proceed in the making of canons, for the Letter " peace and quiet of the church." Notwithstanding this cOlnmand, the chief of the clergy, well knowing the spirit of bitterness that was contracted against them; and many obsolete pamphlets ag inst their jurisdiction and power being, since the commotions' in Scotland, revived and published ,vith more free- dOlTI; desired his majesty, " that the opinions of the "judges might be known and declared, whether " they 111ight then la,vfully sit, the parlialnent being " dissolved, and proceed in the lnaking of canons; " as likewise, upon other particulars in their juris- " diction, ,vhich had been most inveighed against?" All the judges of England, upon a nlature debate, in the presence of the king's council, under their hands asserted, "the power of the convocation in " Inaking d canons, and those other parts of jurisdic- " tion, which had been so enviously questioned." Hereupon they proceeded; and having composed a body of canons, presented the saIne to his majesty, for his royal approbation. They ,vere then again debated at the council-hoard, not ,vithout notable opposition; for upon some lessening the po,ver and b I said] I told you c convocation] con,.ocatioll house d " the power of the convo- " cation in making] their pOl' er of Inaking Aa4 BOUK HI. 1640. J60 'rHE HIS'rORY ] 640. autbority of their e chancellors, and their conln1issa- ries, by those canons, the professors of that law took themselves to be disobliged; and sir Henry l\tlartin, <,vho was not likely to f oversee any advantages,) upon several days of hearing at the council-table, with his utmost skill objected against them: but in the end, by the entire and unanimous advice of the privy-council, the canons \vere confirmed by the king, under the great seal of England, and thereby enjoined g to be observed. So that whatsoever h they were, the judges were at least as guilty of the first presumption in framing them, and the lords of the council in publishing and executing them, as the bi- shops, or the rest of the clergy, in either. Yet the storIn fell wholly on the church: and the Inatter of those canons, and the manner of luaking thenl, was insisted on, as a pregnant testimony of a Inalignant spirit in the very function of the bishops. The truth is, the season in which that synod con- tinued to sit (as 'vas observed before) was in so ill a conjuncture of tin1e, (upon the dissolution of a par- lianlcnt, and almost in an invasion from Scotland,) that nothing could have been transacted there, of a })opular and prevailing influence. And i then, some sharp canons against sectaries, and some additionals in point of ceremonies, countenancing, though not enjoining, what had not been long practised, infi- nitely inflamed SOlne, and troubled others; \vho jointly took advantage of what strictly was amiss; as the making an oath, the matter of which was conceived incongruous; and enjoining it to many of HOOK III, e their] the f who was not likely toJ who c;ollid not g enjoined] legally enjoined h whatsoever] whatever i And] Not in ftlS. OF THE REBELLION. 361 the laity, as ,veIl as the clergy; and likewise k the BOO K · f . d . III. grantIng 0 subSI les. So that the house of commons (that is, the major 1.640. \Vhlch are part) made no scruple, in that heat, I to declare, condemned . by the " that the convocatIon-house had no po\ver at all of house of k . ". h d . h . (.ommons, "ma Jng canons: notwlt stan lng t at It was ap-' parent by the law, and the uncontradicted practice of the church, that canons had never been otherwise made: "and that those canons contained in them "lnatter of sedition and reproach to the regal " power; prejudicial to the liberty and property of " the subject, and to the privileges of parlian1ent." By the extent of which notable vote and declara- tion, they had involved almost the whole clergy under the guilt of arbitrary proceedings; m as much as they had done the nobility and gentry before, under their votes against n lords lieutenants, deputy lieutenants, privy-counsellors, and sheriffs; and of which they n1ade the same use; as shall be remem- bered in its proper place. 0 In the lnean tin1e p the two ar1l1ies were neCeS-l\loney bor- . 1 1. . d d .C'. 1 h · h rowed of SarI y to JJe proVI e 1.01', est t e countrIes were the city by their q uarters ,vere should come to be O Pp ressed b y t h he two fi ouses, or free quarter; ,vhich would not only raise a very in_suppJying . ,. the two ar- COnvenIent nOIse, but Introduce a necessity of dis- mies. banding the armies, which they were in no degree }'eady for: and money not being to be raised soon enough in the regular q way, by act of parliament, \"hich ,,,,"ould require some time in the passing;r be- k lilassed the act for the continuing this parlia- ment. f in things] into things g in a time] of a time h relied wholly] wholly re- lied i exceed] pass k notorious.] exemplar and notorious. ] both] Not in MS. OF 'l'HE REBELLION, 457 kingdom, as that was to the earl, "the act for the ß 00 K " perpetual parliament;" as it is since called. III. The vast charge m of the two armies was no other 1641. The arts by way supplied, (for I have told you before the reason which that h h I .. f b . di ) act was W y t ey were so s o'v In grantIng 0 su SI es, obtained. than by borro,ving great sums of money froin the city or citizens of London, upon the credit of parti- cular persons. The e111issaries in that negociation, about the time the act of n attainder passed the commons, returned, " that there ,vas no more hope " of borrowing in the city; that men had before " cheerfully lent their estates, upon their confidence " in the honour and justice of the t,vo houses: but " they had no,v considered, how desperate that se- " curity 111Ust prove, if the two houses should be "dissolved." 'Vhich consideration begun to have an universal influence upon all those ,vho were per- sonally bound for Inonies already borro,ved; "for " that their persons and fortunes must answer those " SU111S ,vhich had been paid for the public benefit, " if the parlialnent should be dissolved before any " act passed for their security. 0 That their fears " and apprehensions that this might happen were " lnuch advanced by the late discovery of the plot " against the parliament; for though the particu- "lars thereof 'v ere not yet published, they dis- " cerned there was not that good meaning to the " parlianlent, as it deserved." This was no sooner offered, than the reasonableness of the objection was enforced; and the necessity of finding S0111e ex- pedient " to satisfy the people of the gracious in ten- " tion P and resolutions of the king;" which were m charge] burden n of] for o security.] indemnity. p intention] intentions BOOK Ill. J fi41 . 458 THE HISTORY lTIOst unquestionable; (for in all those article of time, ,vhen they were to deilland sonle unreason- able thing from hiln, they spared no dutiful 111en- tion of the piety and goodness of his own princely nature; or large prolnises ,vhat delnonstrations of duty they would shortly Blake to hÏ1n.) No way could be thought of so sure, q as an act of parlia- luent, "that this parlialnent should not be ad- "journed, prorogued, or dissolved, but by act of " parlialnent; which, upon this occasion, his nla- " jesty would never deny to pass I" It is not credible, what an universal reception and concurrence this motion Inet ,vith, (,vhich was to remove the landmarks, and to destroy the found- ation of the kingdom,) insolnuch, as a cOl1lmittee ,vas imnlediately appointed to ,vithdra,v, and to prepare a short bill to that purpose; which ,vas ,vithin a short tin1e (less than an hour) brought into the house, and immediately t,vice read, and com- mitted; an expedition scarce ever heard of before r in parlialnent; and the next day, with as little agi- tation, and the contradiction of very fe,v voices, en- grossed, and carried up to the lords. 'Vith thenl it had some debate, and alnendlnents, ,vhich were de- livered at a conference, the principal whereof was, " that the time should be IÏ1nited, and not left in- " definite, and that it should not be dissolved \vith- " in two years, except by consent of both houses;" that tinle being sufficient to provide against any ac- cidents that were then apprehended. These alterations werè highly resented in the house of comnlons, as argull1ent of jealousy bct,veen q sure,] undeniable, never before heard of r scarce ever heard qf before] OF THE REBELLION. 459 the king and the parliament, "that it should be " hnaginable the n1embers of both houses, who re- " sided from their houses and conveniences at great " charge for the service of the pu hlic, would desire " to continue longer together than the necessity of " that service should require;" ,vithout considering, that it ,vas nlore unlikely that the king (who had condescended so far to them, and had yet in truth l"eceived no fruit from their meeting) would dissolve them, as long as they intended that for ,vhich they were summoned together, and contained themselves ,vi thin the bounds of duty and moderation. But the comnlons stoutly insisted on their o\vn bill; and the lords, in that hurry of noise and con- fusion, when the meetings of the-people ,vere so fre- quent, S kindly consented likewise to it: and so, by the importunity, and upon the undertaking of per- sons be then most trusted, in the agony of the other despatch, the king \vas induced to include that bill in the comnlission ,vith the act of attainder, and t they ,vere both passed together. After the passing these two bills, the telnper and spirit of the people, both ,vithin and \vithout the ,valls of the two houses, gre,v marvellous cahn and COIn posed; thcre being like,vise about that time passed by the king, the t,vo bills, for the taking a\vay the star-chamber court, and the high cOlnmis- sion: so that there ,vas not a grievance or inconve- nience, real or Î1naginary, to which there was not a through renlcdy applied; and therefore all n1cn expected, that both armies ,vould be- speedily dis- BOOK III. 1641. S when the meetings of the people were so frequent,] when the people were abroad, t and] and so 460 THE HIS'rOR Y BOOK banded; and such returns of duty and acknowledg- III. ment be made to the king, as might be agreeable to 1641 1 their professions, and to the royal favours he had vouchsafed to his people. But what provisions soever were made for the public, particular persons had received no satisfac- tion. The death of the earl of Bedford, and the high proceedings in all those cases in which the king was most concerned, left alJ those who ex- pected offices and preferments, desperate in their hopes: and yet an accident happened, that nlight have been looked upon as an earnest or instance of some encouragenlent that ,vay. Besides the lord Say's being invested in the In aster- ship of the wards, in the place of the lord Cotting- ton, (who was every day threatened, upon the secre- tary's paper of results, to be accused of high trea- son, till, like a wise man, he retired from the offices which begot 11 his trouble; and for a long tÍlne after, till he again embarked hinlself in public employ- ments, enjoyed himself without the least disturb- ance,) at a C0111111ittee in the house of lords, x in the afternoon, in SOlne debate, passio11 arose between the earl of Pen1broke, ,vho ,vas then lord chalnberlain of the household, and the lord lo,ybray, eldest son ofY the earl of Arundel; and froll1 angry and disdainful ,yords, an offer or attempt of blo,vs was made; for which misdemeanour, they ,vere the next day both The king sent to the Tower by the house of lords. The king, takes the. f h . .. d h · staff of taking advantage 0 t IS Illlscarriage; an aVIng lord cham- b I · d b h . · d . d berlainfrom een ong Incense y t e passIonate, In Iscreet, an e:: k: insolent carriage of the earl, sent to him, by a gen- 11 begot] begat x house oflords,] lords' house, Y son of] son to OF THE REBELLION. 461 tleman usher, for his staff; and within two or three BOOK days after bestowed it upon the earl of Essex; who, III. without any hesitation took it. 1641. I' d . and gives it It was thought thIS extra or lnary grace to the to the earl l110st popular person of the kingdom would have of Essex. had a notable influence upon the whole party, which made hin1 believe it depended very 11luch on him: hut it was so far from having that effect, as they looked upon that favour, rather as a lnark of punish- ment and revenge upon the earl of Pembroke, for his affection to them, and for giving his suffrage against the earl of Strafford, (,vhich he had often professed to the king he could never in conscience do,) than of esteem 7. and kindness to the earl of Essex; and so theya were in truth more offended and incensed ,vith the disgrace and disobligation to the one, than they 'v ere pleased with the preferment of the other: therefore whatever concerned the king in right; or ,vhat he nlight naturally expect fron1 the compliance and affection of the house; or what was any way recommended by his 111ajesty to them, found little or no respect. His revenue was so far from being advanced, (as The truth of h d 1 I . I · d ) h . b J · the case of a Jeen g orlOUS y IU"OmlSe , t at It was, ot 1 In tonnage dignity and value, lnnch lessened frolD \vhat it was: and pound- age. for shortly after the beginning of the parlialuent, great c0111plaint had been lnade, " that tonnage and "poundage" (\vhich is the duty and subsidy paid by the l11erchant upon trade) "had been taken by " the king ,vithout consent of parliament;" the case whereof in truth is this: this duty had been con- stantly given to the succeeding king, b ever since the 7. esteem] estimation .1 they] Not ill JJ'lS. h succeeding kin ,] sncec::;si,Te kings, BOOK III. 1641. 46Q THE HIS1."OR"\ reign of king Ed,vard the Fourth, for his life, in the first parliament they held after their conling to the cro,vn: before that tiIne, it had been granted for years; and ,vas originally intended for the support of the navy, ,vhereby the Inerchant nlight be freed froin danger of pirates; and upon the death of every king since that tilDe, his successor commonly C re- ceived it, without the least interruption, till the next parliament; in the beginning whereof it ,vas ahvays without scruple granted: so that, though it was, and must al \vays be acknowledged as the free gift of the people, (as all other subsidies are,) yet it was looked upon as so essential a part of the revenue of the crown, that it could not be ,vithout it: and as the king is not less king before his coronation than he is after, so this duty had been still enjoyed as freely before, as it was after an act of parliament to that purpose; neither had there been ever any exception taken in parliament, (,vhich S0111etÏ1nes was not in a year after the death of the foriner king,) that the crown had continued the receipt of it; which it did, d till the time of a new grant. Thus, after the death of king J alnes, his majesty received it, till the first parliament was sunlffioned; and, that and t,vo more being unfortunately dis- solved, (as ,vas said before,) in which his l1linisters were not solicitous enough for the passing that act for tonnage and poundage, continued the receipt of it till this present parliament: then (that is, lnany weeks after the beginning of it) it was directed, "that a bill should be speedily prepared for the " granting it,,, as had been usual, lest the crown l conlll1only] always d did,] always did, OF f).'HE RI BELLION. 463 " might, by so long enjoying, in a manner prescribe "to it of right, without the donation of the peo- " pie;" which the king ahvays disclainled to do. Shortly after (no man presunling to intilnate, that it should be granted in any other manner than of course it had been) it ,vas alleged, "that the bill " could not be so speedily prepared as were to be " wished, by reason that there ,vere n1any just ex- " ceptions made by the merchants to the book of " rates, \vhich had been lately lllade by the farlners " of the custolns, in the tÏ1ne and by the direction of " the earl of Port]and;" (circumstances that carried prejudice enough to ,vhatsoever they ,vere e applied;) and therefore it was proposed, for the present, as the best expedient to continue his majesty's supply, and to preserve the right of giving in the people, " thât " a telnporary bill should pass, for the granting the " sanle to his majesty for two lTIonths only, in which "time a new book of rates should be made, n10re " advantageous to his majesty in point of profit," (\vhich was ahvays professed, f) "and then a corn- " plete act nlight pass." To this purpose a bill \vas accordingly brought in, the prealnLle \y hereof " renounced and declared " against not only any po\ver in the cro\vn of levy- " ing the duty of tonnage and poundage, \vithout "the express consent of parlianlent, hut also any " po\ver of ÏInposition upon any merchandises what- " soever, and in any case \vhatsoever;" \vhich had been constantly practised in the best tin1es by the cro\vn; had the countenance of a solemn judgment e they were] it was f professed,] solemnly professed, BOOK III. 164 J . 464 THE HISTORY BOOK in the exchequer chanlber; and, though often agi- HI. tated in parlialnent, had never been yet declared ] 641. against: yet this quietly passed both houses, as a thing not worth considering g. And so, in expecta- tion and confidence, that they would nlake glorious additions to the h state and revenue of the cro"rn, his majesty suffered himself to be stripped of all that he had left; and of the sole stock of credit he had to borrow monies upon: for though, in truth, nlen knew that revenue was not legally vested in the king till an act of parliament, yet all men looked upon it as unquestionably to pass; and so it was not only a competent proportion for the present support of his house, hut was understood a good security for any ordinary sum of money uIJon advance, as forty or fifty thousand pound, upon any emergent occa- . SIOn. The men- All good i men discerned this gross usage, and the tion of the d . d · d .. b h . former plot lsa vantage 111lpOSe upon hIS majesty y t IS lTIU- between the. d h i' d Ii II · b court and tat Ion ; au t erelore expecte a u reparatIon, y the, arm d r such an act for life as had been usual; and such an reVl ve 10 the house improvement of the book of rates as had been pro- of com- DI00S. mised, as soon as the business of the earl of Strafford was over: which had been al\vays objected, as ne- cessary to precede all other consultations. But this ,vas no sooner moved, "as seasonable in order to g not worth considering) JJfS. adds: those who in duty ought to have opposed it in both houses, in relation to their ser- vice and trust, persuading his Inajesty, since he was sure to have whatsoever he or his pro- genitors had enjoyed;, ruBy and frankly given and granted to him within two months, not to enter into disputes, (upon how just claims soever,) which would only delay what he so nmeh de- sired. And so, &c. h the] his i good] Not in IS. OF THE REBELLION. 465 " their own professions, and in a degree due to the "king, after so many reiterated expressions of fa- "vour and affection to his peop]e, by so many ex- " cellent laws, and other condescensions," than they objected, "the odiousness of the late plot against the "parlian1ent, \v hich ,vas not yet fully discovered: " that notwithstanding those gracious delllonstrations " of favour frolll the king, in the la,vs and other acts "mentioned, they had great cause to apprehend, "some ill affected persons had still an influence "upon his majesty, to the disservice of the parlia- " ment, and to beget jealousies in hilll towards them; "for that they had plainly discovered (which they " should in a short time be able to present fully to " the house) that there had been a design, not only " to poison the affections of the army towards the " parliament, by making them believe that they,vere "neglected, and the Scots preferred much before " them; but to bring up that army to London, ,vith " a purpose to awe the parliament: that there ,vas a "resolution to seize the Tower, and to make it a " curb upon the city: that there had been an at- " tempt to prevail ,vith the officers of the Scottish k " army, at least to sit still as neuters, oy.,yhiist the " others 1 acted this tragedy: that the confederates "in this design had taken an oath, to oppose any " course that should be advised for the removing the " bishops out of the house of peers; to preserve and " defend the king's prerogative, to the utmost ex- " tent that any of his progenitors had enjoyed; and " to settle his Inajesty's revenue: that they had rea- l' son to fear his lllajesty's own concurrence, at least k Scottish] Scotch YOI . I. ) others] other Hh BOOK III. 1641. 466 1.'HE HISTORY BOO K "his approbation, in this design, (which, if not pre- Ill. _" vented, ll1ust have proved so pernicious and fatal J 641. "to the kingdolll,) for that, besides that the persons " principally engaged in it were of the nearest trust " about the king and queen, they had clear proof, that " a paper had passed his lllajesty's perusal, in which "were contained lllany sharp invectives against the " parliament; a desire that they tllight have the ex- " ercise of martial law, (the mention whereof ,vas " the most unpopular and odious thing that could be "imagined,) and an offer of service to defend his " majesty's person, which "ras an Ï1nplication as if it "had been in danger: and that this paper should , have been signed by all the officers of the army; , for their better encouragenlent ,,,herein, the king , himself had written a C. and an R. as a testimony " that he approved of it." This discourse, so lllethodically and confidently a verred, made a strange impression (without reserv- ing theillselves till the evidence should be produced) in the Ininds of Inost nlen; who believed, that such particulars could never have been with that solem- nity informed, if the proofs were not very clear; and served, not only to blast ,vhatsoever was moved on his l1lajesty's behalf, but to discountenance what, till then, had been the most popular nlotion that could be 111ade, which ,vas, the disbanding Loth arnlies, and 300,0001. the Scots return into their own country. For the voted to the Scots,for a better accomplishlnent ,vhereof, and as a testimony gratUIty, f h . h I ffi . h } h d besides 0 tell' Lrot er y a ectJons, m t e t\VO louses a ::: hlY frankly and bountifully undertaken " to give them a allowance. "gratuity of three hundred thousand pounds, over m. aflcctions,] affection, OF THE REBELLION. 467 " and above the t,venty-five thousand pounds the " month, during the time that their stay here should " be necessary"" After that act, the king n1ight have been reason- ably awaked fro111 any extraordinary confidence in the loyalty, honour, or justice, of both houses. And \vithout doubt, ,vhen posterity shall recover the cou- rage, and conscience, and the old honour of the English nation, it ,vill 110t ,vith 1110re indignation and blushes conten1plate any action of this seditious and rebellious age, than that the nobility and gentry of England, who were not guilty of the treason, should recompense an invasion frOlTI a foreign na- tion, n ,vith ,vhatever establishments they proposed in their o\vn kingdo111, and with a donative of three hundred thousand pounds, over and above all charges, out of the bo,vels of England ; which will yet appear the lTIOre prodigious, when it shall be considered, that not 0 a fifth part of those who were accessaries to that infan10us prodigality were eitherP favourers of their ends, or great q ,veIl. wishers to their nation. r ButS very many gave thelTIselves t leave, unfaith- fully, to be absent froln those debates, when the ,vealth and honour of their country was to be trans- planted into a strange land; others looked upon it as a good purchase, to he freed of the payn1ent of four- score thousand pounds the lllonth, (which ,vas the charge of both arlnies,) by an entire sun1 of three hundred thousand pounds; U and some pleased x theul- n nation,] contemned nation, o not] Not in i11S. p either] neither q great] Not in flJS. r to their nation.] of their na- tion ; S But] Not in .1118. t gave themselves ]givingthcm- selves 11 pounds;] pound; x pleased J pleasing Hh2 BOOK III. I 641 . BOOK III. 1641. 168 THE HISTORY selves with an assurance, that the scandal and un- reasonableness of the sum would provoke the peo- ple to a hatred and revenge, and so that the brother- hood would not be supported, but destroyed, by that extravagant bounty: yet these Y were only short ejaculations to please thelnselves for the time; for luany of those, who had no other reason to consent to that vast sum, but that they luight be rid of them, were so inflamed and transported with the tale of the plot, that they had then no lllind to let then1 go ; and had so far swallowed and digested an assurance that it was true, that they reserved no distinguishing or judging faculties, for the time when the evidence and proof should be presented to them. After they had played with this plot, and given the house heats and colds, by applying parts of it to them upon emergent occasions, for the space of near three months; and finding, that though it did them many notable services, in advancing their own repu- tations, and calumniating the king's honour, yet, that it had not a through effect at court for their preferment; they resolved to shew all their ware, and to produce the whole evidence: for the perfect- ing whereof, they had" a late mark z of God s great " favour towards them, in his furnishing them with " evidence for the con1plete discovery of all the Inis- " chief, froln one that was a principal contriver " of it." \Ve said before, that upon the first motion in the house of commons, by l\lr. Pym, " for a cOffilnittee " of examination, and for an address to the king, y yet these] but these z lllark] great mark n of examination,] to exa- mine, OF THE REBELLION. 469 "that he would grant no passes to any of his ser- "vants to go beyond seas," some persons, b of near relation to his trust, in1n1ediately absented them- selves; which ,vere Mr. Peircy, and Mr. Jermyn. N owC the latter of these, without interruption, trans- ported himself into France; but Mr. Peircy, delay- ing his journey upon some occasions of his own, and concealing hiInself in some obscure places in Sussex, near to his brother's house, was at last discovered; and when he endeavoured to have escaped, was set upon by the country people, and with great difficulty, and not without some hurt, got from them, and was not in some months again heard of. I t was generally believed afterwards, that finding the seaports shut, and watches set for his apprehen- sion in all those places, whereby the transporting himself into foreign parts was very difficult, he found Ineans to return to London, and to put him- self into his brother's protection; ,vhere it is thought he was harboured, till his hurt was cured; the strictness of the inquiry over; and till he had prepared that letter to his brother, the earl of Northun1berland, which served, as far as in hin1lay, to destroy all his companions, and furnished the comnlittee with that which they called " a double " evidence:" for they had no sooner received that letter from the earl of N orthulnherland, than they told the house, " they were now ready for a com- " plete discovery;" and thereupon produced the evi- dence of colonel Goring, and the letter from .1\11'. Peircy; both which agreed upon the relation, " of " a meeting at 1\11'. Peircy's chamber; and of a dis- b some persons,] two persons, C Now] Not ill ])]S. Hh3 BOOK III. ] 641. BOOK III. 1641. 470 THE HIS1'ORY "course of the parliament's neglect of the king.s, " and favouring the Scottish d arll1Y; the taking an " oath of secrecy; and some other particulars:" all which had been positively denied, by those of them that were e members of the house of commons, Mr. \Vilmot, Mr. Ashburnham, and Mr. Pollard, upon their examinations upon oath. I t will hardly be believed hereafter, (but that the effects of such impostures have left such deep Inarks,) that the evidence then given could, in so grave and judging an assembly, as a high court of parliament, till then, had ahvays been, have brought the least prejudice upon the king;. or, indeed, danlage to any person accused: there being, in all the testÍ1nollies produced, so little show Off proof, of a real design, or plot, to bring up the army (which was the chiefg nlatter alleged) to awe the parliament, that in truth it ,vas very evident, there ,vas no plot at all; only a free communication bet\veen persons (the major part ,vhereof were of the house)" of the ill arts that were " generally used to corrupt the affections of the peo- " pie; and of some expedient, 'v hereby, in that so " public infection, the army" (in which they had all considerable commands, two of them being general officers) "might be preserved from being wrought "upon and corrupted:" in ,vhich discourse, colonel Goring himself, as appeared by his own examination, only proposed wild and extravagant overtures, " of " bringing up the army, and surprising the Tower; " which was, by all the rest, with manifest dislike, ù Scottish] Scotch e of them that were] Not in lJfS. f so little show of] so far from any g chief] grand OF r.rHE REBELLION. 471 " rejected: that all this had passed at one meeting, " in which, they who met were so ill satisfied in one " another, that they never would COlne together " again: that, when the bringing up the army to " London was once talked of before h the king, his " majesty would not hear of it, but only desir d, " that their affections might be kept entire for his " service, as far as was consistent with the laws of " the land, ,vhich were in danger to be invaded." Yet, not,vithstanding that all this appeared; and that this ,vas all that i did appear, (besides a discourse of a petition; k for the petition itself they would not produce, signed with C. R. ,vhich is before set do,vn in tern1s,) the specious, positive narration of the 'v hole by 1\11". Pym, before the evidence was read; the denying what 1 ,vas no\v proved, and confessed by themselves, by 1\lr. \Vilmot, Ashburnham, and Pollard, upon the former examination; the flight of 1\11'. Jerl11yn, and 1\lr. Peircy, and SOUle others; the n1ention of SOine clauses in the petition signed ,vith C. R.; and son1e envious, dark glances, both in IVIr. Goring's examination, and IVIr. Peircy's letter, at the king and queen, as if they kne,v more than ,vas ex... pressed, so transported the hearers, (who made them- selves judges too,) that, taking all that ,vas said, to be proved, they quickly voted, "that there was a " design to bring up the army to force the parlia.. " ment ;" resolved to accuse Mr. J ernlyn and 1\11'. Peircy of high treason; committed the three n1em- hers of the house of comlnons to several prisons, and h was once talked of before] was men tioned to i that] which k a petition;] the petition; I denying what] denying of what Hh4 BOOK III. 1641. BOOK III. 164 i. 472 THE HISTORY put then1 fron1 being l11en1bers, m that in their rooms they might bring in three lnore fit for their service, as they shortly did; gave colonel Goring public thanks, " for preserving the kingdom, and the liber- " ties of parliament;" and filled the people \vith jea- lousy for their security, and with universal acclama- tions of their great wisdom and vigilancy. So that this plot served to produce their first protestation; to inflame the people against the earl of Strafford, and in a degree to compass their ends upon that great person, as hath been before observed; to pro- cure the bill for the continuance of this parliall1ent, the foundation, or the fountain, of all the public ca- lan1ities, to hinder and cross all overtures made for the revenue of the king, and to lessen the general reverence and duty to both their lnajesties; to con- tinue the Scottish n army within the kingdon1, and consequently to hinder the king's froln being dis- banded; to incense both houses against the bishops, as if the design had been principally for their pro- tection, (there 0 being one witness who said, " he had " been told, that the clergy ,vould raise and pay one " thousand horse, to be employed against the parlia- " ment,") to blast the reputation of the earl of Ne,v- castle, \vhose zeal to his majesty's service was most remarkable, as if he had been to have cOlnmanded the army; and lastly, to advance their o,vn credit and estimation with the people, as if they were the only patriots, that intended the preservation of reli- gion, law, and liberty. And having made this use of it, (which is a suffi- m members,] members of par- liament, n Scottish] Scots o there] and there OF THE REBELLION. 473 cient argument what opinion they had of their own evidence,) they never proceeded against any of the persons who were in their power, though they pa- tiently attended and importuned a trial above a year after their accusation: for they well kne\v, there ll1ust be then a more exact and strict \veighing of the proofs; and that the persons accused \vould p not only vindicate thelnselves frolll the aspersions which were laid upon them, but could recriminate upon the principal q prosecutors with such charges, as they would not so easily be freed froll1; and this was the reason, that, even during tIle heat and noise of the accusation, they received very civil offices, visits, and addresses, from the chief of those who \vere trusted with the prosecution. The sending that letter of 1\lr. Peircy's to the house of commons; or rather, the procuring that let- ter to be \vrit, (in \vhich such insinuations were made, to the prejudice of the king and queen,) was the first visible instance of the defection of the earl of Northumberland froll1 his r majesty's service; which wrought several ill effects in the Ininds of many: for, as the earl then had the most esteemed and unblemished reputation, in court and country, of any person of his rank throughout the kingdom; so they who knew him well, discerned, that the greatness of that reputation was but an effect of the singular grace and favour shewed to hilTI by his ma- jesty; who, immediately,upon the death of his fa- ther, had taken this earl (being then less than thirty years of age) into..his immediate and eminent care; P would] could grand q upon the principal] their r fron1 his] towards his BOOK III. ] 641. BOOK lIT. I 64 ] . 474 THE HIS'rORY first nlade him a privy-counsellor; then knight of the order of the garter; then (that he might fit him S by degrees for the greatest t.rust and employments) sent him admiral into the narrow seas, of a royal navy; and, after a sumn1er spent in that exercise, nlade him lord high admiral of England; and, to the very minute of which ,ve speak, prosecuted hin1 with all n1anner and demonstration of respect and kindness; and (as I heard his majesty hÍ111self say) " courted hin1 as his mistress, and conversed ,yith "hÍ1n as his friend, \vithout the least interrup- "tion or interlnission of any t possible favour and "kindness." And therefore n1any, who observed this great earl purchase this opportunity of disserv- ing the king, at the price of his brother's honour, and of his o\vn gratitude, concluded, that he had sonle notable tenlptation in conscience, and that the court \vas nluch ,vorse than it ,vas believed to be. The truth is, that after his brother's being accused of high treason; and then, upon his hurt in Sussex, coming directly to Northumberland-house to shelter himself; the earl being in great trouble how to send hil11 away beyond the seas after his wound was cured, u advised \vith a confident friend then in pow- er, \vhose affection to him he doubted not, and \vho, innocently enough, brought Mr. PY111 into the coun. cil, \vho overwitted them both, by frankly consenting, " that IVIr. Peircy should escape into France," which was all the care the earl had; but then obliged him J " first to draw such a letter fro1l1 hiIn, as 111ight by ' the party x be applied as an evidence of the reality s fit him] apt hin1 t of any] of all 11 cured,] recovered, x by the party] Not in ltt/S. OF THE REBELLION. 475 " of the plot, after he was escaped ;" and in this manner the letter was procured: which made a last- ing quarrel between the t\VO brothers; and made the earl more at the disposal of those persons whom he had trusted so far, than he had been before. After the act for the continuance of the parlia- ment, the house of commons took much more upon them, in point of their privileges, than they had done; and more undervalued the concurrence of the peers; though y that act neither added any thing to, Z nor extended their jurisdiction: which jurisdiction the wisdom of former times kept from being limited or defined, there heing then a no danger of excess; and it being much b more agreeable to the na- ture of the supreme court to have an unlimited ju- risdiction. But now that they could C not be dissolv- ed ,vithout their o\vn d consent, (the apprehension and fear whereof had always before kept thelll \vithin SOine bounds e of modesty,) they called any power they pleased to assume to themselves, " a " branch of their privilege ;" and any opposing or questioning that po,ver, "a breach of their privi. " leges: which all men were bound to defend by " their late protestation; and they were the only " proper judges of their o,vn privileges." Hereupon, they called ,vhom they pleased delin. quents; received complaints of all kinds, and com- mitted to prison whom they pleased: ,vhich had been never done, nor attempted, f before this parlia- y though] and though Z neither added any thing to,] added nothing to, a then] Not in MS. b Juuch] Not in iJ'IS. C they could] it could d own] Not in MS. e some bounds] the bounds f nor attempted,] or attempt- ed, BOOK III. ] 64] . BOOK III. 1641. 476 'l"HE HISTORY n1ent; except in some such apparent breach, as the arresting a privileged person, or the like: and, as if theirs had s\vallo\ved up all other privileges, of peers, and the g king himself, upon the lords reject- ing a bill sent up to them, " to compel all persons" (\vithout distinction of quality, and without distinc- tion of punishment or proceeding, upon their refusal) " to take the late protestation;" and two lords of great credit h (the earl of Southampton, and the lord Roberts) haying refused to take the same; the house of commons, in great fury, and with III any expres- sions of contempt, by a vote declared, "that the pro- "testation made by then1 was fit to be taken by " every person, that was well affected in religion, " and to the good of the commonwealth; and there- " fore, that \vhat person soever should not take the " protestation, was unfit to bear office in the church " or common\vealth;" and directed farther, "that " that vote should be printed, and that the knights " and burgesses should send down copies of it to the " several places for which they served:" \vhich ,,-as the Inost unparalleled breach of privilege, and the highest and most insolent affront to the lords, to the king, and to the justice of the kingdom, and the most destructive to parliaments, that any age had been guilty of. And yet, when some of the peers nobly resented it, on the behalf of the peerage, and the liberty of the subject, and pressed resolutely for reparation, means was found out to engage the king to interpose his royal mediation with those lords, to the end they might quietly pass by that public g the] Not in MS. h great credit] great estimation OF THE REBELLIOS. 477 violation and indignity, without further insisting BOOK on it. j III. All this time the two armies were continued at a 1641. vast k charge, n1any men whispering (but so that it might be spoken of) " that the Scots would not re- " tire till the bill against episcopacy was 1 passed:" ,vhereupon the king sent them word, about the be- ginning of July, " that he desired all speed might be " used for the disbanding both armies; for the bet- " tel' and lTIOre orderly doing \vhereof, he had con- " stituted the earl of Holland general of his army," (the earl of Northumberland, by reason of his indis- position in health, or some other reason, having laid down his commission,) " and intended forthwith to " send him do\vn thither: that his majesty himsel " according to am former resolution, and promise " made to his subjects of Scotland, meant to visit " that his native kingdom, for the better perfecting "the peace there; and appointed the day (about "fourteen days after) he resolved to begin his pro- " gress; and therefore ,vished them, against that " tin1e, to prepare and finish any such acts, as they " desired might receive his majesty's approbation, " for the good of the kingdom, if there yet remained " any thing to be asked of him." N ot\vithstanding which message, they spent most of their time upon the bill for extirpation of bishops, òeans, and chap- ters ; without either finishing n the act of pacification i insisting on it.] An account of the progress of the bill a- gainst episcopacy follows in MS. C. 'Which differs somewhat from the account taken from MS. B. and inserted in this Ilistory, p. -116. The rejerted part u:ill be found in the Appendix, F. k a vast] that vast 1 was passed :] were passed: m a] Not in ]}/S. n either finishing] finishing ei- ther BOOK III. J 641. 478 THE HISTORY between the two nations, or giving order for the dis- banding the army. It was wondered at by many, and sure was a great l11isfortune to the king, that he chose not rather at that time (though the business was only to disband) to constitute the earl of Essex general of his arnlY, than the earl of Holland; for (besides that it ,vould have been an act of n1uch more grace and satisfac- tion to the people, and to the soldieryO) his 111ajesty having lately given hiln so great an earnest of his trust, as the Inaking him chalnberlain of his house, he P ought in policy to have pursued that ,york, by any seasonable accumulation of favour, till he had made hÍ1n his perfect creature; which had been very easy, if skilfully attenlpted: for his pride and all1bi- tion, which were not acconlpanied with any habit of ill nature, were very capable of obligations; and he had a faithfulness and constancy in his nature, ,vhich had kept him always religious in lnatter of trust: then, he was almost a declared enemy to the Scot- tish q nation, and would have been very punctual in aU formalities and decencies, which had any relation to his master's honour, or the honour of the nation. In a word, he might have been imposed upon in his understanding, but could not have been corrupted by hopes or fears of r what the two houses could have done to hin1: and ,vas then nlore the idol of the people, than in truth the idolater of them. 'Vhereas, by making the earl of Holland general, his InajestyS much disobliged the other, ,vho ex- pected it, and to ,vhom it had been in a manner o soldiery] soldier P be] Not in ]}/S. q Scottish] Scotch r of] Not in JUS. S his majesty] he OF THE REBELLION. 479 offered; and made hin1 apprehend some distrust in the king towards him; and that his former favour in his office had been conferred on him, rather because no luan else had been able to bear the envy of dis- placing the earl of Pembroke, than that his o\vn Inerit and service was valued. Besides, the earl of Holland,t upon whom he conferred that honour, had formerly disappointed him, and often incurred his displeasure, and ,yore some marks of it; and ,vas of no other interest or reputation with the party which could do mischief, than as a person obnoxious u to them, in the misexecuting his great and terrible office of chief justice in eyre, by \vhich he had vexed and oppressed most counties in England, and the most considerable persons in those counties; and in other particulars; that they kne,v he durst not offend them, and would purchase their protection and good opinion at any price: as it fell out; for within few days after the king was gone through that army, in his way to Scotland, the earl x ,vrote a letter, which ,vas con1ll1unicated to Loth houses, in which he mystically expressed" some new design to " have been set on foot for corrupting the army;" for \v hich there \vas never after the least colour given; but served then to heighten the old jea- lousies, and to bespeak a Il1isunderstanding for ,vhat- soever should be proposed on his nlajesty's behalf during his absence. l\len no,v believed,Y that they would be very for- ward in disnlissing the Scottish Z arl11Y, and disband- t l1esides, the earl of 1101- land,] Then the person, u obnoxious] so obnoxious x the earl] he Y l\Ien now believed,] Thus in ,iUS. After their great end was obtained in the execution and death of the earl of Strafford, nIl nlen believed, &c. Z Scottish] Scots BooK III. 164] . BOOK III. 1641. 480 THE HISTORY ing the other, which cost the kingdom so vast a sunt of Inoney every month; and they had already voted a brotherly assistance to the Scots of three hundred thousand pounds, for the service they had per- formed; and an act was already prepared for the l'laising the sum: but they had yet no mind to part with their beloved brethren. The commissioners who treated with the Scots had agreed, " that the king should be l)resent in his " parliament in Edinburgh, a by such a day in 'July, "to pass the act for pacification bet\veen the two " kingdoms, and such other acts as his parliament "there should propose to him;" and his Inajesty prepared to begin his progress, soon enough to be in Scotland by the tilne; and they resolved on all sides, " that the one arlny should be dra\vn out of the king- " dom, and the other totally disbanded, before the " king should arrive in the northern parts, for many "reasons." As they had lost all confidence in the af- fections of the English army, so there were many jealousies arisen alnong the Scots, both in their army, and alnongst their greatest counsellors: notwith- standing all which, instead of making haste to the disbanding, they published much jealousy and dissa- tisfaction to remain with them of the court; "there "were some evil counsellors still about the king, " who obstructed many gracious acts, \vhich would " otherwise flow froln his goodness and bounty to- " ,vards his people; and made ill impressions in him " of the parliament itself, and its proceedings." Their design \yas to remove the duke of Rich- mond froll1 the king, both because they had a mind a in Edinburgh,] at Edinburgh, OF 'l HE REBELLION. 481 to have his office of warden of the cinque-ports BOOK from him, that it might be conferred on the earl of Ill. \Varwick; and as he was almost the only man of 1641. great quality and consideration about the king, who did not in the least degree stoop, or make court b to them, but crossed them boldly in the house; and all other ways pursued his master's service with his ut- most vigour and intentness of mind: they could not charge him with any thing like a crime, and there- fore only intended by sonle vote to brand him, and nlake him odious; by which they presumed, they should at last nlake him willing to ransom himself by quitting that office: for which there was some underhand treaty, by persons who were solicitous to prevent farther inconveniences; and, as they found any thing like to succeed in that, they slackened or advanced their discourse c of evil counsellors. One day they were very warm upon the argu- ment, and had a purpose to have nanled hinl di- rectly, which they had hitherto forborne to do, ,vhen Mr. Hyde stood up, and said, " He did really believe " that there yet renlained some evil counsellors, who " did much harln, about the king; and that it would " be much better to name thenl, than to allluse the " house so often with the general mention of thenl, " as if we were afraid to name them:" he proposed, "that there might be a day appointed, on which, "upon due reflections upon those who had been " most notorious in doing mischief to the public, we " might most probably find, who they were who trod " still in the same paths, and n1ight name then1 ac- " cordingly; and that for his part, if a day were ap- b make court] make love ,rOLl I. c their discourse] that discourse I i 48Q THE HISTORY DOOI\. "pointed for that discovery, he ,vould be ready to III. " name one, \vho, by all the marks we could judge I G4 ) . " by, and by his forlner course of life, might very " reasonably be believed to be an evil counsellor." They were exceedingly apprehensive d that he Ineant the marquis of Hamilton, (who, for the rea- sons aforesaid, ,vas very dear to them,) and thence- for,vard, though they desisted not from prosecuting the duke, till at last they had compelled him to quit the cinque-ports to the earl of 'Varwick, they no more urged the discovery of evil counsellors. And all the familiar friends of 1\11'. Hyde were importuned to move him, "not to endeavour to do any prejudice " to the Inarquis of Hamilton;" and even the king hin1self was prevailed with to send to hÍ1n to that purpose: so industrious was that people to preserve those whOln for private ends they desired to pre- serve, as well as to destroy those \v ho they desired should be destroyed. Sir dw rd \Vhen every body expected that nothing should Deermg s . d . h b 1 d h f 11 bill for ex- . be InentIone In the ouse ut t Ie espatc 0 t e tirpatin ø f h . fi I 1 h . . f episcopa y treaty 0 t e pacI catIon, )y t e C01111111SSIOners 0 reviyed in both e sides' which ,vas the onl y obstruction to the the house ' of com- discharge of the armies, and which could be done in mons, and committed. two days, if they pursued it; they called in a lnorn- ing "for the bill" (that had so long before been brought in by sir Edward Deering) " for the extir- " pation of episcopacy," and gave it a second read- ing; and resolved, " that it should he COln111itted to "a committee of the whole f house, and that it " should he proceeded upon the next Inorning." It d apprehensive] IllS. adds: (as they had cause) (' of both] on both f whole] Not in 1118. OF 'l'HE REBELLION. 483 was a very long debate the next morning, after the speaker had left the chair, who should be in the chair for the con1n1ittee; they who ,vished well to the bill having resolved" to put l\lr. Hyde into the " chair, that he might not give them trouble by fre- " quel1t speaking, and so too 111uch obstruct the ex- " pediting the bill;" they who were against the bill pressed and called loud to g Mr. Crew to be in the chair: but in conclusion, Mr. Hyde was C0l11111anded to the chair; they who were enemies to the bill be- ing divided in opinion, 111any believing, that he ,vould obstruct the bill lTIOre in that place, than if he re- mained at liberty; and they found it to be true. The first day the committee sat full seven hours, and detern1ined, "that every day, as soon-as the "house was resumed, the chairlnan should report " the several votes of that day to the house, ,vhich " should deternline theln before it rose ;" which was without any precedent, and very prejudicial to the grave transaction of the business: for, besides that it was a prejudging h the house in its judgn1ent, iwho, upon report of the c01l1mittee, should have regard to the whole bill in the alnendn1ents 111ade by them, which they were precluded froln, by hav- ing confirn1ed the several days' votes; i it ,vas so late every day before the house was resun1ed, (the speaker commonly leaving the chair about nine of the clock, and never resulning it till four in the afternoon,) that it was very thin; they only, who prosecuted the bill ,vith impatience, remaining in the house, and the g ]ond to] loud for h prejudging] preengaging i who, upon report - days' votes;] Thus in 1YlS.: when the bill engrossed should be put to the question; Ii2 BOOK III. 1641. BOOK III. 1641. The bill ]aid aside. 484 THE HISTORY others,k who abhorred it, growing weary of so tire. some an attendance, left the house Bt dinner-time, and afterwards followed their pleasures: so that the lord Falkland was wont to say, "that they who "hated bishops, hated them worse than the devil; " and that they who loved them, did not love them " so well as their dinner." However, the chairman gave some stop to their haste; 1 for, besides .that at the end of his report every day to the house, before the house put the question for the concurrence in the votes, he always enlarged himself against everyone of them, and so spent them "lTIuch time; when they were in the heat and passion of the debate, they oftentimes were en- tangled in their questions: m so that when he re- ported to the house the work of the day, he did fre- quently report two or three votes directly contrary to each other, which, in the heat of their debate, they had unawares run into. And after near twenty days spent in that Inanner, they found then1selves very little advanced towards a conclusion, and that they must review all that they had done;' and the king being resolved to begin his journey for Scot- land, they were forced to discontinue their beloved bill, and let it rest; sir Arthur Haslerig declaring in the house, " that he would never hereafter put an " enemy into the chair :" nor had they ever after the courage to resume the consideration of the bill, till after the war was entered into. k the others,] the other, 1 gave some stop to their haste ;] perplexed them very 111uch ; m they oftentimes were en- tangled in their questions:] he often ensnared then1 in a ques- tion : OF THE REBELLION. 485 The time being come, within two or three days, (according to his former declaration,) for the king's journey into Scotland, the house of commons thought it tinle to lay aside their disputes upon the church, which every day grew more involved, and to intend the perfecting the act of pacification, and the order for disbanding; both which were thought necessary to be despatched, before his majesty should begin his progress; and might have been long since done. On a sudden, the house of commons grew into a per- plexed debate, concerning the king's journey into Scotland, (which had been long before known, and solemnly promised by his majesty to the commis- sioners of Scotland; where preparation was made for his reception, and the parliament summoned there accordingly,) and n expressed many dark and doubt- ful apprehensions of his safety; not without some glances, "that if his majesty were once with his " army, he might possibly enter upon new counsels, "before he consented to disband it O ;" and in the end concluded, "to desire the lords to join with " them in a request to the king, to defer his journey " into Scotland, till the act of pacification was passed, ," the armies disbanded, and till such other acts were " prepared, as should be thought necessary for the " good of the kingdom;" without mentioning any tiIne, against which those things should be ready: which, though it was an unreasonable request, yet most men having no mind the king P should go into Scotland, it was consented to by both houses; and thereupon an address was made to his majesty to that purpose: who returned his answer, "that he n and] Not in MS. o it] Not in JJIS. P the king] he liS BOOK III. 1641. 486 'fHE HISTOltY BOO K ",vas sorry, the houses, having had so long notice of III. " his intentions q for that journey, (,vhich could not 1641. "but appear very reasonable r to them,) - had neg- " lected to prepare all such things, as were necessary " to be despatched by him before he went; that, "though his presence in Scotland was depended " upon by such a day, and the disappointment might " beget some prejudice to him, yet, he ,vas content " to satisfy their desires so far, as to defer his journey " for fourteen days; within ,vhich time they might "make all things ready that were of importance, "and beyond which time it ,voldd not be possible " for him to make any stay." This time being gotten, they proceeded but slowly in the directions S for disbanding, (though the earl of Holland was gone down to the army,) or in the act of the pacification; but continued their Inention " of fears and jealousies of the peace of the king- " dom ; of an invasion from foreign parts; and an in- " surrection of the papists in England: against all t " ,vhich, they said, there was not yet sufficient pro- " vision, by the laws and constitution of the king- Sir Ar hur "dom." And therefore one da y sir Arthur Hasle- Hasleng , p efers a rig (\vho, as ,vas said before, was used by that party, bill for set- . tling the like the dove out of the ark, to try ,vhat footIng militia. there was) preferred a bill "for the settling the mi- " litia of the kingdon1, both by sea and land, in such "persons as they should nominate;" with all those po,vers and jurisdictions, which have been since granted to the earl of Essex, or sir Thon1as Fairfax, by land, or to the earl of 'Varwick, by sea. There q intentions] intention )' reasonable] necessary t' directions] direction t against all] for all O ' r"l'HE REBELLION. 487 were in the bill no naines, but blanks to receive BOO K d b d Ill. them, when the matter shoul e passe ; though men were assured, that the earl of Essex was their I 641. confident by land, and the earl of Northumberland by sea: and yet the inclination to the earl of \Var- wick would have begot some disturbance, if the mat- ter had come then to be pressed. When the title of this bill was read, it gave so ge- The solici- neral an offence to the house, that it seemed inclined l a - h . . h æ. . t t b d conds it. to t row It out, WIt out sUuenng I 0 e rea ; not without some reproach to the person that brought it in, "as a matter of sedition;" till Mr. Saint-John, the king's solicitor, rose up, and spoke u to it, and (having, in truth, himself drawn the bill) said, " he " thought that passion and dislike very un season- " able, before the bill was read; that it was the " highest privilege of every member, that he might "propose any law, or make any motion, which, in " his conscience, he thought advantageous for the " kingdom, or the place for which he served. As x " for the matter, which by the title that bill seemed " to comprehend, he was of opinion, that somewhatY " was necessary to be done in it; for he was sure, " that such power, as might be necessary for the se- " curity of the kingdom, over the militia, was not " yet by la\v vested in any person; or in the cro\vn "itself: that they had lately by their votes blasted " and condemned the power of lords lieutenants, " and their deputies, which had been long exercised, " and submitted to by the people; that, since that "was determined, it was necessary to substitute " such in their roon1, z as lllight be able to suppress u spoke] spake x As] Not in JlS. Y somewhat] something Z in their room,] in the room, I i 4 BOOK III. ] 641. The bill read once and no more. 488 THE HISTORY "any insurrection, or resist any invasion:" and " therefore, that it ,vas fit to hear the bill read; and " if any fitting expedient was proposed b in it to that " purpose, to embrace it; otherwise, to think of a "better. For the nomination of persons, it would " not be seasonable to speak of it, till the power and " jurisdiction ,vere first settled and constituted: and "then, if it seemed too great for any subject, it " might be devolved upon the crown; which yet was "not sufficiently possessed of a legal power to the " purposes aforesaid." Upon this discourse, by a person of the king's sworn council, the bill was read; but with so uni- versal a dislike, that it was never called upon the second time, but slept, till long after the matter of it was digested in ordinances. The peremptory day again dra,ving very near, for the king's journey into Scotland, and very little done to,vards the public, since the tinle they had pre- vailed with his majesty to suspend it, on a Saturday in the afternoon (the progress being to begin on l\londay) they again fell into violent passion C against the king's going into Scotland.: the ,vhich they thought of so great importance to be hindered, that they resol\T'ed (and prevailed with the lords to do the like) to sit the next day, being Sunday; which had scarce eveI'd before been known, since the first institu- tio!1 of parlianlen s; and which they thought fit to excuse by a short declaration, that the people might not be thereby encouraged to profane the sabbath. a any invasion:] an invasion: pass!on] th y fell into unusual b was proposed] were pro- passIOn again posed rl scarce ever] never c they again fell into violent OF THE REBELLION. 489 'Vhen they found the king constant to his former BOOK resolution, and that all they could allege could pre- III. vail no farther with him, than, whereas he intended 1641. to go on e l\londay after dinner, to stay till Tuesday morning, they very earnestly proposed, "that he " would leave a comn1ission with some persons, to "pass such acts as should be prepared and pass " both houses in his absence; and to make a Cll Sl08 " Ireglli, to supply the place of government till his " return:" with many other extravagancies, which themselves understood not. But when they found that no such commission could be legally granted, to consent to any acts that were not consented to by both houses at the date of the commission; and that both the person and the power of a cll.yl08 'regni would be duly weighed, and would take up much consideration, if the king were ,villing to sa- tisfy theln; they were contented with a commission to the earl of Essex, of lieutenant-general on f that side Trent: which his majesty having granted; and The act of fi d h f . fi . b pacification con rme t e act 0 paci catIon etween the two being pass- kingdoms, (which in great haste was transacted in ; e- both houses, as if it had been only matter of form,) ins his Journey to- he took his journey from London towards Scotland wards d . dd . Scotland. towar the illi Ie of August, leavIng both houses sitting at \V estminster. The unexpected passion and importunity to hin- der his majesty's journey into Scotland was not well understood; and the less, for that the governing party \vas divided upon it: some of then1, with trouble equal to what they had at any tilne ex- pressed, insisting upon his not going; others alleg- e on] Not in MS. r on] of nOOK Ill, 1641. 490 THE HIS1."OR'Y ing, " that his majesty was so far engaged in it, that " he could not in honour recede from it:" whilst the Scottish g comn1issioners, who were often a p- pealed and referred to in the debate, ans,vered so mysteriously, as argued rather a conveniency, and expectation of the journey itself, than any necessity in point of time. Neither was the ground of his 111ajesty's so positive and unalterable resolution of going thither, sufficiently clear to standel's by; who thought he might have transacted the business of that kingdom (where he could not reasonably ex- pect any great reverence to his person) better at a distance; and that his presence might be n10re ne- cessary in this. But, as his majesty's impatiency to see both ar- mies disbanded, and this kingdom freed from the invasion, (both which he heartily desired,) and his desire to refresh himself, from the vexation which the two houses, or one of then1, or some in one of them, daily gave hinl; hurried him to that expedi- tion, without well weighing and preparing how to comport himself through it: so, no doubt, that op- position, and instance against it (besides the con- tinued h desire they had to remove the king from any fixed resolution) was designed i partly, to pro- cure an excuse for the hasty passing the bill of pa- cification; which they had purposely retarded (fore- seeing there were many particulars in it, that, if weighed, would never have been consented to) till they lnight be so straitened in time, that whoever objected against ,vhat was offered, nlight seCln to hinder the disbanding, and to necessitate the king's g Scottish] Scotch h continued] natural i was designed] proceeded OF THE REBELLION. 491 longer stay: but principally they hoped, k that his majesty, rather than defer his journey, on ,vhich 1 he ,vas resolved, would consent to any unreasonable qualifying such persons m whon1 they should name, ,vith po,ver in his absence; and moreover probably there ,vas n some real jealousy of the Scots at that time, and between the Scottish 0 commissioners themselves, (as was conceived by some,) by reason of great addresses Inade to the king by the earl of Rothes, the principal and governing person of that nation, and some insinuation of favour from his ma- jesty to him; so that they did in earnest desire to put off that journey, for fear of disturbance there. The truth is, the king was well satisfied ,vith the pro111ises made to hin1 by that earl; who desired to live in this court, and ,vas to have P been shortly made gentlelnan of the bedchamber, and was in hope q to malTY a great and wealthy lady: and it is certain, the king expected, by his help and interest, to have found such a party in Scotland, as would have been more tender of his honour than they after expressed themselves; and did always impute the failing thereof to the absence of that earl, ,vho be- ing sick at the king's going from London, within six weeks after died. But others believed, he had been so far guilty of what had been done an1iss, that he would neither have been able nor willing to preserve the foundation of that power, which might r hardly have forgotten by what Ineans it had been oppressed. BOOK III. 1641. k they hoped,] hoping, . J on which] to which m persons] person n and moreover probably there was] except there were o Scottish] Scotch P was to have] should have q was in hope] had himself a hope r might] could BOOK III. J 641. The Irish army dis- banded a- bout this time. 49 THE HISTORY I must not oll1it here, the disbanding another army, about the same tilne; the circulnstances \vhere- of were very remarkable, and the cause of much trouble that ensued. The king perceiving that he was not now like to have any use of the new arn1Y in Ireland; at least not that use for which it was raised, (which was, to have visited Scotland,) and finding often Inention, enviously and maliciously, made of that army in the house of commons; and having from thence (by the advice of the committee for Ireland) received some addresses for that purpose; resolved to disband theln; and, to that end, signified his pleasure to the lords justices of Ireland, and to the earl of Ormond, his lieutenant-general of that army; directing withal (according to the last advice he had received fron1 the earl of Strafford) "that " any officers of the ar111Y should have free leave to " transport ,vhat men they s could get of that army, "for the service of any prince in alnity \vith this " crown:" and shortly after, upon the earnest desire of don Alonzo de Cardinas, alnbassador fron1 the king of Spain, his majesty consented, that four thou- sand soldiers of that army should be transported for the service of that king into Flanders; at the san1e tÏ1ne permitting as In any as desired the same, to be transported for the service of the French king. This was no sooner kno\vn, but the house of comlllons in- terposed, \vith their accuston1ed confidence and dis- temper, "to beseech his lnajesty to revoke that li- " cence:" and, by impertinent and slight reasons, boldly urged and insisted on, as they did in every thing else, prevailed with the king "to inhibit the ! they] he OF THE REBELLION. 493 " transporting any of those soldiers out of that king- " dom, for the service of any prince whatsoever." l\lany were of opinion that this activity in a busi- ness of which they had not the least connusance, pro- ceeded froln the instigation of the ambassador of the French king; who was very conversant with the principal persons of that faction, and no doubt fo- mented those humours out of ,vhich the public cala- mities 'v ere bred; and some said boldly, and one or two t have since affiro1ed it, as upon their kno,vledge, " that 1\11". Pym received five thousand pound from "that French minister, to hinder that supply to "Spain." Others believed, that it proceeded only from that proud and petulant spirit which possessed them, to lessen the reputation of the king; and to let t e king of Spain and all other princes see the po,ver they had, to oppose and cross his resolutions in the 1110st pure acts of sovereignty. But I believe, though there ll1ight he a mixture of both the other reasons, the principallnotive that induced them to that interposit.ion, was the advice and desire of the cOlnn1ittee from the parlian1ent of Ireland, whose counsel was entirely followed in ,vhatsoevcr con- cerned that kingdom; and who, no doubt, n1ight have some prospect of n the rebellion that shortlyaf- ter broke x out, which could hardly have taken effect, if that body of men had been removed out of the kingdom, according to the king's direction. But of that n10re in its place. As soon as the king begun Y his journey for Scot- land, all orders, and what else was necessary, ,vere t one or two] an obscure per- son or two u might have some prospect of] had then designed x broke] brake y begun] began - BOOK III. 1641. BOOK UI. 1641. 494 'l HE HISTORY despatched for the disbanding; and a resolution taken, " to send a committee of lords and commons " to attend his majesty (that is, to be a spy upon hinl) " in Scotland, and to be present \vhen the act of pa- " cification should be transacted in that parliament, " and to preserve the good intercourse and corre- " spondence which was begun between the two na- " tions:" but in truth, to lay the scene how the next year should be spent; and to bespeak new laws for this kingdonl, by the copies of what should be con- sented to for that. In this errand two lords, and four of the conlmons, \vere appointed to go; but for the two lords, the lord H o\vard of Escrick served the z turn; \vho was ready a to be governed by Mr. Fiennes, and 1\-11". Hambden, ,vho, together with sir 'Villianl Armyn, Jnade up the cOlnn1ittee. Which being despatched, they thought it time to breathe a little, and to visit their countries, b for Wl10111 they had done such no- table service: and so, towards the latter end of Au- gust, (having first constituted a conlmittee to sit dur- ing the recess for the despatch of any inlportant oc- currences, and qualifying them \vith po\ver they could not depute; such a con1mittee, and such a qua- lification, having never before been C heard of in par- liaments,) both houses adjourned themselves till the middle of October following, by which time they pre- sumed the king would be returned from Scotland; having, from the time that they \vere first convened, \vhich was about nine months, (longer time than ever parliament had before continued together in one z the] not in MS. a ready] naturally b countries,] counties, c before been] been before OF THE REBELLION_ 495 session,) besides all the d extraordinary acts of blood BOOK k - h .L' I Ill. and po,ver, procured the Ing s assent to t ese 10- lowing in1portant laws; by some ofwhich,e the king-Th : t - dom might have received all1ple benefit and ad van- passed since the begin- tage. ning of tl)js A I -.L' - - I 1 - f" h - h k parliament. " nIl lor trIennIa par lan1ents : w IC too An act for U p a lon g debate; there bein g ll1any clauses, in case trie l I?nial par Ja- the crown should g oll1it the sending out of writs, ments; derogatory to majesty, and letting the reins too loose to the people: yet, since it was evident, that great h inconveniences had befallen the kingdoITI by the long intern1ission of those conventions; and that that intermission could not have happened, if there had not been some neglect of ,vhat had been settled by former laws; therefore i there was some colour ofk reason for those clauses, by ,vhich the crown could in no case suffer, but by its own de- fault. At last 1 it found an easy passage through both houses; and by his ll1ajesty (who was satisfied that such a frequency of n1eeting with his people, as on e in three years, ll1ight be more convenient than prejudicial to his service; and believed, that, by his consenting to this act, the l)roceedings in the m parliall1ent would be more 1110derate) it had a favourable reception, n and was enacted by him the next day after it had 0 passed both houses. " An act for the taking away the high comll1is- An act for " - t " h . h h d d h h taking away . SIOn cour : w IC cOlnpre en e Inuc more t an the high commission court ; d the] their e by some of which,] bv which, . f for triennial parlian1ents:] .for the triennial parliament: g should] Not in MS. h great] unspeakable 1 therefore] and therefore k colour of] Not in MS. 1 At last] Not in 1};18. m in the] in this n it had a f.'1vourable recep- tion,] had an equal reception, o had] Not ill MS. 496 THE HISTOR Y BOOK was generally intended. That jurisdiction was erect- III. d . fi e by a statute In the rst year of queen Elizabeth, 1641. instead of a larger power which had been exercised under the pope's authority, then abolished; and, whilst it was exercised with moderation, was an excellent means to vindicate and preserve the dig- nity and peace of the church: though, from the be- ginning, it was ll1urmured P against by the non-con- formable party of the kingdom. But of late, it cannot be denied, that, by the great power of some bishops at court, it had much overflowed the banks which should have contained it; not onlJ: in meddling with things that in truth were not properly within their conn usance ; but ex- tending their sentences and judgments, in matters triable before them, beyond that degree that was justifiable; and grew to have so great a contel11pt of the COll1ll10n law, and the professors of it, (which was a fatal unskilfulness in the bishops, who could never have suffered whilst the co 111111 on law had been preserved,) that prohibitions from the supreme courts of law, which have, and must have, the su- perintendency over all inferior courts, were not only neglected, but the judges reprehended for granting them, (which without perjury they could not deny,) and the lawyers discountenanced for moving for q them, (which they were obliged in duty to do;) so that thereby the clergy ll1ade almost a whole profes- sion,r if not their enemies,s yet very undevoted to them. 1> munnuredJ not unmur- mured q for] Not in MS. r made almost a whole pro- fessiQn,] made a whole nation, that is, almost a whole profes- SIOn, s encluies,] enemy OF THE REBELLION. 497 Then, it was gro\vn from an ecclesiastical court, for the reformation of manners, to a court of re- venue, and in1posed great fines upon those who were culpable before them; sometimes above the degree of the offence, had the jurisdiction of fining been unquestionable: which it was not. \Vhich course of fining was much more frequent, and the fines heavier, after the king had granted all that revenue (whatsoever it should prove to be) to be employed for the reparation of St. Paul's church; which, though it were a glorious work, and worthy the piety of those who advanced it, and the greatness of his n1ind who principally intended it, n1ade the grievance the heavier. t By these means (besides the conflux and influ- ence U of that part of the clergy then in town, x which had formerly been obnoxious, and suppressed by the bishops: which I do not Inention as any piece of their exorbitancy; for I do not kno,v that ever any innocent clergYlnan suffered by anyeccle- siastical censure; though, it may be, the guilty were n10re severely proceeded against, and '\vith less po- litic circun1stances, than the nature of that time re- quired) that court had very few friends; and having tuany enemies, the proposition for abolishing it was easily hearkened to; of which the violent party easily taking notice, they who prepared the bill in- serted clauses, that not only took away the high commission court, \vhich was intended, but, upon the matter, the whole ecclesiastical jUl isdictiol1; and, under pretence of reforl)ling the great abuses hy the oath ex qiJicio, and excommunication, de- t the heavier.] less popular. 11 influence] reputation VOL. I. x then in town,] Not in ftiS. Kk BOOK III. 1641. HOOK III. 164 I. An act for taking away 498 THE I-IIS'TORY stroyed and cancelled all coercive power whatsoever in those courts, which was never intended: yet, in that mírry, it 111ade a progress through both houses, and attended the royal assentl But, ,vhen his ma- jesty understood the extent thereof, and how far the body of the bill exceeded the title; and that, instead of l eformation, it ,vas opening a door to the 1110St scandalous offences, and leaving adultery and incest as unpunishable, as any other acts of good fellow- ship; he made a pause in the consenting to it, till both houses lllight revie,v whether the rellledy Y \vere proportionable to the disease. IUlnlediately the fire \vas kindled against the bi- shops, as the only obstacles to any reformation; \vith SOUle passionate insinuations, " that, since they "opposed a due regulation of their power, there ,., would be no way but to cut then1 off root and "branch." And thereupon SOlne bishops thenlselves were again lnade instruments; and others, who pre- tended to take care of the church, persuaded the king, "for the bishops' sake, to confirm that bill:" whilst the designers were much pleased to find that logic prevail; little doubting, but \vhen z they had taken away their jurisdiction in the church, by that bill, and their dignity in the state, by reilloving them out of the house of peers, they should find it no hard matter to abolish their Da111eS and titles out of the kingdoDl; and to enjoy the a goodly lands and revenues, \vhich could only Inake the reforlna- tion perfect and complete. And in this manner that law was enacted. " A bill for taking away the star-chanlber court." y the remedy] their renledy z but when] that when a enjoy the] enjoy their OF THE REBELLION. 499 The progress of which bill was this. The exorbi- BOOK tances of this court had been such (as hath been be- III. fore touched ) that there were ver y fe\v P ersons of tl J 64] . le star- quality who had not suffered, or been perplexed, by chamber court. the weight or fear of those censures and judgments. ' For, having extended their jurisdiction from riots, perjury, and the most notorious misdemeanours, to an asserting all proclamations, and orders of state; to the vindicating illegal commissions, and grants of monopolies, (all which ,vere the chief ground\vorks of their late proceedings,) no man could hope to be longer free from the inquisition of that court, than he resolved to submit to those, and the like extraor- dinary courses. And therefore there was an entire inclination to limit and regulate the proceedings of that court: to which purpose, a bill was brought in, and twice read, and, according to custoln, comll1itted. I t being returned after by the committee, and the amendments read; it "Tas suddenly suggested, (by a person not at all inclined to confusion, or to the violent party that intended that confusion,) "that " the remedies provided by that bin were not pro- " portion able to the diseases; that the usurpations " of that court \vere not less in the forll1s of their " proceedings,b than in the matter upon which they " proceeded; insoll1uch that the course of the court " (which is the rule of their judging) was so much " corrupted, that the grievance ,vas as n1uch there- " bye, in those cases of \vhich they had a proper " connusance, as it was d by their excess in holding " pleas of that, in which, in truth, they had no ju- " risdiction: and therefore he conceived, the proper b their proceedings,] their proceeding, C thereby] þ,....ot in MS. d it was] Not in ..118. Kk2 BOOK III. 1641. 500 THE HISTORY " and most natural cure for that mischief would be, " utterly to abolish that court, which it e \vas very "difficult, if not impossible, to regulate; and, in " place thereof, to erect and establish such a jurisdic- " tion as 111ight be thought necessary." Hereupon, the same bill was re-coI11n1itted, with direction, "so " far to alter the frame of it, as n1ight serve utterly " to take away and abolish that court:" which was accordingly done; and again brought to the house, and engrossed, and sent up to the lords. So that important bill was never read but once in the house of commons, and was never committed; which, I believe, was never before heard of in parlianlent. It could not meet with any opposition in the house of peers: all ,vho had been judges there hav- ing their several judgments hanging like meteors over their heads; and the rest, being either grieved or frighted by it: and so, being brought to his llla- jesty, received his royal assent. Thus fell that high court, a great branch of the prerogative; having rather been f extended and con- firmed, than founded, by the statute of the tenth year of king Henry the Seventh: for, no doubt, it had both a being and a jurisdiction before that thne, though vulgarly it received date from thence; and, \vhilst it was gravely and moderately governed, was an excellent expedient to preserve the dignity of the king, the honour of his council, and the peace and security of the kingdom. But the taking it a,vay was an act very popular; which, it n1ay be, was not then more politic, than the reviving it n1ay be thought hereafter, when the present distempers shall be expired. e it] Not in MS. f rather been] been rather OF THE REBELLION. 501 "An act for the certainty of the meets, bounds, BOO K " and limits of all the forests in England:" which III. was a g reat benefit and ease to the P eo p le; who had A I 641 fi . n act or been so immoderately vexed by the justice in eyre's th,e cer- . tamty of seat, (exercised \vith great rlgour by the earl of meets, Holland, and revived by Mr. Noy, when he was at- ? its torney general,) that few men could assure them- of forests; selves their estates and houses might not be brought within the jurisdiction ofg some forest; the which if they were, it cost then1 great fines: and there- fore, to ease them of their future fears, the king departed with his own unquestionable right (which would, a year before, have been purchased at the price of at least h two hundred thousand pounds) without any murmur. i "An act, that no clerk of the market of his ma-An act, " jesty's house should execute his office in any part i e " of the kingdoln, but only within the verge of the ecl ; :t " court: and the .execution of that office gr anted to?f his ma- Jesty's " mayors and bailiffs of to"\vns corporate; and to the house; " lords of liberties and franchises, and to their de- "puties." By "\vhich, the people through England \vere freed from nlany petty vexations and extor- tions, which the deputies and agents for that office (,vho comlnonly farmed the perquisites of it,k with- in severallin1Ïts) exercised over theln. Anù let no luau say, that this was but an act of justice, for the redress of visible Inisdemeanours which his o,vn of- ficers ,vere guilty of; and that his majesty parted with nothing of profit to hiInself, by that act: for the misdemeanours of any office may be prevented, and g jurisdiction of] Not in lJtlS. h at least] Not in MS. I murmur.] murmur for se- verity. k perquisites of it,) perqui- sites of that oflicc, Kk3 502 · r.rHE HISTORY BOOK punished, and redressed, without the taking away, III. or suppressing, the office itself; which is an instance 1641. of power, and prerogative. And the other was used as an argument heretofore (which few have since approved) for the passing a,vay most of the old l ents of the crown, "that they yielded little profit to the "cro,vn, being always swallowed by the many of- " ficers incumbent upon that 1 service;" without con- sidering, that even those lllany officers are of the es- sential honour and greatness of Plinces. But, as that computation was very erroneous in point of thrift, so it is much more scandalous in point of power; and he, that thinks the king gives away nothing that is ,vorth the keeping, when he suffers an office, which keeps and maintains many officers, to be abo- lished and taken away, does not consider, that so llluch of his train is abated, and that he is less spoken of, and consequently less esteemed, in those places where that power formerly extended; nor observes, how 111 private men value then1selves upon those lesser franchises and royalties, \vhich espe- cially keep up the power, distinction, and degrees of men. An nct for " An act for the prevention of vexatious proceed- preventing " · t h . th d f k . h h d " b h . h ,.exatious lngs OUC lng e or er 0 nlg t 00: y'V IC , r lgs to expiate the trespasses which had been lately con1- the o der mitted by the rigorous circumstances of proceeding of kmght- hood; upon that claim, the king parted with, and released to his }Jeople, a right and duty, as unquestionably due to him by the law, as any service he can lay clainl to; and such, as the subject received the dis- charge of it, as a singular benefit and advantage. I1 1 upon that] to that m how] how much n advantage.] advantage to him. OF THE REBELLION. 503 " An act for the free making saltpetre and gun- BOO K " powder within the kingdom:" which was a part Ill. of the P rero g ative; and not onl y considerable, as it A 1641. n act for restrained that precious and dangerous commodity the ree . . makmg from vulgar hands; but, as In truth It brought a saltpetre . d bI h d and gun- conSI era e revenue to t e cro,vn; an more to powrlef those whom the crown g ratified and obli g ed b y that ,,:ithin the , kmgdom ; licence. The pretence for this exen1ption was, "the "unjustifiable proceedings 0 of those (or of inferior " persons qualified by them) who had been trusted in " that en1ployment;" by whom, it cannot be denied.. nlany lnen suffered: but the true reason was, that thereby they might be sure to have in readiness a good stock in that cOllllnodity, against the time their occasions should call upon them. "An act against divers encroachlnents and op- An ,act . . . agaInst "presslons In the stannery courts:" the lOgIC of divers eo- h . h d d . If II . .e · d croach- W IC act exten e Itse to a Inlerior courts, an lllents ami manner of P roceedin g s throu g hout the kin g do111. ?ppressions , III the stau- though the full measure of that benefit seelned to nery courts. be poured out upon the two counties of Cornwall and Devonshire; the people whereof had been - so llluch oppressed by the jurisdiction of that court, (supported and extended with great passion and fury by the earl of Pembroke, the lord warden of those stanneries,) that both prohibitions, and habeas cor- pus's from the king's bench, had been disobeyed and neglected; not without sonIe personal affront, and reproach to all the judges of that court: and there- fore, it could not but he great ease of heart to those parts, to be freed fronl the exorbitancy of that op- preSSIon. " An act, whereby all the proceedings in the bu- o proceedings] proceeding Kk4 nOOK III. 164] . An act against ship- money. 504 THE IllS TORY, &c. " siness of ship-money were adjudged void, and dis- " annulled; and the judgments, enrolments, and " entries thereupon, vacated and cancelled:" which (how just and necessary soever) was a frank depar- ture from a right, vindicated by a judgment in the exchequer-chamber, before all the judges in Eng- land; and therefore deserved a just ackno\vledg- ment; besides that, some clauses in that statute as- sert the subject's liberty and property, beyond what was done by the petition of right; which needed an additional establishlnent. These acts of parlian1ent, finished and enacted in the time we speak of; besides the quitting the long used right of laying impositions P upon foreign trade, in the preamble of the bill for tonnage and pound- age; and besides that fatal bill for the continuance of this parliament; will be acknowledged, q by an incorrupted posterity, to be everlasting lllonunlents of the king's princely r and fatherly affection to his people; and such an obligation of repose and trust from his majesty S in the hearts of his subjects, that no expressions of piety, duty, and confidence, frolll them, could have been lTIOre than a sufficient l'eturn on their parts: ,vhich how they performed, is to fol- low in the next place. . P laying impositions] Ìlnpos- lng q acknowledged,] hereafter acknowledged, r of the king's princely] of a princcly 5 his n1ajesty] the king THE END OF THE rrI-IIRD nOOK. APPENDIX. -.., APPENDIX, A. ItEFERRED TO IN pro 137. 48. . 1"'IIA.. T which in the consequence was worse than all this, that is, which made the consequence of all the rest the ,yorse, ,vas, that by all those vast receipts and disburse- n1ents by the people, the king's coffers were not at all, or not considerably replenished. 'Vhether by the excess of the court, (which had not been enough contracted;) the unapt- ness of ministers; or the intentness of luinisters upon their own, more than the public profit; the maintaining great fleets at sea, nlore for the glory than benefit of the king, in a tin1e of entire peace, and when his jurisdiction in the deep was not questioned, at least not contested; or, which was a greater, and at that time thought a more unnecessary charge, the building of Inany great ships; or whether the popular axioln of queen Elizabeth, that as her greatest treasure ,vas in the hearts of her people, so she had rather her money should be in their purses than in her own exchequer, (which she never said but at the closing of some parliament, when she had gotten all she could fronl them,) was grown current policy; or whether all these together contributed thereunto, I know not; but I am sure, the oversight or the Inisfortunc proved very fatal. For as the crown n ver advanced itself by any remarkable atte1npt, that depended wholly upon the bounty of the people; so it never suffered from abroad or at home, when the exchequer \Vas plentifully supplied, what circumstances oev.er had acconlpanied or attended that plenty. And without doubt, if such provision had been Inadc, the disjointed affections and dispositions of that tin1c had not been too apt to lay hold and countenance the first 508 APPENDIX, A. interruption: and the first possible opportunity of interrup- tion they did lay hold of. About the year 1634 (there being as great a serenity in England as had been ever known) the king visited his na- tive kingdo111 of Scotland, where he had not been (other- wise than in his princely favours, which he had every day showered upon them) since he was two years old, and with 111uch magnificence and splendour was crowned there; and ainongst other ceremonies was assured, (which, it is true, they had reason to believe would be very acceptable to his Ina- jesty,) that they would, for their decency and union in God's service, receive a set fonn and liturgy, if his Inajesty would be pleased to enjoin it to them: and about the year 1637 uch a liturgy was sent to thelll) with canons and orders for their church government. 'Vhether that liturgy was COIll- piled with care and circumspection, whether it were reconl- Inended to the people with discretion and prudence, or whe- ther the people were prepared by due circumstances to re- ceive it; whether the bishops of that kingdolll or this were more passionate and ullskilful in the prosecution, than for the time they ought to have been; or whether the supreme n1inister of state elnployed and trusted by the king there were friend to the church, and so concerned enough in the disorders in the bud, I determine not; but leave all men to their own judgments, upon the books of that time, written by both parties, and still extant. Sure it is, it was so far from a general reception, that occasion was from thence taken to unite the whole nation in a covenant against it; and when so much way ,vas given to their fury, as that both liturgy and canons were laid by, and assurance given that neither should be pressed upon them, the anin10sity continued, and grew so great against the church, that no- thing would satisfy them but a total abolition of bishops throughout that kingdolll: for the better compassing where- of, all things ,vere prepared there for a war; colonel Lesley, a Inan of good cOl1llnand formerly under the king of Swe- den, and distasted here, (that is, denied sOlnewhat he had a mind to have, which was always to that people the high. APPENDIX, A. 509 est injury,) chosen to be their general; and all provisions of arms and amnlunition from foreign parts, and horses from the north of England, were procured ,vith all possible care and diligence. To chastise these insolencies, and to preserve his interest in that kingdom, visibly then in issue, his ma- jesty raised an army, .fit for the quarrel, and about May, in the year 1639, advanced in person towards the north; hav- ing sent before the earl of Essex, lieutenant general of his arlny, to secure Berwick: which he did with very great dili- gence and dexterity. The pOll1p of this journey of his majesty (for it was ra- ther a progress than a march) ,vas the first error comlnitted, and ,vas in truth the ground of all the errors and misfor- tunes that ensued. His nlajesty had sunlll10ned all the nobi.. lityof England to attend upon him in this expedition; which increased his train, but added nothing to his strength. '''he- ther the ground of that counsel was an apprehension that the indisposition of the people might attempt in his absence, and so that it were safest to have the great lnen with him; or whether there were an opinion and intention of raising money upon those who would buy their ease, and so be ex- cused from that trouble and expense; or whether it ,vas thought the drawing all the nobility together in that man- ner would look more like a union of this nation in the quar- rel, and so make the greater impression upon that, I could yet never learn: but affairs do only succeed well, when will- ing instrulIlents are engaged in the prosecution; and he that is used against his inclination is not to be trusted in a capacity of doing hurt. At the first rendezvous at York, it was thought fit to unite the court and army by a counter- covenant, to be taken by every person, for the defence of the king, and to renounce any inteIIigence with the ellelIlY, This being taken by all the rest of the nobility, was absolutely refused by the lord Say and the lord Brooke; who were thereupon comn1ÎtteJ to prison, and so freed from farther attendance. By this tilne it ' as very visible, that the L'lC- tious and discontented party in England had close corre- spondence with th('se covenanters; to which purpose l\Ir. 510 APPENDIX, A. Nathaniel Fiennes, son to the lord Say, ,va then in Scotland, making it his ,yay home from the Lo,v Countries: and the defection of that nation ,vas so entire, that, saving some few persons of honour, (whose friends, children, and allies, were likewise in rebellion,) there were no Scotchmen in the court or army. The king advanced beyond Berwick three miles upon the river of 1.'weed, wl1ere he pitched his camp, being above sixteen thousand horse and foot, which (if a number of lords and gentlemen, unwillingly brought thither, had been away) had been a very good army. 'ìVhether the Scots were at that time ready to have received such a strength, or whether they were in truth ever after strong enough to have encountered it, I cannot say, having heard several persons, who might be presunled to know much, se- verally discourse it; and therefore I shaH neither now or hereafter mention the actions or affairs of that kingdom lllore than is absolutely necessary to continue the thread of this relation, and then in such particulars as I have had a clear knowledge or a clear information in, the main being 6t for a work by itself, and a workman more conversant in the mysteries of that people. Certain it is, from the time that the Scotch army (such as it was) drew near the borders, the purpose and desire of fighting every day lessened in ours; the nobility and gentry working so much upon the soldiers, that his nlajesty found it necessary to entertain the first overture of a treaty, which was abllost as soon concluded as begun, and thereupon both arlnies disbanded; his majesty intending, and having so declared, to be himself shortly with his parlianlent in Scotland to put an end and detern1Îl}ation to all particulars: sending in the mean time the Inarquis of Hamilton (who had been the only person trusted by his majesty in that grand affair) thither. The resolution for his nlajesty's personal repair into Scotland, which should have been within twenty days after the pacification, was quickly altered; and the earl of Traquaire, then lord trea- surer of that kingdom, sent thither to hold the parliament _ as his majesty's commissioner, the king hilnself returning hy ordinary journeys in progress to London. 'I'his altera- APPENDIX, A. 511 tion, which they presently called a receding froln the agree- ment, gave then1 a very great advantage, and was very prejudicial to the king; and if he had gone thither in per- son, he would very probably have disposed them to a rea- sonable conformity, (for they had both the terror of the army they had seen so near them, and the trouble and charge of their own, before theln,) or have broken upon SOlne accident or new occasion, which might have been no reproach to the fortner counsels at the pacification: whereas, as it fell out, the rupture seen1ed to proceed fron1 a revie,v of the same considerations and conclusions; and so was thought a tax upon the fornler counsellors, who, the more they had reason to be ashamed of what they had ad vised, had the more reason- to be angry at contrary resolutions. rrhat which in truth was and reasonably might be the ground of that alteration froln the king's going thither, was an ap- prehension of danger to his person, or rather, that his resi- dence there might be cOlnpelled to be longer than either was necessary, or he had a mind to make it: and infusions of this nature can only be broken through by the magna- nimity of the prince himself; for where there is the least hint of his safety, the most bold seenled the least careful; and so all men conform their counsels, let thé reason be what it wiII, and the necessity what it will, (for where great enterprises are to be undertaken, great hazards are to be run,) to what is most secure, rather than to what is most fit. Experience tens us, worse could not have befallen, than hath happened: and therefore (if for no other reason) we l11ay soberly believe, his presence there, at that time that ,vas designed, would have produced better effects, both in that kingdom and in this; which upon the commerce of that .treaty, began to continue the traffick of intelligence. Next to his majesty's not going, the sending the earl of Traquaire as his cOl1unissioner was thought by many of the worst consequence; for though he was a wise man, (the wisest to my understanding that I have known of that na- tjon,) he was not a man of interest and power with the people, but of some prejudice; and though he Inight be 51 APPENDIX, A. solicitous enough for that which he thought his master's sovereignty against that anarchy the people's fury seemed to set up, yet he was not thought at all a friend to .the church, but rather to connive at many extravagances and exorbi- tances, (even after the tilne of his commission,) to the end that an aIteration in the ecclesiastical might seem the more reasonable price for a reforlllation in the temporal state; though I know he dissembled that inclination sb well, that he procured and received that trust under the notion espe- cially of being a stickler for, if not a patron of the bishops: whereas the fault or misfortune was, nothing succeeded in that parliament according to expectation; and the earl, with- out dissolving it, returned into England, leaving them sit- ting, choosing immediately a conullissioner themselves in the king's right, and shortly after sumilloning the castle of Edin- burgh (which was honestly and stoutly defended and kept by general Ruther for the king) to be delivered into their hands. 1."he fire brake not out faster in Scotland, than the reso- lution was taken in England by some more prosperous at- tempt to repair the fau] ts of the last SUllllller, and either to reform or reduce that people, upon a full representation of the state of those affairs at the council-board, shortly after the king's return to London, by marquis Hamilton, who came since the raising a new army \vas intended with all vigour and expedition; and men being no\v at a greater distance from danger, the advice was not less unanimous for a ne\v war, than it had three months before been for the pacification; (a proclalllation issuing out by the full advice of the lords of the council for the public burning the articles of the pacification;) though they \vere willing shortly after to lay the guilt of this counsel upon three or four tnen, who bore the burden, and paid the price of the misfortune. The lord 'Ventworth, then deputy of Ireland, was about that tillle here, and to him the advice was acknowledged of caning a parliament, whereby his majesty might be enabled to wage that war. 'Vhoever gave the counsel, the resolution was taken in December, 1639, for the calling a parliament in April fol- APPENDIX, A. 518 lowing; to which purpose writs ilnn1ediately issued out, to the singular and universal joy of the people. The deputy of Ireland, having with Inarvellous dexterity, between De- cember and April, passed into Ireland, called a parliament in that kingdoln, procured four subsidies to be given, and a declaration very frankly made against the Scots, formed an army of eight thousand foot and one thousand horse, to be ready within three n10nths, to ll1arch into Scotland; and returned hither again before the day of the meeting, which was on the 13th of April, 1640; when, ,vith the usual full solelnnity, his majesty came to Westminster, and acquainted the lords and commons, that he had principally called them thither, to assist. him against the rebellion of his subjects of Scotland; and informed them of Inany particulars in that business; very earnestly pressing despatch, in respect of the ' season of the year, the forwardness of the preparation in Scotland, and their activity ,vith foreign princes; there being then a letter produced, signed by many noblemen of Scot- land, an10ngst wholn the lord I owden (then a prisoner in the Tower of London for that offence) was one, to the king of France, in plain and express words desiring relief and protection from him against their native king. 1."hat par- liament, asselTIbled on the 13th of April, (as I said before,) was, to the extrelne grief and anlazelnent of all good men, dissolved the fifth of l\{ay follo,ving, being in truth as com- posed and as well disposed a house, as, I believe, had n1et together in any time; and therefore having never passed the least action or word of irreverence or disrespect toward his majesty during the time they continued together. A better instance cannot be given of the modesty and telnper, than that a member of the house of commons (Mr. PeaI'd, who brought himself afterwards to a bold dialect) ,vas forced to explain, that is no less than to recant, for saying, in a frank debate of our grievances, that ship-nloney was an abomina- tion; which was within seven Inonths voted little less than treason. It will be very little time spent to look over the particular passages in that :short parliament; \vhich when ,ve have done, we shall conclude the evil genius of the king- VOL. I. I ] 514 APPENDIX, A. JOIn wrought that dissolution, which was the n10st inune- diate cause (that is, the contrary had been the most im- mediate cure) of all that hath since gone amiss. "Tithin fe,v days after the beginning, at a conference between both houses in the painted chamber, the lords (as the whole sub- ject-matter of that conference) desired the commons, with all possible speed, to enter upon the consideration of supply, by ,yay of subsidy; which was no sooner reported in the house, but resented, as a great breach of privilege, that bu- siness of supply and subsidy being, by the fundamental rules of parliament, always to begin in the house of comnlons. 1\fore time was not spent, nor more warlllth expressed, in this debate, than might have been reasonably expected. The king afterwards, by a lnessage delivered in the house of C01l1- mons by sir H. Vane, (then secretary of state, and treasurer of the household,) again pressed a supply; and offered, for twelve subsidies, to quit any clailll he had to ship-Illoney for the time to COIne; (that tax of ship-money being at that time levying throughout the kingdoln;) a great instance of the prosperity the court at that time took itself to be in. 'rhis Inessage was delivered on Saturday the d of l\lay, about ten of the clock in the Inorning, and the debate thereof ,vàs continued till four of the clock that afternoon; which was then thought an extraordinary matter, the house usual1y in those times, and by the course of parliainent, rising at twelve. The subject of the debate ,vas upon three particulars. First, for the house to be pressed in matter of Illoney in the begin- ning, before any redress was given, or so much as a consul- tation entered upon of those pressures and grievances, which had been sustained for at least a dozen years, seemed very unusual: and though the tinle of the year, and the activity of the Scots, were urged as 1110tives to expedition, it ,vas as obvious, that the season of the year was an argument rather made than found, and that it had been as easy to have had the parliament the 13th of l\Iarch as the 13th of April; and therefore that consideration rather administered mattcr of jealousy than satisfaction to equal and indiffcrent persons. Secondly, In en were sOlnewhat startled to hear a composi- APPENDIX, A. 515 tion proposed (setting aside the proposition, which was then thought prodigious) for ship-nloney, which they expected should have been disclaimed in the point of right, and were sure would be declared against in the first debate: and they who out of several considerations had been always content to pay it, were nevertheless as unwilling, by making a pur- chase of it, to confess what they never believed, especiaBy since they who had declared it to be a right, (the judges,) had likewise declared it to be a right so inherent in th(' crown, that even an act of parlialnent could not dissolve it. I mention not the discourses upon the proportion of twelve subsidies, proposed as a recompense, and required to be paid in three years; five the first, four the second, and three the third year; which was then sadly alleged by grave nlen to be more than the stock of the kingdom could bear in so short a time; and without doubt was so believed: but we arc reformed in that learning, and find, that, besides all vio- ]ence by the soldiers, and extraordinaries by fines and delin- quency, the very contribution, settled and cheerfully sub- mitted to in Inost countries, amount to above forty subsidies in a year, which is only an argument that the wealth of the kingdom was much greater than it was understood to be. Thirdly, though there was not then any declared faction for the Scots, nor in truth any visible inclination to them; yet the demanding a supply in that manner, and always upon that ground to raise an anny against the Scots, looked like an engagement in or for the war; ,vhich reasonably could not be expected from men, to whom no particulars of those affairs had been communicated. And as the salne was crafti- ly insinuated by nlen who, it may be, .were favourers of their proceedings; so the consideration of it took place, or at least made pauses, in the Inost sober lnell, an 11lade theul wish, that the supply had been only desired, without giving other reason than the general occasions. But that had not so well cOl1lplied with the ends of the king, who, it nlay be, looked upon the united declaration of both houses against the Scots as Inore in order towards the preventing a war, than all the supply they were like to give him would be to support it; J. I Q 516 APPENDIX, A. but this was the fitter to be wished, than attempted: yet in all this debate there ,vas not the least objection made against the war, nor excuse lnade for the Scots; only one menlber cast out an envious word, that he heard it ,vas , bellum episcopale. This dehate (the gravest, and most void of passion, and the fun est of reason and ingenuity that ever I have known) upon those three weighty points took up Saturday and Monday, and about six of the cloc-k at night was adjourned till Tuesday 111orning, the temper and inclination of the house (for I speak of the house of com- Inons, the work was upon thenl) heing l110st apparent pre- sently to consent to give subsidies, though the nUI11ber pro- posed ,vas not like to be agreed unto. But on Tuesday morning, his nlajesty, having sent for the speaker before the sitting of the house, and carried hinl with him to \Vest- minster, sent for both houses, and dissolved them, to the most astonishing grief of all good luen that I ever behdd. Though it was as observable, that those who had been the greatest promoters of the troubles and ruin we have since suffered, 'vere the most visibly satisfied and delighted with that morning's work that can be imagined: and one of them, of principal recl{oning, observing a cloudiness in nle, bade me be of good cOl11fort; all would go well; for things lnust be worse, before they could be better. The ground and reason of that counsel, for dissolving the parliament, (for the resolution was taken in full and so- lemn council,) was upon a misrepresentation of the temper and disposition of the house by sir Harry Vane, who con- fi de ntly averred, that they,vould not give a subsidy; but instead thereof would pass sonle such vote against ship- money, and other acts of power, as would render those courses, and so the benefits accruing froln thence, for the future more difficult: which was a strange averment from a person ,vho had been the only cause that a supply was not voted the day before, by his hindering such a question to be put, and affirming with 111l1Ch passion, that to his knowledge fewer subsidies than ,vere proposed by his Ina- jesty, and paid in any other 11lanncr than was proposed, APPENDIX, A. 517 would bc absolutely rejected by him; which was Inost con- trary to the instructions he had received. "Thether this un- heard of boldness in one place and the other proceeded fronI any intelligence or combination with that faction, whose ends were advanced by it, (his son lying then in the bosolTI of those people;) or whether in truth he thought hi III self less secure, having trod those high ways as furi- ously as any; or whether his contracted venom and malice against the earl of Strafford obliged him to endeavour to dissolve it, and thereby to reproach the council of conven- ing it; or whether a 11lixture of all these, as this last might naturally beget a greater compliance with the first, and a greater solicitation upon the second consideration, I deter- Inine not: but observed it was, and very worthy to be ob- served it is, that though the dissolution of that parliament was the ground or cause of all the mischief that followed, and therefore always inserted as the most odious aggrava- tion in the highest charge against any lnan they meant to destroy, as against the carl of Strafford and the archbishop of Canterbury, yet they never proceeded in the exan1ina- tion and proof of that part, which they could have done as ,veIl as they did in more secret discoveries, if they had not known it would most have concerned some to whom they lneant not to be severe: and though this connivance might have been in the archbishop's trial, upon the merit of his late services and sufferings, yet at the tilne of the earl of Straffor(rs arraignment (,,, hich was before notice was taken of thc robbing of the cabinet) it could not have been for- borne, especially when it Blight possibly havc added some- what to his guilt, which might have been thought necessary to be improved by such an unpopular addition, if it had not been for sonlP extraordinary service, which was not then acknowledged. I-Iowever, it secmed strange to many standers by, that this untrue information given by sir IIarry Vane could produce so fatal a resolution, when there \\- ere two other counsellors thcn of the house, besides many other persons of intercst, whose testin10ny Iuight have been equaUy considered: which no doubt it would have been, if J. I 3 518 ...\PPENDIX, A. it had been as confidently alleged, and if the other's con. fìrmation had not received nluch confirmation and credit by the concurrence of sir Ed ward Herbert, then solicitor ge- neral, a man that gives as l1luch reason to other nlen, and as little to himself, as 11lost I know. The hopes and expectations of money and assistance from that parliament being determined, the lords of the council (according to their declaration at that meeting, ,vhen the summoning a parliament was agreed upon in De- cember before, that if by any refractoriness in that conven- tion, the king should not receive the fruit and aid he pur- posed, they would assist hin1 any extraordinary way) gave direction for the more vigorous execution of the writ, and instructions for ship-money; committed four members of the late parlian1ent for somewhat aid or done there; and searched the chambers and closets of others, (which always gave credit to the persons, never contributed to the work in hand, whatever it ,vas,) and for a foundation for raising an army, which the preparations in Scotland, and the pro- ceedings there, (for they had taken in or besieged all the castles ,, hich " ere in the hands of men trusted by the king,) made very necessary. The lords themselves under- took presently to lend great sums of money to his majesty, many, twenty thousand pounds apiece, and by their ex- amples to invite (and the invitation of such examples was well understood) other men to do the like: and to that pur- pose all great officers, and all men notoriously known to have money, or to be able to procure any, were sent for and treated with at the council-table; by ,vhich means in very few days near three hundred thousand pounds were not only provided, (which gave present reputation to the action,) but really paid into dle exchequer. A general was ppoin ted, &c. as in paB'e 248 APPENDIX, B. REFERRED TO IN PAGE 95. . A T the opening of the parliament, (which was on the third day of November, 1640,) the king very frankly de- livered himself to the lords and commons, that he put his whole affairs into their hands, and was resolved to follow their advice, both in order to an agreement with the Scots, and in repairing the grievances at home, which he con- fessed the necessities of the times had brought upon his people. All those, whether in church or state, he was willing should be removed, and desired that all things might be reduced to the good order and practice of queen Elizabeth; which to the people of England 'vere sure looked upon with the greatest reverence: and so left them, the house of commons being in the first place to choose a speaker. And in this first entrance there was an ill accident, (though then by many not valued, by ,vise men considered as of great Inolnent, and an ill presage.) As soon as his majesty had resolved upon the calling of a parliament, he considered of a fit speaker, (the election of whom in all times had been by the designation of the king,) and resolved upon sir Thomas Gardiner, then recorder of London, a lnan very affectionate to his service, and very fit to have moderated in such an asselnbly. This was no sooner known, (which according to custoln was as soon published as resolved, that he might nlake his provisions accordingly,) than the leaders of that people expressed lnuch trouble at it; presluning he ,vould never be induced to conlply with their purposes; and used their utmost endeavours to keep him from being re- turned a menlber of the house, without which it was not possible to be chosen speak l" So, in the election of the Ll4 5QO APPENDIX, B. four members for the city of London, they carried it, that he was rejected; which affront had been seldom offered to their recorder. Then they so ,vrought upon the carl of Pelnbroke, whose interest in Inany places was so great, that Inany burgesses were chosen by his recomlnendation, that notwithstanding he was a person of near trust ,vith that earl, and promised a place by him, he was like, vise there disappointed: so that the morning before the appearance of the lords and comnlons, (which was to be in the after- noon,) sir Thomas Gardiner, being not returned a ll1ember, the king was put to a new consideration for a speaker; and ,vas in that sudden distress persuaded to design 1\lr. Len- thall, (a lawyer of good practice, and no ill affections, but a very weak man, and unequal to such a task,) who ,vas chosen speaker, and afterwards in the usual forn1 presented to his majesty, and by him accepted. These ceremonies ,vere no sooner over, than the house of connnons (which n1eant to govern) fell briskly to their business, and spent the two first days in very sharply discussing tIle general state of the kingdom, 11lentioned the miscarriages in church and state with great bitterness; and the third day, after a debate of seven or eight hours, resolved to accuse the earl of Strafford of high treason. Though the earl was as un- loved a person in that house as can be imagined, yet there ,vanted not some, who desired, for the dignity of the house, that a charge of so high a nature, against a person not like to be easily oppressed, should be very warily ,veighed and considered. On the other side, it was confident]y under- taken, that an impeachment should within few days be brought in, by which his guilt ,vould be very luanifest. In the mean time the ground and necessity of their proceed- ing they dedared to be these: that the carl had an inten- tion, and endeavoured to overthro,v the fundamental go- 'vcrJuncnt of the kingdo111 by the law, and to introduce an arbitrary po"\\rer; and to that purpose, that he had an army ready in Ireland, which should have been brought over into this killgdonl, which ome persons undertook upon tbeir n.'putations to prove, though (they said) the particu- APPENDIX, B.. 5 1 lars at that time ,vere not fit for many reasons to be disco- vered. Then many exorbitant speeches and actions in Eng- land and Ireland, said and done by hilll, ,vere remembered. But two particulars, one as a ground, the other as a reason, ,vere especially given, for the speedy accusing him of high treason, ,vhich prevailed over Inany. aTo those who were known to have no kindness for hiln, and seemed to doubt whether an the particulars alleged, being proved, would anlount to high treason, it was alleged, that the house of commons were not judges, but only accusers; and that the lords 'vere the proper judges, whether such a complication of enormous crimes in one person did not aUlount to the highest offence the law took notice of; and therefore that it was fit to present it to them. In the next place, that it ,vas most necessary immediately to accuse him of high treason, by which probably the lords would think fit to remove hilll from the king"s presence: whereas, if that 'v ere not, his in- terest and activity ,vas such, as he would be able to render all their good endeavours for the comlllon,vealth fruitless. 'Vith these reasons, and the ,varmth of six or seven hours" debate, in which many instances were given of most ex- travagant power exercised by him, (which being so unlike any thing they had before heard of, men the more easily called treason,) it was concluded, that an accusation of high treason should be inlmediately sent up against him; which was by 1\1r. Pym (accompanied by very nlany of the house of commons) carried up to the lords' bar about four of the clock in the afternoon, that house sitting then by instinct, though the doors of the house of COlnmons had been shut, and no member suffered to go out during the whole agita- tion. rrhe accusation was no sooner delivered, and the lues- sengers retired to expect an answer, than the earl (who came in that article into the house) was cOlnmanded to withdraw, and presently brought to the bar on his knees, and from thence committed to prison to the gentleman a At this part of the manuscript C. this part is taken, and directing that is a mark apparently by lord Claren- this paragraph should be, as it is, in- don, answering to a similar mark ill serted in that particular part of the- 1\IS. n. from whence the history in history. See Hist. p. 304. line 241 5Q2 APPENDIX, B. usher of the black rod, ,vithout so much as a pause, whe- ther a bare accusation of treason, without any particular charge, were ground enough to commit a member of their own body; which was not then thought fit to be doubted. [TIle subsequent proceedings W the llouse W commons, witl/; respect to the lord keeper Finch and archbishop Laud, in the printed history, are taken from the sa'me 'tnanuscript as the above extract. The following relation W tlte same transactions is copiedfrom ]ýIS. B. p. 105.] It began now to be observed, that an the public profes- sions of a general reformation, and redress of a11 the griev- ances the kingdom suffered under, were contracted into a sharp and extraordinary prosecution of one person they had accused of high treason, and within some bitter Inen- tion of the archbishop; that there was no thought of dis- missing the two armies, which were the capital grievance and insupportable burden to the w}101e nation; and that instead of questioning others, who were looked upon as the causes of greater mischief than either of those they pro- fessed so much displeasure against, they privately laboured, by all their offices, to remove all prej udice towards, at least all thoughts of prosecution for, their transgressions; and so that they had blanched a11 sharp and odious men- tion of ship-money, because it could hardly be touched ,vithout some reflection upon the lord Finch, who had acted so odious a part in it, and ,vho, since the Ineeting in the great council at York, had rendered himself very gra- cious to them, as a man who would facilitate Inany thingK to them, and therefore fit to be preserved and protected. Whereupon the lord Falkland took notice of the business of ship-n10ney, and very :sharply mentioned the lord Finch as the principal promoter of it; and that being then a sworn judge of the law, he had not only given his own judgment against law, but been the solicitor to corrupt aH the other judges to concur with hiln in their opinion: and concluded, that no man ought to be Inorc severely prosc- APPENDIX, B. 5 3 cuted than he. I t was very visible that the leading men were much troubled at this discourse, and desired to divert it; sonIC of thenl proposing, in regard we had very nluch great business upon our hands, and in necessary preparation, we should not embrace too much together, but suspend the debate of ship-money for SOUle time, till we could be more vacant to pursue it; and so 'vere ready to pass to some other matter. Upon which 1\11'. Hyde insisted, upon what the lord Falkland had said, there was a particular of a very extraordinary nature, which ought to be examined without delay, because the delay would probably make the future examination to no purpose. And therefore proposed, that immediately, whilst the house was sitting, a small com-:, mittee Inight be appointed, who, dividing themselves into the number of two and t.wo, might visit all the judges, and ask them apart, in the name of the house, what messages the lord Finch, when he was chief justice of the court of cominon pleas, had brought to them from the king in the bu- siness of ship-money, and whether he had not solicited them to give judgment for the king in that case. 'Vhich lliotion was so generally approved by the house, that a cOlnmittee of eight, ,vhereof hiulself was one, was presently sent out of the house, to visit the several judges, most whereof were at their chambers. And justice Crook, and some other of the judges, being surprised with the questions, and pressed ear- nestly to make clear and categorical answers, ingenuously acknowledged, that the lord chief justice Finch had fre- quently, whilst that Inatter was depending, earnestly soli- cited them to give their judgments for the king, and often used his majesty's name to them, as if he expected that compliance froBI theln. The committee, which had divided thenlsel ves to attend the several judges, agreed to meet at a place appointed, to comlllunicate the substance of what they had been infonned, and agree upon the method of their report to the house, which they could not make till the next morning, it being about ten of the clock ,vhen they ,verc sent out of the house. That committee was no sooner withdrawn, which COl1- 5 4 APPENDIX, n. sisted of all men of 1110re temperate spirits than the princi- pal leaders ,vere possessed with, but, without any occasion given by any debate, or coherence with any thing proposed or Inentioned, an obscure person inveighed bitterly against the archbishop of Canterbury; and there having been a very angry vote pas ed the house hvo days before, upon a sudden debate of the canons which had been made by the convocation, after the dissolution of the last parlialnent, (a season in which the church could not reasonably hope to do any thing that would find acceptation,) upon which debate they had declared by a vote that those canons were against the king's prerogative, the fundalnental laws of the realm, the liberty and property of the subject; and that they con- tained divers other things, tending to sedition, and of dan- gerous consequence; Mr. Grimston took occasion, from what was said of the archbishop, to put thelll in mind of their vote upon the canons; and said, that their presumption in sitting after the dissolution of the parliament, contrary to custom, if not contrary to la,v, and the framing and con- triving all those canons, which contained so much sedition, was aU to be imputed to the archbishop; that the Scots had required justice against hinl for his heing a chief incen- diary and cause of the 'val' between the two nations; that t11is kingdonl looked upon him as the author of all those innovations in the church which were introductive to popery, and as a joint contriver with the earl of Strafford to involve the nation in slavery: and therefore proposed that he might be presently accused of high treason, to the end dlat he Inight be sequestered fronl council, and no more repair to the presence of the king, with whom he had so great credit, that t1u earl of Strafford hinlself could not do more Inis- chief by his counsels or infusions. rrhi motion was no sooner made, but econded and thirdcd, and found such a general acceptation, that without considering that, of a11 t1H envious part.iculars whereof he stood reproached, there was 110 one action ,vhich alTIounted to treason, they forthwith voted that it should be so, and in1nlediatel y prolnotcd 1\11'. Grimston to the message: who presently went up to the APPENDIX, B. 5 5 house of peers; and being called in, in the nallle of aU the COlnlllons of England accused the archbishop of Canter- bury of high treason, and other misdemeanours: and con- cluded in the Sa111e style they had used in the case of the lord lieutenant of Ireland. Upon which the poor .archbi- shop (who stoutly professed his innocence) was brought to the bar upon his knees, and thence connnitted to the cus- todyof Maxwell, the gentlelllan ushe of the black rod, (froln whence the earl of Strafford had been sent few days before to the l."ower;) where he re111ained lllany lllonths before they brought in a particular charge against hinI. Notwithstanding ,vhich brisk proceeding against the arch- bishop, when the comlllittee the next morning lllade their report of what the several judges had said concerning the lord Finch, they were wonderfully indisposed to hear any thing against hilll: and though many spake with great sharpness of hin1, and how fit it ,vas to prosecute hilll in the same method and by the same logic they had pro- ceeded with the other hvo; yet they required more particu- lars to be forlllally set down of his Iniscarriage, and lllade another comlllittee to take further exalllinations, in which cOllllnittee Ir. Hyde likewise was. And when the report was lnade, within few days,. of several very high rand illl- perious miscarriages, besides what related to ship-money, upon a lllotion lllade by a young gentleman of the san1e falllily, who pretended to have received a letter froln the lord keeper, in which he desired to have leave to speak in the house, before they would detennine any thing against him, the debate ,vas suspended for the present, and liberty given hilll to be there, if he pleased, the next day. At which time, having likewise obtained the pennission of the peers to do what he thought good for hilllself, he appeared at the bar; said all he could for his own excuse, more in magnifying the sincerity of his reli ion, and how kind he had been to many preachers, WhOlll he nalncd, and wholn he lnew were of precious 111elllory wi th the unconfor111i table party; and con- cluded ,vith a lan1cIltabie supplication for their mercy. It was about nine of the clock in the morning when he went 5Q6 APPENDIX, B. out of the house: and when the debate could no longer be deferred what was to be done upon him, and when the sense of the house appeared very evidently, notwithstanding all that ,vas said to the contrary, by those enlinent persons who prolnoted all other 'accusations with the utnlost fury, that he should be accused of high trea on in the saine forn1 the other two had been, they persisted still so long in the de- bate, and delayed the putting the question, hy frequent in- terruptions, (a COInnlon artifice,) till it ,vas twelve of the clock, and till they knew that the house of peers was risen, (which they were likewise easily disposed to, to gratify the keeper;) and then the question was put, and carried in the affinnative, with very few negatives; and the lord Falk- land appointed to carry up the accusation to the house of peers; which they knew he could not do till the next Inorn- ing: and when he did it the next morning, it appeared that the lord Finch had sent the great seal the night before, and wisely withdrawn hinlself; and ,vas soon after known to be in Holland. There was another accident about the saIne tilne, very melnorable, and fit to be inserted in this place: the raising as much jealousy as was possible against the papists, and lnaking theln as odious as fonnidable, was a principal part of the design, and ,vas to serve for several purposes, and so was a part of every day's exercise. The voluntary collec- tion and contribution Inade by theIn, upon the queen's re- cOlnlnendation, upon the king"s first expedition against the Scots, ,vas urged, with all the bold reflections which could be made upon that argulnent; the public resort to SOlnerset- house, to hear lnass; the late perversion of SOlne persons of honour to the Ronlish religion; the reception of Con, and after hilll of llosetti, (who was then about the court, or newly gone,) under a formal comlnission froln the pope to the queen; and the liberty given '\Van, jesuit and priest, to resort into the kingdom, and to exercise their functions here, was a part of every set discourse that was Blade. And as lnnch of this ,vas intentionally to reflect upon secretary Windebank, (who lay under the reproach of favouring APPENDIX, B. 5Q7 and protecting the Roman catholics, and for that and n1any other reasons was very unpopular;) so an unlucky occasion brought hinl quickly upon the stage, which administered somewhat of Inirth. There was one Stockdale, a messenger of the chamber, ,vhose office is to ,vait upon the secretaries of state, and to be sent and en1ployed by then1, who was notorious for his zeal against the RonlÏsh priests, and for a great dexterity in the discovery and apprehension of them. This lflan had COlne to the secretary for his warrant to carry one to SOlne prison, who he said was a priest, who did pervert very many, and of a very turbulent nature, and did luuch n1Ïschief: that he knew where he lay, and to what place he most resorted; and so with great pains and diligence apprehended him, and would carry him to the gaol as soon as he had his honour's warrant: the 111an pre- sUlning that he should have been very welcome to the se- cretary for the discovery. But he quickly found the con- trary; for the secretary in much passion called him blood- sucker, and told him he was a fellow taken notice of to be of great cruelty, and to lie in wait for the blood of honest lnen, who lived quietly, and gave no offence, and forbade him to trouble him more in such occasions: upon which the terri- fied messenger was well content his prisoner should go whi- ther he would. Some months after, the priest was arrested, and taken in execution for a greater debt than he ,vas able, or his friends willing to pay for him, and so put into prison, there being no suspicion that he was a priest. But his friends apprehended that discovery would be quickly luade, and that he would be then prosecuted with the utmost severity, (he being a very active man, and obnoxious above others;) and so resorted to the secretary, to lalnent the poor lnan's condition, and so bespeak his favour, if the worst should happen. The secretary sent for Stockdale, and asked hin1 what was becolne of such a priest, who was his prisoner: he answered hinl, that his honour had been so angry with hin1 for the apprehension of hin1, that he durst no longer detain him, and had so suffered hilU to dispose of hinlsclf. The secretary replied, that answer would not serve his turn; 5 APPENDIX, B. that he had not been angry with him for his apprehension; but he remembered that he had spoken ,vith hin] about it at a tinle that he ,vas very busy upon SOlnc despatch thc king had enjoined him, and so ,vas unwilling to be inter- rupted, and might possibly froln thence speak angrily to bin]. That he had received new inforlnation that that priest was a dangerous man, and therefore that he should be very solicitous to find him, and take hiln into his custody; which if he should fail to do, he ,vould COlTI111it hilll to gaol for him, for suffering him to escape; for, having been his pri- soner, he was to answer for him; and lIe knew what a priest was by the law, and consequently what ,vould becolne of hin1 for discharging hin]. l.'he poor messenger, thus terri- fied, said, he ,vould use all the means he could to find hin] out: and within a short time had inteUigence (as there never want false brothers to make these discoveries) that the man was in such a prison; where he found hilI1, and seized upon hinl as his prisoner. And the keeper of the prison, when he knew he was a priest, and sent for by a se- cretary of state, suffered him to take hilTI away; who went with great joy to the secretary with his prisoner; ,vho COIn.. mended his diligence, and told him, he would take care to lay the l11an fast enough from running away: and the nles- senger being so discharged, the prisoner ,vas likewise left to look better to hinIself. It was not long before the cre- ditor, at whose suit the priest had been taken in execution, lI1issed his debtor; and thereupon brought his action against the gaoler for an escape; and he for his own inden]nity sued the messenger for rescuing his prisoner; and the Ines- senger complained by petition to the house of COlnmons, and set out the whole proceedings. The petition was ,-ery ac- ceptable, and read with great delight: and the secretary himself, bcing then in the house, and hearing it read, gave so ill an account of hilnself, (as he was a bashful Rpeaker,) that he ,vas called upon to withdraw; and so, according to custom, retired into the cOII1mittee-chalnber: and the house was scarce entered upon the consideration ho\v they should proceed against him, when a message came from the house APPENDIX, B. 52 ) of peers for a present conference; which being consented to, the house was adjourned: and the conference taking up some tillle, the house being resumed, the Inanagers desired tilne till the morning to Inake their report: and thereupon the house resolved to rise, and adjourned accordingly; friends and enelnies being well contented to suspend for the present any further proceeding against the secretary; who took the opportunity, as soon as the house was up, to go to his own house. And knowil1g well, that the house Incant not to give hiln over, and that the committee, ,vho had llladf' inquiry into his actions, 'were furnished with lllany grievous particulars, which he knew not how to answer, and amongst the rest, that they had in their hands, which the keeper of Newgate had delivered to them, son1e warrants under his hand for the discharge and release of one or In ore priests, after they ,vere attainted, and after judgnlent had been given against then1, which lnust have been very penal to him, it being neither of his office nor in his power to grant such warrants, nor in the gaoler's to have obeyed then1; which he had done, and so the lnen escaped: and so he lost no time in withdrawing himself: so that when the house sent for him, he was not [ to] be found; and ,vi thin few days it was known that he was landed at Calais. And so, within less than two months fron1 their first day of the sitting, the parliament had accused and imprisoned the two greatest ministers of state, the archbishop of Canterbury, and the lord lieutenant of Ireland, under a charge of high treason; forced the lord keeper of the great seal and the principal secretary of state, to avoid the penalty of the like charge, to leave their offices and the kingdom, and to fly into foreign parts; terrified all the privy-council, and very nlany of the nobility and of the most considerable gentlemen of the kingdon1, with their votes upon cOlllmitment, and decrees of the star-chanlber, and upon lord lieutenants and deputies Jieutenants; and frighted the bishops and all the cathedral cle 'gy with their arraigluuent of the canons. So that it was no wonder that nobody appeared with courage enough to provoke tlu\}n hy any contradiction. vor.. T. .M III API)ENDIX, c. REFERRED TO IN PAGE 349. . rr HERE cannot be a better instance of the unruly and mutinous spirit of the city of London, which was the '5ink of all the ill humour of the' kingdoln, than the triulnphant entry which some persons at that tinle nlade into London, who had been before seen upon pillories, and stigmatized as libellous and infalTIous offenders: of which dassis of men scarce any age can afford three such as Pryn, a lawyer, Bastwick, a physician, and Burton, a preacher in a parish of London, nanles very well known to that til11e; who had been all severely sentenced in the star-chamber, at several times, for publishing seditious books against the court, and the governl11ent of church and state: and having undergone the penalties inflicted upon theln by those sentences, con- tinued the same practice still, in the prisons where they were kept, and still sent out the l110st bitter and virulent libels against the church, and the persons of the most emi- nent bishops, that their malice could invent. For which, being again brought into the star-chalnber, ore tenus, they with great in1pudence acknowledged what they were charged with, and said they would justify the truth of all they had said or writ, and delnanded that none of the bishops, who, they said, were parties, and their declared enel11ies, lnight sit in the court as their judges; and committed many inso- lencies, which enough provoked the court to be severe to them; which, upon a day set apart only for that dehate, with great solemnity most of the lords dedared their parti- cular judgments against them in set and formed discourses; so that there was never a greater unanin1Îty in any sen- tence; and they were judged to undergo corporal punish- ment, and to relnain prisoners during their lives; which sentence was executed upon then1 with the utmost rigonr. And afterwards, upon the resort of persons to them in pri- 50n, and by that Ineans they finding still opportunity to APPENDIX, c. 531 spread their poison, they vrere all reilloved to several pri- sons, Pryn to the Isle of Jersey, Bastwick to a castle in North 'Vales, and Burton to the Isle of Scilly; where they remained unthought of for some years. This parliament ,vas no sooner Inet, but a petition was delivered by Ba8t- wick's wife on the behalf of her husband, which brought on the 111ention of the other two, and easily procured an order for the bringing thell1 to the town, to the end they Inight. have liberty to prosecute their complaints; and orders were signed by the speaker of the house of commons to the seve- ral governors of the castles where they were in custody, for their safe sending up. 'i'\Thether it were by accident or cOlnbination, Pryn and Bastwick nlet together in the sanle town and the saIne inn, two days short of London, and were received and visited by many of the town and places adjacent, as persons of nlcrit, and to WhOll1 ITIuch kindness and respect was due. The next night they caIne to Cole- hrook, where they were ll1et by 11lany of their friends from London, and were treated with great joy and feasting; and being to cOlne to London the next day, they were nlet by nlu1titudes of people, on horseback and on foot, who with great clalnour and noise of joy congratulatcd their reco- very. And in this nlanner, about two of the clock iu the afternoon, they made their entry into London by Charing- cross; the two branded persons riding first, side by side, with branches of roselnary in their hands, and two or three hundred horse closely following theIn, and 111u1titudes of foot on either side of them, walking by theIn, every Ulan on horseback or on foot having bays or rOSell1ary in thcir hats or hands, and the people on either side of the street strc,v- iug the way as they passed with herb,;, and such other greens as the season afforded, and expressing great joy for their return. Nor had any minister of justice, or magistrate, or the state itself, courage enough to exan1Íne or prosecute in justice any persons who were part of that riotous asselll- bly, whereof there were In any citizens of good estatcs; so low the reputation of the govcrIllllent was faBen, and so heartless all who should have supported it. 1\1 111 API)ENDIX, D. REFERRED TO I:S PAGE 861. . H ITHElt TO the vast burden of fourscorl' thousand pounds a month for the two armies was supported by par- ticular loans and engagelnen ts of particular persons, no bill of subsidies being yet preferred; and in those loans and engagements, no men so forward as the great reformers be- fore mentioned: and their policy in this was very notable. If subsidies had been granted at first, proportionable to the charge, (as naturally was expected,) a stock of credit would have been raised, whereby monies might have been had for the disbanding both annies, which they had not mind to, as 1\11'. Stroud once said, when that point was pressed, and t11at the Scots might return; that they could not yet parp theIn, for the sons of Zeruiah were too strong for then1. Then, they made their own merit and necessary use appear, that the great occasions of the kingdoll1, and the preserving it from two great armies, depended upon their interest and reputation; and therefore they suffered the Scots" cOlnnlis- sioners sometimes in great disorder to press for money, when none was ready, and to declare, that if it were not re- turned by such a day, their army must necessarily advance to change their quarters; that so their dexterity Inight np- pear in suppressing or supplying that importunity. In the last place, the task of borrowing of n10ney gave them op- portunity of pressing their own designs to facilitate theil. work; as, if any thing they proposed in the house was crossed, presently thp city would lend no nlorc nloney, he- ('ause of this or that obstruction: the particulars whereof, and the advantages they had by it, will he luentioneù sea- sonably. At ]a t, rather for the support of thcir own ( rc- APPENDIX, D. 533 dit, than the supply of the kingdom, a bill was prepared for six subsidies, to be received by persons appointed by then1selves, without ever passing through the king's exche- quer; for which there was a natural excuse, that it ,vould hardly discharge the present engagements, and so was pro- perly to be received by them who had before advanced the money; yet, according to the formality of parliament, and as if &c. as in Hist. page 367, line 10. APPENDIX, }1 . ItEFERRED TO IN PAGE 44(>. . WITHIN two or three days after this time, the earl of Bedford, who was the only man of that authority with the leaders, that he could to SOlne degree temper and allay their passions, as being most privy to their ambitions, feU sick of the small-pox, and in few days died; which put an end, at least for the present, to all treaties at court. For though the lord Say, (who was already nlaster of the wards, in the place of the lord Cottington, who wisely withdrew from that office to accolllmodate him, as he had done before from the chancellorship of the exchequer for the accommo- dation of Mr. PYln,) that he might succeed him in his pretence to the treasurer's staff, was very willing to succeed him in the moderate pretences, and would have been con- tented to have preserved the life of the earl of Strafford; yet neither his credit with the king, nor his authority with his confederates, was equal to the other's: and so they pro- ceeded with all illlaginable fury against that unfortunate great man, till they had taken away his life. The manner of that trial, and the proceeding afterwards against him by bill of attainder, and the drawing down the tUlTIult to W estlninster, for the facilitating the passage of that bill in the house of peers; the fixing up the names of those who dissented from it in the house of COlnlnons, as enemies to their country; the application to the king by the bishop of Lincoln, (then made archbishop of York,) to satisfy hiln in point of conscience; the drawing do\Vll the tUlnults again to "Thitchal1, to cry out for justice; the king's unwilling consent to that bill; and the behaviour anù courage of the carl at his death; the advantage the governing party had APPENDIX, E. 535 from the discovery of a senseless combination, or rather a foolish communication between some officers of the arn1Y, who betrayed each other, upon which 'Viln10t, Ashburn- haln, and Pollard, three Inen1bers of the house, were COln- mitted to prison, Perry, J ermin, and some others, fled the kingdonl; the protestation that thereupon was entered into by the house of commons for the defence of the privi- leges of parliament, which was taken throughout the king- dom, though it was rejected by the house of peers; the mis- chievous use that was lnade of that protestation; are all particulars worthy to be mentioned at large, in the history of that tilne, though they do not proper! y belong to the discourse a we are now engaged in. a This extract, it will be perceind, is taken froUl the original manuscript of the Life. APPEND IX, F. REFERRED TO IN PAGE 477. .. ABOUT the same time, another bin sent to the lords from the connnons had the saIne fate with that for the pro- testation, and ,vere the two only acts the lords to that tilDe had refused to concur in. The government of the church by bishops ,vas of that general reverence, that notwith- standing the envy and nlalice that the persons of Inany of them had contracted, and notwithstanding the malignity the Scotch nation had expressed even to the function, there appeared not in many persons of consideration any intention to extirpate that order; but very many ,vho seenled to be friends to that, (and SOlne that really were so,) both of the house of peers and commons, were importunate (and had entered into a cOlnbination to that purpose) to relnove the bishops froin sitting in the house of peers: and to that end a bill was prepared and brought into the house of commons; where, though it received some opposition, by Inany who well foresaw that the taking away that eSHential part of their dignity would be a means, in a short time, to confound what ,vas left, and that they ,vho ,vere in truth enemies to thenl would never compound for less than an abolition, but would hereafter urge this as an argument for the other, whatever pretences they made, as some of the most violentest of thenl then, and who have since pursued them to the death, did publicly profess, and the principal of them protested to the king, that they would never at- tempt or wish any other alteration, than the re1110ving thcln out of the house of peers; and although it ,vas infonncd by those who well enough understood what they said, tha the passing such n law would luake a great alteration in tIll' APPENDIX, F. 587 frame and constitution of parlialnents, by reason that the bishops were the representative body of the clergy, and so Inade up the third estate; Jet that last substantial and un- answerable argument being understood by few, and having been formerly too peremptorily and unskilfully rejected by the clergy themselves, who would have found out and fan- cied another title of sitting there; and many really believing that this degradation would abate the edge of that po- pular envy which otherwise threatened to cut off the order by the roots: others in truth thinking that twenty-four voices declared upon the matter for the crown, did or might too l11uch prej udice the cOlnnlOl1Wealth in the house of peers, some being so angry with particular bishops upon matter of interest and title, that they sacrificed their reason and their conscience to their revenge: whilst they who had vowed their utter destruction and extirpation, well knew that this progress was most necessary for their end; and that the only ,yay to rid theln out of the church was first to rid them out of the house, that so there might be twenty- four voices less to oppose the other. The bill passed the house of comnlons, and was transmitted to the lords, where it received several solenln debates; and at last, after very grave agitation, about the tilue that the bill for the pro- testation was cast out, by the consent of above three parts of four, it was likewise rejected: the which was no sooner known, than the house of commons let themsclves loose into as great passion as they had formerly done upon the protestation, expressing great indignation that the lords should refuse to concur with them in any thing they pro- posed. And thereupon they causcd a short bill to be pre- pared for the utter abolition of archbishops, bishops, deans and chapters out of the church of England, which wa:', brought into the house of comnlons within three days after the other was refused above, he that preferred it using these verses of Ovid, after some sharp n1cntion of the lords' non-concurrence; CUllcttt prius tcntanda, 8cd iln1/wdicabile vulllut. Ensc 'recidc ndu1n est, &c. VOL. I. N n 5g8 APPENDIX, F. \vhich bill was shortly after committed, and took up the whole tinle of the house for near eight weeks together, till they found it was easier to resolve to destroy the govern- ment that was, than to agree upon any other in the place of it; and till their o\Vll clergy, ,vho most passionately and seditiously laboured to overthrow bishops, deans, and chap- ters, declared publicly at the bar, (where they,vere licensed to speak in answer to what some cathedral men alleged for their corporation,) that though it was very fit and just to take away the lands of the church from the bishops, deans, and chapters, which now enjoyed them, yet that it was not lawful to alien those lands to any profane or lay use: which being so contrary to their ends who principally pursued the extirpation, caused theln for a time to give over that violent prosecution, and to suffer the bill to sleep. END UJ" \TUL. J. ---/ j '} J7 J .)- .... '\ ... .. .-' \, , .. -' " " -..... , . '- .. .... . . ,.... ,. , -\ , " ..... , , ... " . \ ,. t, '\ , ---- \, \ - , '" :":" '.,,..r , , " - ........ "- t. I -. -- ""\.. ' " \. '....... ., - -- \C. t6 .1 . .. \ \ " . . / .... The history of the rebellion and civil Wars England : DA 400 .C42... v.l in , Clarendon, Edward Hyde 1st earl of 1609- 1674 ... , ...... " .., .. ,